15 50 4772 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F4cd9866a4eb258dbaf1d2f125b8469e3.mp4 6831db7ad6eb353da992fdc64dd43a03 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Latino/a Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Oral History Description An account of the resource An ongoing oral history project focusing on the history of the Latine/Latino community of the Tri-Cities, Washington area. Previously known as the WSU Tri-Cities Latinx Oral History Project headed by History faculty Robert Bauman and Robert Franklin. Hanford History Project made the decision in 2024 to use Latino/a instead of Latinx as the former more reflects the grammar and practical use and identification of Spanish speakers. We know that one term will not encompass all those identities. For example, Latine, a gender neutral pronoun and product of the queer Spanish community, was considered for use but we use Latino/a to reflect the prevalence of gendered pronouns in the Spanish language. However, we would like to acknowledge that the discourse around which term to use is complex and evolving. Every person has the right to use the term that captures who they are and that feels the most welcoming to them. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Language A language of the resource English; Spanish Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Bauman Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Jerry Martinez Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound English: 00;00;00;00 - 00;00;28;16 Robert Bauman We're going to go ahead and get started and I can do a little introductory thing and then ask you some questions and conversation, basically. So, my name is Robert Bauman. I'm conducting an oral history interview with Jerry Martinez. Today's date is June 14th of 2022. An interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University, Tri-Cities. So, Jerry, could you first please say and spell your full name for us? 00;00;28;18 - 00;00;35;21 Jerry Martinez Yeah, it's Jerry Martinez. J-e-r-r-y M-a-r-t-i-n-e-z. 00;00;35;23 - 00;01;00;14 Robert Bauman Right. Thank you. So, let's start. If we could, by talking a little bit about your family's story, if we could, and their origins, their migration story to the United States, to the Tri-Cities. So, when did your family arrive here? What was the story about how and why, how, when and why they came here? 00;01;00;17 - 00;01;26;21 Jerry Martinez Yeah, and I don't know the exact years and dates, but all this is from just things I've asked them as well. I've asked them this question many times, so I've kind of gained a collection of stories to get to this point. But my parents were born in El Salvador in the sort of sixties and seventies, and they lived in a very rural sort of mountain village outside of Sesori called [place]? I try to look it up one time on Google Maps and it's like so remote. It's just unnamed on Google Maps. But in the late eighties, a civil war broke out in El Salvador. And my father was one of the young men that was recruited by, I forget which side of the war. But he found himself at the age of 23 or 24 on the back of a military truck heading off to some boot camp to get trained on, you know, how to be a soldier of a war. And he gained the courage. And it was I forget the full story, but it was really cool. He was in the back of this truck and they were miles away from his hometown. And he gained the courage to jump out of the vehicle and just book it. And right behind him, another young man followed him and they got to the bus stop in San Miguel or the bus area in San Miguel. And he just found his way back. I asked my dad about how and why the military men didn't chase after him or, you know, why they didn't shoot him. And he said if they jumped off to get me, he said 30 people would be right behind me running away as well. So, he found that he was one of the lucky few to get away. When he got back home to his mother, his mother told him, my grandma Adela, she said to him, “You need to leave. I'd rather you be miles in a different country from me and be alive than you be here with me the day they come find you.” So, she knew in her heart that, you know, you may have gotten away from them now, but they're going to come back for you, and it's not going to be pretty, when they come back for you again. So, she was the first one to sort of tell him to go away. And that's how he started his journey to the U.S. I think when he was my age, 24, he made the journey through El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, all the way into the United States. He told me his journey across the border was in a banana truck. He just kind of laid down under some banana boxes and they just covered him and that's how he got in. And like many, he found his way into the Central Valley of California to work as a farm worker. The work of a farmworker very migrational. He worked in several different spots in central California, and he found a spot up here that you know, across the West Coast, up and down. There's a lot of opportunities to work in the fields. My father just did that route for a while until he landed here in the Tri-Cities. He found this beautiful area where, you know, there was short breaks between each season. You could just work all year round and you could actually save up some money to get yourself a nice little trailer house around here. So, he decided to stay in the Tri-Cities, and his only way of contact to my mother was through letters and shortly after he came to the United States, unfortunately, his mother died. My grandmother died. And so for a short time he was he didn't write back to my mother. He just worked. But after some time of working in the fields, he gained enough money to get himself a little a little place, a little trailer home that we… that I grew up in and that much of our family spent time in. So, he got that. He worked a couple more months, worked a couple more seasons, and then he worked. He got enough money to bring my mother here and my oldest and oldest brother, Walter. And then from there it was just a group effort. My mother and father worked. They brought my uncle over here. They stayed in the house that I grew up in. All three of them worked, brought my other uncle here. And so, you know, everyone was just working and it's kind of cool that the house I was born in and kind of grew up in was at one point everyone's home. Everyone who's come from El Salvador to the Tri-Cities, they've spent some time in our family home over in East Kennewick. And then, yeah, shortly after I was born. And now my parents, they took their citizenship test. It was pretty cool. A veteran who lived across the street from us, a World War Two veteran. He was like one of the biggest supporters of my parents. He would take them to go try to take their citizenship test. At one point, my parents tell me a story of where he like was kind of cheating, telling my mother to say yes to questions and say no to other questions. But, you know, it was a cool family effort and I count him as part of our family as well. We call him grandpa. He's since passed away. But, you know, he was he was a great man in our lives as well, who lived right across the street. 00;06;08;25 - 00;06;12;16 Robert Bauman That's quite a story. So, what are your parents’ names, by the way? 00;06;12;17 - 00;06;19;11 Jerry Martinez Yeah. Sorry. My father's name is Mario Martinez, and my mother's name is Sonia de Carmen Martinez. 00;06;19;13 - 00;06;25;18 Robert Bauman Okay, so when your father made the journey, they were already together, right? 00;06;25;20 - 00;06;43;03 Jerry Martinez When my father kind of got recruited by the military, him and my mother had already been together for a couple of years, and they had our oldest, their oldest son, my oldest brother, Walter. He was about two or three at the time that he came over here. 00;06;43;05 - 00;06;54;17 Robert Bauman When your father got here and eventually your mother came here, were there many other El Salvadorians here at the time? Was there much of a community in that respect? 00;06;54;24 - 00;07;14;09 Jerry Martinez No, I don't think so. And I think even now to this day, I think there's a growing population here. But most of the Salvadorians I know in this area are like related to me, my cousins, uncles and aunts. I think most of them are probably family. And since then, a couple of a couple more people have moved here. But I think it's been a smaller population. 00;07;17;11 - 00;07;24;01 Robert Bauman Right. So. So you were born here? Raised here. How was your experience kind of growing up in in the Tri-Cities and your perspective on sort of the Hispanic community, larger Hispanic community at a time and now? 00;07;38;29 - 00;08;04;20 Jerry Martinez Yeah, I think growing up here was an experience because it didn't feel like I was too much of an outsider. There was a large Mexican population in my area, in my schools. I say I was born and raised here. My family heritage is from El Salvador, but I was kind of raised like in a Mexican culture, because that's where that's where all your friends are from. That's where the people you hang out with, are from and sort of their family traditions come from as well. So, I think I just picked up a lot of Mexican culture as well growing up here. In my early years from elementary to middle school, it's kind of funny. I didn't really like speaking Spanish because many of my Mexican friends said I had a weird accent or had a funny accent and I think it's because of growing up some of the things I picked up from my parents, the words we would say, the type of Spanish they use is just slightly different. Some of the slang is different. I sort of resorted to only speaking English because I thought I had a funny Spanish accent. But it turns out it was probably just a Salvadoreño accent. Just last year I got to revisit El Salvador and I realized a lot of my Spanish now is influenced by Mexican heritage and Mexican traditions. For instance, in El Salvador, we use vos to say you and ustedes, but I grew up sort of using ustedes, ¿Como estas tu? Just these sort of little cultural things I picked up growing up here in the Tri-Cities. One of the things my parents always made clear to us was that education was extremely important to them. At one point my father was working a nightshift job at Tyson at the meat factory up here, and he was getting good money. He was on track to be a manager to gain more money to get a promotion. But my older siblings were struggling in school, and I was struggling a little bit in school, just kind of slacking off, being class clown or whatever. My father kind of sat us down one day and told us, I don't remember. I was really young at the time, so I don't remember it, but I guarantee my older siblings remember it a little bit more. He sat us down and he talked to us about how school was extremely important and how we need to prioritize that in our lives. The reason our parents came here was to give us a better life and school is the key to that equation. So, he switched himself. He said, “Hey, I'm on track to be a manager. I'm trying to get a promotion here, but I'm going to switch to a day job because I think me being on the night shift is… I'm not as involved in y'all's lives. And I think me being involved is going to help you will be more successful in school.” So, he switched to that and to that daytime shift and it kind of helped a little bit. But my oldest brother, he struggled a bit in high school and his senior year he dropped out. And this is just another reminder of how important education was. My father was very frustrated with him. I mean, he kicked him out of the house. My oldest brother was 18 at the time. That was just a reminder to me that education is extremely important to my family and to us to progress in this country and to support our family for the future. 00;11;02;10 - 00;11;10;16 Robert Bauman Right. So then how did that going forward for you in terms of continuing your education, what did that mean for you going forward? 00;11;10;18 - 00;11;32;28 Jerry Martinez Yeah, after my oldest brother... I had an oldest brother, sister and a brother, so I'm the youngest of four. My oldest brother, he dropped out of high school and my father kicked him out. Next in line, my sister, she graduated high school and she was a bit of a troublemaker, though, so my parents were really happy when she went to CBC. She got into that dental hygienist program, got a house, got married, has like three kids now. I think she's been a great example to me of what education can do for you at a young age. She got a house, she had a boat and all these cool little toys. And I was like, this is the American dream, really. My sister is achieving it. Next in line was my brother and he followed the same path, went to CBC, got into the radiology technician program, and became a radiology technician, doing MRI's, doing X-rays at some of the local hospitals. I kind of thought through them that there was a route through education. When I was a junior or senior in high school, I went to Kennewick High School, my best friend at the time, Vidal Aguilar, also coming from a Mexican family, I see him sort of filling out the application for WSU. And I remember at the time I didn't even know you had to apply for college. I didn't even know there was like a restrictions. There were people that they weren't going accept. There's people that they were going to accept. I just imagine everyone after high school, you just went to college and that was your route. I'm very thankful that he knew somehow through someone in his family that you had to apply. And I kind of picked that up and I had to apply as well. But in high school, I wasn't the greatest student, so it took me a while to get accepted. But after some time and that's another story. After some time, I got accepted and my family was very happy, I was very happy, and I was the first one to go away to a four year university for college. And just two years ago I became the first in my family to graduate from a four-year institution from Washington State University in Pullman, and I've seen already in the short two years since graduating, the impact it's had on my family and on myself. And so, I think I've kind of seen that education as a value in my family. And I want to continue supporting education for people like me, people who grew up in the similar background as me as well. 00;13;38;24 - 00;13;43;08 Robert Bauman I know you are the new executive director. 00;13;43;10 - 00;13;44;15 Jerry Martinez Yeah, I mean, yeah. 00;13;44;19 - 00;13;57;06 Robert Bauman For the downtown Pasco Development Authority. So how did how did that come about? Had you been involved in other sort of community organizations prior to this? 00;13;57;08 - 00;14;16;11 Jerry Martinez Yeah. So, it's cool. When I when I went away for college, I think I've sort of was forced to come to… I was forced to face my identity again in a different way. Whereas here in the Tri-Cities, you know, I grew up around a lot of the people that I was, that came from a similar background as me. And just like and university you go to you, you're around a different environment, around different people. I faced my identity in a different way again. And I realize that, I have an opportunity here to make an impact on my community back home and an impact on the community here at Washington State. So I got involved with community led organizations, the MECHA at WSU, different Latino organizations at WSU, the Chicanx, the Latinx Student Center. I was an uncertified senator for the student government. I think I took a liking to being involved in community and building a sense of community, whereas I felt strongly here in the Tri-Cities at Washington, WSU Pullman, I had to sort of build that in collaboration with others of the Latino community. I kind of took this love for community work for being a part of something bigger than myself. But my education, my degree was in finance, so I was on this track of finance. I had my senior year, I had a contract already signed to go to Boeing after graduation, but I graduated in 2020, the year of the COVID 19 pandemic. So halfway through my second semester, I believe, we went fully online, we went fully remote. I moved back in with my parents. I was unsure of what was going to happen to me after graduation. But, you know, we pushed through. I graduated online, I waited a couple of months and that contract with Boeing was rescinded. They canceled the contract, so I was left to sort of look for a job again in a very difficult time. And I decided to just look locally and see what was around so I could stay with my parents, save up a little bit of money. And I found this job as an emergency relief organizer for the United Farm Workers Foundation. And that to me, I immediately jumped on that opportunity. For me, my parents have worked in the fields, have worked as farm workers their entire lives. For me to be able to contribute to that community as an organizer for the UFW Foundation was huge. For eight months, my car was my office. I had cones, tables, the largest supply of masks I could ever ask for in my car. And what I do with our team is just, you know, travel around different cities and communities in eastern Washington. And we set up these sort of mobile clinics where we would let farmworkers know of their rights, some of the sick pay that is allowed to them, what to do if they if they're feeling symptoms of COVID 19 and just give them basic supplies, masks that are comfortable to wear while you're working out in the fields, hand sanitizer, hats, whatever gear they need. And so, we did that for some time. And then, you know, wildfire smoke was rampant, rummaging through like all of the West Coast and farmworkers still had to work through that, so we supported farmworkers in some K-95 masks, some state work trying to get some farmworkers in our state the protections they needed when wildfire smoke is at a very toxic level for people working outside. For eight months, I just worked as an organizer for farmworkers. And I think it was a change in my career that that was that was exciting for me and my family. For the first time, I could actually like sort of explain to my family what I'm doing for work, and it made clear, direct sense to them. When I had my internship, you know, at the at the company in Seattle, I tried to explain to my parents what I'm doing, but they just didn't really relate much to what they were doing. They knew they knew that that was the kind of job I was going to take on. But they were like, “Okay, cool. Like, I don't really understand it, but that's what you do. You sit on a computer and open Excel spreadsheets or whatever.” But when I worked as an organizer, it was so cool to be able to tell my parents, “This is what I'm doing” or “Hey, we're supporting this legislation to get farmworkers a pathway to citizenship.” Things that like were materially clear to my parents I was able to explain to them. That job was temporary, though it was contract-to-contract. I started looking for a different job, and I found this job with the Group Health Foundation here in the Tri-Cities as well. For a year, I kind of worked in the background of philanthropy and supporting our communities in Washington again. The philanthropy was mostly focused on serving our communities here in the state of Washington. I think that was one of my strongest assets during the interview process was I just have a clear love for our communities here in Washington. This is a place me and my parents call home. I want to continue doing the work for the state of Washington and here in the Tri-Cities as well. And I did that for some time. I was just having lunch one day with another member of our community, Gabrielle Portugal and Ruben, one of our program officers. And they were like, “Hey, we were looking for an executive director, Jerry, you should think of applying.” And so, I applied and I think again my love for this community, my energy to sort of support our farmworkers, our community, the people with a similar background as me and my parents. I think that shines through again. This Thursday will be my first official first day as the executive director. I haven't started yet. 00;20;15;24 - 00;20;27;17 Robert Bauman Can you talk a little bit about the downtown Pasco development Authority? What sorts of things does that organization do? What sorts of things would you like will you be doing as executive director going forward? 00;20;27;17 - 00;20;55;22 Jerry Martinez Yeah, so it started, I think in 2014 and it was created as a sort of engine for economic development in the downtown Pasco area. Through its time is with different leaders, it's just taken a different sort of flavor of that. But I think all in all, the purpose of the organization is to really celebrate the culture of our community in the downtown area, make dreams come true. I think I look at some of the stores down there in downtown, shops for quinceañeras, local businesses, local taco shops, bakeries, salons where people can throw weddings, events, quinceañeras. I think it's just a cool way that we can also support people who come to this country and come to this area and have a dream. And we can really support their dream and becoming a reality in downtown Pasco. And I think it's a growing area. And I think as things grow, it's common for spaces to lose touch with their origin or the history of their community. I think this is an opportunity that we can really hold on to some of the history of our community in a way that supports businesses, in a way that supports community members and supports our community in general. Some of the things I'm hoping to do is, you know, downtown Pasco is also one of the areas where we have the densest population of homeless folks. And I know that their success moving forward is intertwined with the success of the organization and the success of downtown. And I want to take a more public stance, a more a stronger stance in trying to support them and partnering with some of our shelters around the area to really get them a place to stay, get them employment opportunities. I think there’s going to be a cool way to do that, that's aligned with our mission as well. 00;22;33;06 - 00;23;21;03 Robert Bauman Great. You talked earlier about your work with the UFW was traveling around and distributing mask. With COVID, studies shown it's had more of an impact, a higher case rates among, in Washington state, Hispanic communities, African-American communities. Especially with the work that you did with that, what sort of impact did you see or have you seen over these last couple of years or so in terms of the impact of COVID on the community and efforts to kind of address some of that impact? 00;23;21;06 - 00;23;46;04 Jerry Martinez Yeah, I think probably some of the biggest impact is just related to work. Most of the impact is related to work, I believe. When I especially when I was an organizer with the UFW Foundation, one… many people weren’t educated. They weren't told about some of the new policies in Washington to deal with COVID 19. Many weren’t told about if you get sick, if you're feeling symptoms, you're allowed to take two weeks off no matter what that is guaranteed to you as a worker here in the state of Washington. I think even on the flip side of that, even if they did know about that, many people, them not going into work is them not collecting a paycheck. For you to be sick for two weeks, that's two weeks off work. You got bills to pay, you got a family to support. And I think, you know, when you're working as a farm worker, much of your pay, it's all about how much crops can you pick, how many buckets of cherries can you dump in our boxes? It's really tied to like the amount of productivity, to what you produce as a worker. I can just see like there's huge economic impacts, one in folks not wanting to get off work and two even if they're allowed that time off work, they're missing out on paychecks and you're not getting paid too much and this is a seasonal job. So, just the impacts of that on them economically are huge. Health wise as well. You have to go into these spaces. While many of us were able to sort of work from home, I got a laptop sent to me and I was able to take meetings from home and do a lot of my work at home in the safety of my home and my room away from other folks. Many of our communities had to go out to work while there was this big pause in people going to their workplaces and doing things. I don't think there was ever a break for farmer working communities and our Hispanic community at large in that area as well. I think it was clear that it was going to hit them harder. And I think another piece of it is— and this this happened to everyone but I think in a different way for Hispanic communities— just the mental health, the toll it takes on you to not be able to see your family as much anymore. Before COVID, even my family, we'd have huge gatherings for birthdays, for celebrations of people graduating high school. In the years since COVID has happened, I have seen a huge decline in us getting together. It feels like everyone's a little bit more separated now. I don't know if we're ever going to go back to that time where we're always together because of just the two years of this instance of staying alone, staying with your immediate family only, and not getting together in big gatherings, I think that has played a… it has definitely shifted the culture a bit, shifted some of the some of the family aspects for our Hispanic community. 00;26;38;07 - 00;27;17;18 Robert Bauman As a young person stepping into this position, you talked about some of the things you see and one thing you were talking about homelessness that might interest that. Are there other things you see going forward? Either for the downtown association or just for community organizations in general, things that you see that you would love to address or think that this younger generation might be in position to address? 00;27;17;21 - 00;27;37;23 Jerry Martinez Yeah, I think I saw this clearly when I worked at the Group Health Foundation. My direct supervisor, our vice president of programs, Carmen Berkley, she was a great mentor to me, a great boss. And, you know, one day we were talking with one of our local leaders. This man, he was the board chair for the DPD. He's the president of this other Hispanic organization. He's the lead for, you know, this other organization. And he's just got his hands in so many places. He's doing so much. And my boss, she tells me, “Jerry, there's no… what's the leadership development like in the Tri-Cities? Why is it just one guy taking charge of everything? How can we help him and support him? How come I don't see you taking leadership positions?” And I just thought to myself, actually I don't know. So, I think, one of the things for our youth, especially in the Hispanic community, is just there's no clear direction of like what happens after. I think school is like a huge priority, but there's no sense of familiarity with what comes after that. I think many of us as first-generation citizens and first-generation college graduates, we sort of graduate high school, we graduate universities, go to college, trade schools or whatever. And then we think to ourselves, What's next, though? I think its been so clear in my life to this point what is needed to get done. And then afterwards you're like, well, I don't know what to do next. I felt that as well. I think that's a piece to really… an opportunity for our youth here, and I hope I get to be a part of that in the downtown Pasco Development and in other areas of just being one small example of what our youth here in the area can do. Some of the knowledge, some of the values we've picked up from our community. I felt extremely supported by other families, by our Latino community in the area, and I just want to give it back. I think there's many young folks just like me ready and willing to do that as well. It's just a matter of finding them and letting them know there's opportunities out here, out here for them to do that. 00;29;33;11 - 00;29;41;22 Robert Bauman If you had one piece of advice for a first-generation college student who is a freshman coming in fall semester, what would that be? 00;29;41;25 - 00;30;03;11 Jerry Martinez It would just be like, remember what got you to this point, because whatever that was, it's going to get you through to the end. Whether that's family, whether that's your own motivation to do something and also like you're going to figure things out. When I first got to college, before I even started my first class, I changed majors three times. Part of you being here is for you to figure things out and part of you being here is to really just change the trajectory of your entire family for years to come. People don't realize how huge it is for them to even be in that classroom, taking that seat. It's so huge for our families and it's so huge for our community. 00;30;30;12 - 00;30;52;14 Robert Bauman Yeah. It's interesting that you mentioned changing your major a few times. I think some students come in. This is, you know, because their parents have told them, you must do this. And most college students change their major at least once, right? So, I always encourage people to be open, right. Actually, as an incoming first year student, be open. You may decide on something. Right. I fully agree with what you said. I get excited when they tell me they're undecided. Good. Take lots of different classes to figure out what you want to do. 00;31;02;10 - 00;31;23;15 Jerry Martinez And even then, I graduated with finance, and I wouldn't say I'm particularly in a finance job, so I think it doesn't tie you to anything. It's really about the experience you craft for yourself that is going to get you opportunities after college. Don't stress on it too much on majors, none of that stuff. It seems huge in the moment, but you'll figure it out. 00;31;25;21 - 00;31;32;01 Robert Bauman Right? Right. The job you get isn't going to necessarily have the name of your major. 00;31;32;04 - 00;31;35;03 Jerry Martinez That's so true. 00;31;35;05 - 00;31;56;28 Robert Bauman Is there anything that we haven't asked you about? Either related to your family story or something you talked about in terms of education and community stuff that you would like to talk about? 00;31;57;04 - 00;32;17;29 Jerry Martinez Yeah, one of the other things is my old job. I had just been coming into this executive director role. I've thought about myself as a leader and sort of what has inspired me. What are some of the traits I want to be exemplifying as a leader? I always think back to my parents, and I just think about the natural leadership that is born of immigrants to this country, the natural leadership of my father to be the first one to make this journey, the first one to sort of feel things out and just work to bring the rest of my family here. That's leadership qualities that I can't even name, but I think is so clear to me that that's the kind of leader I want to be, someone who's here for my family, someone who's here to support others, to get things going for the people around me. For my mother, she's the greatest example of leading with love. I think my mom has always just led with love in a way that I want to be a leader as well. There are times where we think as a first-generation American in this country, there's times that I think, “This topic's a little complicated. Maybe my parents just won't really understand.” They consistently surprise me, because they just have this sort of love for people that I'm like, “You do get it.” I don't have to explain these huge higher-level topics and these isms and how they manifest and trickle down to us. My parents really understand things in a lens of love for people, love for community. And yeah, I think that's probably the only thing I would like to add. Everything I've done to this point has been in honor of my parents and in honor of my family. That's part of my motivation and success so far. I got a really great support system and really great examples in my parents and family. 00;34;09;05 - 00;34;32;08 Robert Bauman Yeah, that's very clear from what you talk to us about. Well, I think those are the questions I have. Really appreciate you coming in, Jerry, and sharing both your family's story and your story and things you've been involved in. Thank you. Espanol: Robert Bauman: Vamos a avanzar y comenzar puedo iniciar con las presentaciones y luego hacerte unas preguntas y básicamente una conversación. Mi nombre es Robert Bauman. Estoy realizando una entrevista oral de historia con Jerry Martínez. La fecha el día de hoy es 14 de junio del 2022. La entrevista está siendo realizada en el campo de Washington State University de Tri-Cities. Entonces Jerry podrías decir tu nombre completo y deletrearlo para nosotros. Jerry Martínez: Si es Jerry Martínez, J-e-r-r-y M-a-r-t-í-n-e-z. Bauman: Correcto gracias, entonces comencemos. Si pudiéramos hablar un poco de la historia de tu familia, si pudiéramos sus orígenes, su historia de migración a los estados unidos, a Tri-Cities. Entonces cuando llego tu familia aquí, como fue la historia y porque, como, ¿cuándo y porque vinieron aquí? Martínez: Si, y no se los años y las fechas exactas pero todo esto es sobre cosas que les he preguntado. Les he hecho esta pregunta muchas veces así que he reunido una colección de historias hasta este punto. Pero mis padres nacieron en El Salvador en los 60s o 70s y vivieron en una zona muy rural en una especie de montanas alas afuera de Sesori el Aureral, lo busque en los mapas de Google y está muy remoto que no tiene nombre en los mapas de Google. Al final de los 80s una guerra civil estallo en El Salvador y mi papa fue uno de los jóvenes reclutados, olvide que lado de la guerra, pero él se encontraba con 23 o 24 en la parte de atrás de una camioneta militar dirigiéndose a una especie de campamento para ser entrenado, tú sabes para ser un soldado en la guerra y ganar el coraje. Se me olvido toda la historia, pero era muy interesante. Él estaba en la parte de atrás de esta camioneta y estaban a miles de millas de su pueblo y saco el valor de saltar del vehículo y justo después del otro joven hombre salto y llegaron a la estación de autobuses de San Miguel o la estación del área de San Miguel y encontró su camino de regreso. Le pregunte a mi padre de porque o cómo fue que los militares no los siguieron o tú sabes porque no le dispararon. Él me dijo que porque si lo seguían treinta personas más los seguirían huyendo también, así fue como fue uno de los suertudos en escapar. Cuando volvió a casa con su madre, su madre le dijo, mi abuela Adela le dijo “Tienes que irte, prefiero que estes a miles de millas de distancia y vivo a que te quedes aquí y ellos te encuentren” ella sabía en su corazón que se había escapado de ellos por ahora, pero volverían por él y no va a ser bonito cuando vuelvan por él de nuevo. Ella fue la primera que le dijo que tenía que irse y así fue como inicio su viaje a los Estados Unidos creo que cuando tenía mi edad 24 hiso su viaje a través de El Salvador, Honduras, México todo hacia Estados Unidos. Él me dijo que su viaje por la frontera fue en un camión de plátano, el solo se acostó debajo de unas cajas de plátano que lo tapaban y así fue como cruzo la frontera. Como muchos fue así como encontró su camino al Central Valley of California para trabajar en el campo. El trabajo del campo es muy migratorio, trabajo en varios lugares del centro de California y encontró un lugar aquí tú sabes a través del West Coast, arriba y abajo, hay muchas oportunidades para trabajar en el campo. Mi padre hiso esa ruta por un tiempo hasta que llego aquí en los Tri-Cities. Encontró este lugar hermoso tú sabes había descansos cortos entre temporadas. Podías trabajar todo el año y ahorrar un poco de dinero para comprarte una pequeña casa de remolque aquí, así que decidió quedarse aquí en Tri-Cities. La única comunicación que tenía con mi madre era a través de cartas y al poco tiempo de que llego a los Estados Unidos desafortunadamente su madre murió. Mi abuela murió y por un tiempo no le escribió a mi madre, el solo trabajaba. Pero después de trabajar en el campo por un tiempo, gano suficiente dinero para conseguirse un lugar pequeño una casa remolque en la que nosotros, en la que yo crecí y en la que gran parte de mi familia paso tiempo, él tenía eso. El trabajo un par de meses más, un par de temporadas más y trabajo más, reunió suficiente dinero para traer a mi mama aquí y mi hermano mayor, Walter y a partir de ahí fue un trabajo en equipo. Mi mama y mi papa trabajaron y trajeron a mi tío aquí se quedaron en la casa en la que crecí. Los tres trabajaron y trajeron a mi otro tío y entonces tú sabes todos trabajaban y es muy interesante que la casa en la que nací y más o menos crecí a cierto punto fue la casa de todos. Todos los que han venido de El Salvador a los Tri-Cities han pasado tiempo en la casa de la familia en el este de Kennewick y entonces poco después yo nací y ahora mis padres, ellos tomaron su examen de ciudadanía fue muy impresionante. Un veterano que vivía en la calle de enfrente, un veterano de la segunda guerra mundial él fue uno de los mayores apoyos para mis padres. El los llevaba a que intentaran tomar su examen de ciudadanía. En un punto mis padres me contaron una historia donde el hacia un tipo de trampa, le decía a mi mama que dijera si en algunas preguntas y no a otras. Pero tú sabes fue un buen esfuerzo familiar y lo contamos como parte de la familia también. Lo llamamos abuelo, el ya falleció, pero sabes él fue un gran hombre en nuestras vidas que vivía en la casa de en frente. Bauman: Esa es una gran historia y cuáles son los nombres de tus padres, por cierto. Martínez: El nombre de mi papa es Mario Martínez y el nombre de mi mama es Sonia de Carmen Martínez. Bauman: Bien entonces cuando tu padre hiso el viaje, ellos ya estaban juntos cierto. Martínez: Cuando mi padre fue reclutado por los militares él y mi madre ya habían estado juntos por un par de años y tenían al mayor, su hijo mayor, mi hermano mayor, Walter. Él tenía más o menos dos o tres años en ese tiempo cuando vino para acá. Bauman: ¿Cuándo tu padre llega aquí y después tu mama, había muchos salvadoreños aquí en ese tiempo? ¿Había una comunidad en ese aspecto? Martínez: No, no creo incluso ahora. Creo que ahí un crecimiento de población aquí, pero la mayoría de los salvadoreños que conozco en el área son familiares, mis primos, mis tíos creo que la mayoría son familiares probablemente. Desde entonces unos cuantos más se han mudado aquí, pero creo que es una población más pequeña. Bauman: ¿Cierto, entonces tu naciste aquí? Criado aquí, como fue tu experiencia al crecer aquí en Tri-Cities y tu perspectiva de la comunidad hispana, la comunidad hispana más grande en ese entonces y ahora. Martínez: Si, creo que al crecer aquí fue una experiencia porque no me sentí como un forastero. Había una población grande de mexicanos en mi área y en mi escuela. Nacido y criado aquí, la herencia de mi familia es de El Salvador, pero fui criado con una cultura mexicana porque es de donde todos mis amigos eran. Era de donde la gente con la que te juntabas venia igual que sus tradiciones. Así que agarre mucha cultura mexicana al crecer aquí. Al principio de mis años de la primaria y secundaria fue chistoso no me gustaba hablar español porque mis amigos mexicanos decían que tenía un acento diferente o chistoso creo que porque al crecer con mis papas se me pegaron ciertos modos de decir ciertas cosas eran un poco diferente. El lenguaje corriente es diferente. Me reserve a hablar inglés mayormente porque sentía que tenía un acento en español diferente, pero resulta que probablemente era el acento salvadoreño. Justo el año pasado revisité El Salvador y me di cuenta de que la mayoría de mi español ahora esta influenciado por mi herencia mexicana y tradiciones mexicanas. Por ejemplo, en El Salvador decimos vos para decir tu o ustedes, pero yo crecí usando ustedes, ¿“como estas tu?”. Solo esas cosas pequeñas culturales que agarre al crecer aquí en Tri-Cities. Una de las cosas que mis padres siempre pusieron en claro para nosotros fue que la educación era muy importante. En cierto punto mi padre estaba trabajando en el turno nocturno en Tyson, en la fábrica de carne aquí y ganaba buen dinero. Estaba en dirección para ser supervisor, ganar más dinero y conseguir un ascenso, pero mis hermanos mayores estaban batallando en la escuela y yo también estaba batallando un poco en la escuela, aflojando un poco, estaba siendo el payaso de la clase o algo. Mi padre nos sentó un día y nos dijo, no me acuerdo, yo era muy joven en ese entonces así que no me acuerdo, pero de seguro mis hermanos mayores si se acuerdan mejor. Él nos sentó y nos hable sobre sobre como la escuela era extremamente importante y como tenía que ser prioridad en nuestras vidas. La razón porque nuestros padres vinieron aquí fue para darnos una vida mejor y que la escuela era la llave de la ecuación. Así que él se cambió, él dijo “Oye estoy en camino a ser supervisor, estoy intentando conseguir un ascenso, pero me voy a cambiar al turno de día porque al estar en el turno nocturno no estoy presente en sus vidas y creo que al estar más envuelto va a ayudar a que tengan más excito en la escuela.” Entonces el cambio de turno al de día y ayudo un poco pero mi hermano mayor batallo un poco en la preparatoria y se salió en su ano de señoría. Esto es otro recordatorio de lo importante que la educación era. Mi padre estaba frustrado con él y me refiero lo hecho de la casa. Mi hermano mayor tenía 18 en ese entonces. Eso fue un recordatorio para mí de lo importante que la educación era para mi familia y para que nosotros progresáramos en este país y apoyar a nuestra familia en el futuro. Bauman: ¿Entonces eso que significo en términos de continuar con tu educación, eso que significo para ti para avanzar? Martínez: Si, después de mi hermano mayor, yo tenía un hermano mayor, una hermana y un hermano, así que yo soy el menor de cuatro. Mi hermano mayor se salió de la preparatoria y mi padre lo hecho. La próxima en línea era mi hermana ella se graduó de la preparatoria y era un poco problemática, ruda así que mis padres estuvieron muy contentos cuando entro a CBC. Entro en ese programa higiene dental, saco una casa, se casó y tiene como tres hijos ahora. Pienso que ella ha sido un gran ejemplo para mi sobre lo que la educación puede hacer por ti a una edad temprana. Compro una casa, tuvo un bote y toda clase de pequeños juguetes interesantes y yo pensaba que ese era el verdadero sueño americano y mi hermana lo estaba consiguiendo. El siguiente en línea era mi hermano y el siguió el mismo camino, fue a CBC y entro en el programa de técnico radiología y se hico técnico de radiología, haciendo resonancias magnéticas, haciendo rayos x en algunos de los hospitales locales. Pensaba que a través de ellos había una ruta a través de la educación. Cuando era junior o senior en la preparatoria iba a la escuela preparatoria de Kennewick, mi mejor amigo en ese tiempo era Vidal Aguilar que venía de una familia mexicana. Lo mire llenando la aplicación para WSU y recuerdo que en ese tiempo no sabía que tenía que aplicar para la universidad. Ni sabía que había restricciones, que había gente que no sería aceptada. Había gente que sería aceptada. Yo me imaginaba que todos después de ir a la preparatoria solo iban a la universidad, que esa era la ruta. Estoy muy agradecido que el conocía a alguien en su familia que sabía que tenías que aplicar. Así entendí que tenía que aplicar también. Pero en la preparatoria no fui el mejor estudiante así que me tomo un tiempo ser aceptado, pero después de un tiempo y esa es otra historia. Después de un tiempo me aceptaron y mi familia estaba muy feliz, yo estaba muy feliz, y yo era el primero en ir lejos a una universidad de cuatro años de carrera. Justo hace dos años me volví el primero en mi familia en graduarse de una institución de cuatro años en la universidad de Washington State en Pullman y he visto en los dos cortos años desde graduarme el impacto que esto ha tenido en mi familia y en mí mismo. Así he visto el valor de la educación en mi familia y quiero continuar apoyando la educación para personas como yo, personas que crecieron con una historia similar a la mía. Bauman: Se que eres el nuevo director ejecutivo. Martínez: Si, supongo que sí. Bauman: Para la autoridad de desarrollo del centro de Pasco. ¿Como sucedió eso? ¿Has estado envuelto en otro tipo de organización de la comunidad antes de esto? Martínez: Si, es interesante. Cuando fui a la universidad, fui un poco forzado, fui forzado a encarar mi identidad en un modo diferente. Ya sea aquí en Tri-Cities sabes crecí alrededor de mucha agente con la que veníamos de un fondo similar como yo. Justo, así como a la universidad que vas estas en un ambiente diferente, alrededor de gente diferente. Encaré mi identidad de un modo diferente de nuevo y me di cuenta de que tenía la oportunidad aquí de tener un impacto en mi comunidad en mi hogar e impactar la comunidad del estado de Washington. Así que me involucre con las organizaciones lidérales de la comunidad, la MECHA en WSU, diferentes organizaciones latinas en WSU, los Chicanx, el centro estudiantil de Latinx. Yo era el senador no certificado por el gobierno estudiantil. Pienso que me gusto estar involucrado en la comunidad y construir un sentido de comunidad, ya sea que tenía un sentir fuerte aquí en Tri-Cities en Washington, WSU en Pullman, tuve que como construir eso en colaboración con otros de la comunidad latina. Le tome amor a trabajar por la comunidad, por ser parte de algo más grande que yo. Pero mi educación, mi diploma era en finanzas, así que estaba en camino de finanzas. En mi ano de señoría ya tenía un contrato firmado para ir a Boeing después de la graduación, pero me gradué en el 2020 el ano de la pandemia de COVID-19. Así que, a la mitad de mi segundo semestre, creo que fui clases en línea completamente, fuimos a clases remotas completamente. Me mude de regreso con mis padres. No estaba seguro de lo que me iba a pasar después de la graduación, pero sabes lo superamos. Me gradué en línea esperé un par de meses y el contrato con Boeing fue rencendido. Ellos cancelaron el contrato así que me quede a buscar trabajo en tiempos difíciles. Decidí buscar localmente y ver lo que estaba alrededor así podría quedarme con mis padres y ahorrar un poco de dinero. Encontré este trabajo como organizador de alivio de emergencia para la fundación de trabajadores de United Farm y yo me lancé a esa oportunidad inmediatamente. Para mí, mis padres habían trabajado en los campos, habían trabajado como trabajadores agrícolas todas sus vidas. Para mi ser capaz de contribuir a la comunidad como organizador de la fundación de UFW era enorme. Por ocho meses mi carro era mi oficina, tenía conos, mesas, el suministro más grande de máscaras que pudiera pedir en mi carro. Lo que hacía con nuestro equipo, solo era, tú sabes viajar alrededor a diferente ciudades y comunidades en el este de Washington. Organizábamos estas clínicas móviles donde dejábamos saber a los trabajadores agrícolas sus derechos, sobre la paga por enfermedad que se les permitía, que hacer si sentían síntomas de COVID-19 y darles suministros básicos, mascaras que fueran cómodas para usar mientras trabajaban en los campos, desinfectante de manos, gorros cualquier equipo que necesitaran, hice eso por un tiempo y luego sabes el alboroto del humo del fuego forestal. Hurgando por toda la costa del este y los trabajadores del campo aun tenían que trabajar por todo eso. Apoyamos a los trabajadores agrícolas con máscaras K-95. Algo de trabajo del estado tratando de conseguir la protección necesaria para los trabajadores agrícolas cuando el humo del fuego forestal estaba a niveles muy tóxicos para que la gente trabajara afuera. Por ocho meses solo trabaje como organizador para trabajadores agrícolas y creo que fue ese cambio en mi carrera que fue tan emocionante para mí y mi familia. Por primera vez le podía explicar a mi familia en lo que trabajaba y fue claro, directo y tenía sentido para ellos. Cuando tuve mi primera pasantía, sabes en la compañía de Seattle traté de explicarles a mis padres lo que hacía, pero ellos no se relacionaban mucho con lo que ellos hacían. Ellos sabían que eso era el tipo de trabajo que yo iba a hacer, pero ellos decían “O si interesante, no entiendo mucho pero eso es lo que haces, te sientas frente a una computadora y abres páginas de Excel o lo que sea” pero cuando trabaje como organizador era tan interesante poder decirles a mis padres: “Esto es lo que hago” o “ey estamos apoyando esta legislación para conseguirles a los trabajadores agrícolas un camino a la ciudadanía” cosas así eran claras para mis padres y yo era capaz de explicarles. Ese trabajo era temporal, era de contrato a contrato. Empecé a buscar un trabajo diferente y encontré este trabajo con la fundación de Group Health aquí en Tri-Cities también. Por un ano trabaje en el fondo de la filantropía y apoyando nuestras comunidades en Washington de nuevo. La filantropía estaba mayormente enfocada en servir a la comunidad aquí en Washington. Pienso que esa fue una de mis fuerzas más grandes durante el proceso de las entrevistas, que tengo un amor claro por las comunidades aquí en Washington este es el lugar que yo y mis padres llamamos hogar. Quiero seguir trabajando para el estado de Washington y Tri-Cities también y lo hice por un tiempo. Estaba comiendo un día con otro miembro de nuestra comunidad, Gabrielle Portugal y Rubén uno de los oficiales de nuestro programa y ellos dijeron “Estamos buscando un director ejecutivo, Jerry deberías pensar en aplicar” y entonces aplique y pienso que de nuevo mi amor por esta comunidad, mi energía para apoyar a nuestros trabajadores del campo, nuestra comunidad, la gente con historia similar a la mía y la de mis padres. Eso se nota por encima. Este jueves será mi primer día oficial como director ejecutivo, aun no inicio. Bauman: ¿Puedes hablarnos un poco de la autoridad de desarrollo del centro de Pasco? ¿Qué tipo de cosas hace la organización? ¿Qué tipo de cosas estarás haciendo como director ejecutivo de ahora en adelante? Martínez: Si, creo que inicio en el 2014 y fue creada como un tipo motor para el desarrollo de la economía en el área del centro de Pasco. Durante su tiempo ha sido con diferentes lideres y ha tomado un sabor medio diferente debido a eso, pero creo que el propósito de la organización es celebrar la cultura de nuestra comunidad en el área del centro, hacer sueños realidad. Pienso que miro a algunas de las tiendas ahí en el centro, tiendas para quinceañeras, negocios locales, puestos de tacos locales, panaderías, salones donde la gente hace bodas, eventos, quinceañeras. Pienso que es un modo interesante en el que también podamos apoyar a la gente que viene a este país y vienen a esta área y tienen un sueño y nosotros de verdad podemos apoyar su sueño a hacerlo realidad en el centro de Pasco. Creo que es un área en crecimiento y pienso que mientras crece es común que los espacios pierdan ese toque con sus orígenes o la historia de su comunidad. Pienso que es una oportunidad de conservar algo de la historia de nuestra comunidad en un modo que apoye a los negocios en un modo que apoye a los miembros de la comunidad y apoye la comunidad en general. Algunas de las cosas que espero hacer es tú sabes el centro de Pasco es también una de las áreas donde tenemos la población más densa de personas indigentes. Se que su éxito para avanzar esta entre enredado con el éxito de la organización y el éxito del centro y quiero hacer mi postura publica, una postura más fuerte en tratar de apoyarlos. Uniéndonos con algunos de los albergues en el área y conseguirles un lugar donde quedarse, conseguirles oportunidades de trabajo. Pienso que va a haber un modo interesante de hacer eso que este alineado con nuestra misión igual. Bauman: Grandioso, hablaste antes de tu trabajo con la UFW que era viajar y distribuir mascaras. Con el COVID ahí estudios que muestran que tuvo mayor impacto, más casos en la comunidad hispana y african-american en el estado de Washington. Especialmente con el trabajo que hiciste, que impacto viste o has visto en el transcurso de los dos últimos anos. En términos del impacto de COVID en la comunidad y los esfuerzos de atender esos impactos. Martínez: Si, creo que uno de los impactos más grandes era relacionado con el trabajo. El mayor impacto fue relacionado con el trabajo, creo. Especialmente cuando yo era el organizador en la fundación de UFW mucha de la gente no era educada. Les decían sobre algunas pólizas nuevas en Washington sobre cómo manejar el COVID-19. A muchos no les decían que, si se enfermaban, si sientes síntomas, podías tomarte dos semanas libres sin importar nada, eso era garantizado a ellos como trabajadores aquí en el estado. Pienso que incluso al otro lado de la cara de eso, incluso si ellos sabían al respecto, mucha gente, si ellos no iban al trabajo significaba que no recibirían un cheque. Para estar enfermo por dos semanas eran dos semanas fuera del trabajo. Tienes facturas que pagar y una familia que mantener y creo tú sabes cuando trabajas en el campo la mayor parte de tu paga es lo que produces al cosechar. Cuantos botes de cerezas bacias en el cajón, está conectado con la cantidad de productividad que produces como trabajador. Puedo ver como ahí un gran impacto en la economía, para empezar algunas de las personas no queriendo faltar al trabajo y en segundo si incluso les daban el tiempo libre del trabajo, les haría faltarían los cheques, no les pagan lo suficiente y son trabajos temporales, entonces tan solo el impacto de eso en ellos económicamente era inmenso, en la salud también. Tenías que ir a estos espacios mientras muchos de nosotros podíamos trabajar desde el hogar, yo recibí una computadora y podía hacer juntas desde mi casa y hacer mucho de mi trabajo en la seguridad de mi casa, en mi cuarto lejos de otras personas. Muchas de nuestras comunidades tenían que salir a trabajar mientras había una gran pausa en que la gente saliera a sus trabajos y hacer sus cosas. No pienso que nunca hubiese una pausa para las comunidades de trabajadores del campo y en la comunidad hispana tampoco, pienso que estaba claro que los golpearía más fuerte. Pienso que otra pieza de esto es y esto les ha pasado a todos, pero creo que de diferente modo a las comunidades hispanas. Tan solo la salud mental, la carga que te cae de no poder ver a tu familia mucho. Antes de COVID incluso mi familia, teníamos grandes reuniones para cumpleaños, para celebraciones de graduación de la preparatoria. En los años desde que COVID paso he visto una gran disminución en las reuniones. Se siente como que todos están un poco más separados ahora. No sé si algún día volveremos a ese tiempo donde siempre estábamos juntos, porque en estos dos años de estar solos, estar solo con tu familia inmediata solamente y no reunirse en grandes reuniones, creo que eso ha jugado un gran rol, ha definitivamente desplazado la cultura un poco, desplazado algunos de los aspectos de la familia por nuestra comunidad hispana. Bauman: Como una persona joven que ha subido a esta posición, has hablado sobre algunas de las cosas que vez y una cosa de la que hablabas era los indigentes que te interesan. ¿Ahí algunas otras cosas que veas que avanzan? Ya sea para la asociación del centro o por las organizaciones de la comunidad en general, cosas que tu veas que te gustaría cambiar o piensas que ala generación más joven favorecería en apoyar. Martínez: Si, pienso que lo vi claramente cuando trabajé en la fundación del Group Health. Mi supervisor directo, el vicepresidente nuestros programas Carmen Berkley, ella fue una gran mentora para mí, una gran jefe y sabes un día estábamos hablando con uno de nuestros lideres locales, este hombre estaba en la silla directiva de DPD. Él es el presidente de esta otra organización hispana, tú sabes es el líder de esta organización y tiene sus manos en tantos lugares hace demasiado y mi jefe me dice “Jerry como es el desarrollo directivo en Tri-Cities? ¿Cómo es que un hombre está a cargo de todo? ¿Como podemos apoyarlo y ayudarlo? ¿Como es que no te veo tomando posiciones liderarías?” y pensé que no tenía ni idea. Pienso que una de las cosas para nuestra juventud, especialmente la comunidad hispana es que no hay una dirección clara de lo que pasa después. Pienso que la escuela es una gran prioridad, pero no hay sensación de familiaridad de lo que viene después de eso. Pienso que muchos de nosotros ciudadanos de primera generación y graduados de universidad de primera generación, nos graduamos de la preparatoria, nos graduamos de universidades, vamos a la universidad, escuelas de oficios, o lo que sea y pensamos para nosotros mismos, ¿qué sigue? Creo que ha sido muy claro en mi vida hasta este punto lo que se necesitaba hacer. Entonces, después de eso te quedas de que no sabes lo que tienes que hacer después, yo sentí lo mismo. Creo que es una gran pieza, una oportunidad para nuestra juventud y espero ser parte de eso en el desarrollo del centro de Pasco y en otras áreas, ser solo un ejemplo pequeño de lo que nuestra juventud puede hacer en el área. Algo de la sabiduría, algunos de los valores que tenemos de nuestra comunidad, me sentí muy apoyado por otras familias, por nuestra comunidad latina en el área y solo quiero retribuirles. Pienso que los jóvenes al igual que yo están listos y dispuestos a hacer lo mismo también. Es solo cuestión de encontrarlos y dejarles saber que hay oportunidades ahí afuera, para que ellos lo hagan. Bauman: Si tuvieras una pieza de consejo para los estudiantes de primera generación de la universidad que son novatos en el próximo semestre de otoño. ¿Que sería? Martínez: Solo sería que recuerden lo que tienen hasta este punto, porque lo que sea que es, los va a llevar hasta el final, ya sea familia, que sea motivación personal de hacer algo y que van a descifrar las cosas. Al principio que llegue a la universidad, incluso antes de iniciar mis clases, cambie mi especialidad de estudios tres veces. Parte de ti que está aquí es para descifrar las cosas y otra parte de ti es para en realidad cambiar la trayectoria de tu familia entera por los anos a seguir. La gente no se da cuenta lo grande que es para ellos estar en ese salón, tomar ese asiento, es tan grande para nuestras familias y tan grande para nuestra comunidad. Bauman: Si, es interesante que mencionaste que cambiaste tu especialidad de estudios algunas veces. Pienso que muchos estudiantes vienen solo porque sus padres les dicen que lo hagan y la mayoría de los estudiantes de universidad cambian su especialidad de estudios por lo menos una vez, cierto. Entonces yo siempre los impulso a ser abiertos, cierto, de hecho, como estudiante de primera generación, que sean abiertos, pueden decidir en algo, cierto. Estoy completamente de acuerdo contigo en lo que dijiste. Me emociono cuando me dicen que no se han decidido, bien, tomen muchas clases diferentes para descifrar lo que quieren hacer. Martínez: Incluso entonces me gradué en finanzas y no diría que estoy particularmente en un trabajo de finanzas así que no pienso que te amarra a nada. Es más, sobre las experiencias que formas para ti mismo lo que te va a dar las oportunidades después de la universidad. No te estreses mucho en la especialidad de estudios ni nada de esas cosas. Se ve enorme en ese momento, pero lo descifraras. Bauman: ¿Cierto? Cierto, el trabajo que consigas no necesariamente tendrá el mismo nombre que tu especialidad de tus estudios. Martínez: Eso es tan cierto. Bauman: ¿Hay algo que no te hemos preguntado al respecto? Ya sea relacionado con la historia de tu familia o algo que haigas hablado en términos de educación y comunidad de lo que te gustaría hablar. Martínez: Si, una de las cosas es mi viejo trabajo. Apenas llegue a este trabajo de director ejecutivo. Me he visto como un líder y eso me ha inspirado. ¿Qué características quiero mostrar como líder? Siempre pienso en mis padres y pienso en el liderazgo natural que nace de los inmigrantes de este país, el liderazgo natural de mi familia aquí. Esas cualidades de liderazgo que ni siquiera puedo nombrar, pero creo que es tan claro para mí que es la clase de líder que quiero ser, alguien que está aquí para mi familia, alguien que está aquí para apoyar a otros, que mueve las cosas para la gente que me rodea. Por mi madre, ella es el ejemplo más grande de liderar con amor, pienso que mi mama siempre nos ha guiado con amor de un modo que quiero ser un líder también. Ahí veces donde pensamos que, como estudiantes americanos de primera generación en este país, hay veces que pienso que este tema es un poco complicado, tal vez mis padres no entiendan realmente. Ellos constantemente me sorprenden porque ellos tienen esta especie de amor por la gente que digo “Si entienden”. No tengo que explicar esto temas de nivel más alto, estos términos y como se manifiestan y gotean hacia nosotros. Mis padres realmente entienden las cosas a través de la lente de amor por la gente, amor por la comunidad y si eso es probablemente la única cosa que me gustaría agregar. Todo lo que he hecho hasta este punto ha sido en honor a mis padres, honor a mi familia, es parte de mi motivación y éxito hasta ahorita. Tuve un gran sistema de apoyo y grandes ejemplos de mi s padres y mi familia. Bauman: Claro, eso es muy claro por lo que nos has hablado al respecto. Bueno pienso que esas son las preguntas que tengo. Te apreciamos realmente por venir Jerry y compartir ambas, la historia de tu familia y tu historia y las cosas en las que has estado envuelto. Gracias. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:34:32 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 10317 kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Jerry Martinez Subject The topic of the resource Oral History; Latin American; Hanford Site; Richland, WA, USA Description An account of the resource Jerry Martinez, a first-generation American, shares his family's journey from El Salvador to the United States. His parents fled the civil war in El Salvador and eventually made way to the U.S. through Mexico. Jerry was born and raised in the Tri-Cities, he and his siblings were encouraged to prioritize education. With Jerry becoming the first to graduate from a four-year university. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 14, 2022 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part, or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to the US Department of Energy collection. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fceccc3d8868895c191cdce6e20dc4ebd.mp4 abd03e384e985c0f2634b4c3732c8ae6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Latino/a Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Oral History Description An account of the resource An ongoing oral history project focusing on the history of the Latine/Latino community of the Tri-Cities, Washington area. Previously known as the WSU Tri-Cities Latinx Oral History Project headed by History faculty Robert Bauman and Robert Franklin. Hanford History Project made the decision in 2024 to use Latino/a instead of Latinx as the former more reflects the grammar and practical use and identification of Spanish speakers. We know that one term will not encompass all those identities. For example, Latine, a gender neutral pronoun and product of the queer Spanish community, was considered for use but we use Latino/a to reflect the prevalence of gendered pronouns in the Spanish language. However, we would like to acknowledge that the discourse around which term to use is complex and evolving. Every person has the right to use the term that captures who they are and that feels the most welcoming to them. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Language A language of the resource English; Spanish Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Bauman Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Ruben Peralta Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:51:39 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 10317kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Ruben Peralta Subject The topic of the resource Oral History; Latin American; Hanford Site; Richland, WA, USA Description An account of the resource Reuben Peralta and his family immigrated to the United States from a small village in Colima, Mexico, in 1978. They initially lived in Tijuana before moving to the Tri-Cities. The Peralta family's experience highlights the challenges faced by many immigrant families, including language barriers, economic hardship, and cultural adjustment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 14, 2022 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part, or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to the US Department of Energy collection. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fec6c8f7c3bbb31f56925babeecf6b4ea.mp4 f93d3a58c920203a28c20c15faa00ad6 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F88cdb1fa45ad2f4e200b759062e541f1.JPG 42ba19f559413681d72de561bf6a41dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Post-1943 Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Description An account of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Franklin Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Christina Robison Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound 0:00:00 Robert Franklin: My name is Robert Franklin. I am conducting an oral history interview with Christina Robison on January 11, 2018. I need to fix that there. The interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University Tri-Cities. I’ll be talking with Christina about her experiences working at the Hanford Site. And for the record, can you state and spell your full name for me? Christina Robison: Yes. Christina Robison. It’s C-H-R-I-S-T-I-N-A. R-O-B-I-S-O-N. Franklin: Okay, thank you. So, tell me how you came to the Hanford. Tell me how you came to the area, and then how you began work at Hanford. Robison: Sure. Well, we came from--well, I grew up in California. But we had moved—my mother had remarried and we moved to Huntsville, Alabama, where my stepfather worked for Rockwell International on the space shuttle. Franklin: Oh, wow. 0:01:00 Robison: Yeah, he was a supervisor on the space shuttle there. His name’s Racy Storm. He’s since passed away. But Rockwell asked him if he’d be interested in transferring. And it’s kind of funny, because they gave him three different states to choose from, and my mother picked Washington to come to, because it had four seasons, was her reasoning behind going. So, I was only 15 at the time. He took the position with Hanford and we moved here to the Yakima area. He started working, you know, right away when we moved here. And then followed by that was my stepbrother, also worked. He worked at the REDOX labs, 222-S labs. And then my sister got a job as a nuclear process operator at the PUREX facility. Franklin: Oh, wow. Robison: And following that, probably a year, year-and-a-half after she started working, I graduated from high school and then got my job out at Hanford. So it was kind of a family affair. Franklin: So what did your father do—or, your stepfather, sorry—do out at Hanford? 0:02:08 Robison: He was an engineer. I couldn’t tell you for sure exactly what kind of engineer, but he was an engineer at Dash-5, at PFP. I know he could—they’d call him in the middle of the night, from what my mother tells me, and he could recite procedures from memory. He would tell them what page to look on, and which section it was. Yeah, he was a pretty smart man. Yeah, so he kind of started, I think, a lot of the family’s careers out at Hanford. And that’s how mine started. Franklin: Do you know what he did on the space shuttle? Like, I’m just wondering how that experience translated to plutonium processing. 0:02:48 Robison: Well, I don’t know--I probably couldn’t tell you a lot about what he did at the space shuttle. I actually had an opportunity to go look at the space shuttle and actually board the space shuttle, but I was 14, and wasn’t interested. So I missed that opportunity of a lifetime. So, yeah, that was disappointing when I looked back on it. And he told me I would regret it, and I did, and do. [LAUGHTER] Franklin: Well, you know, hindsight is 20/20. There’s a lot of--when I interview-- Robison: Yeah-- Franklin: Oh, sorry-- Robison: No, well, when you’re young, you just--you don’t realize the significance of something. And I didn’t, and so I didn’t go. Franklin: Yeah, it’s just a fact of life. So, it was kind of a family--it became a family affair then, that kind of work. And tell me how you got hired on at Hanford. 0:03:39 Robison: Well, I had originally applied for a custodial position. When they actually called me to come to work, the gentleman on the phone--I don’t recall his name--asked if I would be interested in being a D&D worker, and that stands for decontamination and decommissioning. I recall my sister telling me that was a horrible job and not to accept it. But I asked him why, because I had applied for custodial; I had not applied for D&D. And he had told me that they needed their quota of women. And so I accepted. Wanted the job. So I accepted. Franklin: What led you to accept the job when your sister had warned you about it? And I guess--let me back that up a second. Why did she say it was--do you recall why she said it was such a terrible job? 0:04:32 Robison: Well, D&D—this was in 1983, and D&D then was one of the lowest paid positions on the Hanford Site. It was a relatively new, for lack of better term, new craft. And you had to do some really dangerous work. And a lot of hard work. You know, we, D&D, did a lot of other crafts’ work in radiation zones. So, it was, from her experiences being a nuclear process operator, being one of the crafts out there, you know, the knowledge that she had of D&D, it was just not—it wasn’t one of the top ranking jobs, you know, on the Site. I chose to take it because I wanted my foot in the door. I wanted to work. I was extremely independent person; I still am. I wanted to have a job and move out of Mom and Dad’s house. So I accepted it. And I thought I could move on to different positions once I was out there. Franklin: Right. Had you thought about going to college at all, or did you--were you kind of focused straight on working? 0:05:52 Robison: I was focused only on working. I had always—I’d worked since I could, since I was 11, baby-sitting, and had no interest in going to school. I was extremely glad I’d graduated high school and was out. I just wanted to be in the workforce and start making my own money and paying my own way. Franklin: Cool. So tell me about entering this world, this D&D world, as part of a quota. Like, I guess, I’d like to know about the kind of social aspect of being a woman in a male sphere, but also if you could talk about the kind of work that was happening. 0:05:31 Robison: Okay. Sure. Well, D&D is like what it says, it’s decontamination and decommissioning. So as far as what it was like, you know, I was a 19-year-old, young girl, fresh out of high school, the only thing I’d ever done was waitress. So it was a bit of a shock, going to work at Hanford. I really didn’t have a clue about what was involved and what to expect. It was truly a man’s world. I was surrounded by men, and being young you’re a little bit interested in that, but it was a bit of a culture shock as well. So, I had quite a bit of adjusting to do. And as far as the work, you know, again, the only thing I’d ever done was waitress and go to high school, and within six months, I was climbing scaffoldings and running jackhammers. So it was quite the change. But I really enjoyed the work. In D&D, then, and I believe even probably it’s true today, because they still have the D&D craft out there, you were successful every day. Every day brought a new challenge and once you’ve finished decommissioning or cleaning something up, you got to move on and do another project and do something different. So it was really enjoyable. Franklin: Wow. What kinds of buildings did you work on, and areas? 0:08:04 Robison: Well, I’ve been in probably every building on Site, except for N Reactor, K, PUREX and a bunch of the facilities in the 300 Area. D&D has touched a lot of the areas out there. So, we could decommission a change facility, a change room, meaning we’d go in and cut it, essentially demolish it. We did asbestos abatement in all of the reactors. We did fuel storage removal--fuel storage—the fuel rods from the reactors, cleaned out all of those from all the basins in all the reactors. We tore down buildings. I don’t know, you name it, we probably did it. Jackhammered, took up railroad ties. It was a lot of fun. I mean, I enjoyed it. Franklin: So was your job similar to the remediation today, where it was just to take the building down to slab? Robison: Yes. Yeah. It was probably a lot like what it is today. Only more sophisticated, because technology’s so far—so much more advanced than it was in the ‘80s. But-- Franklin: What was the monitoring environment like when you started with D&D? I assume there was a radiation protection-- Robison: For personnel, monitoring? Franklin: Yeah. Well, like the radiation monitoring. And what’s changed from then till today? Robison: Well, I couldn’t tell you a lot about what’s changed; I don’t really do radiation work anymore, so I don’t go into any kind of zones. But we had dosimetry then. We had air monitoring. You know, it would be set up on us or that would surround us to monitor the air. So I don’t know that the monitoring has changed significantly from when it was in the ‘80s. I think it’s pretty much the same, but I really haven’t been involved in that. Franklin: Sure. You mentioned that it was kind of a culture shock, and it was a real—it was a man’s world, or like a boys’ club. Robison: Mm-hmm. Franklin: I kind of want you to expand on that a little bit, if you could. How did people initially treat you, and did that change over time as they got to know you, or, like, what kinds of attitudes--the spectrum of attitudes that you encountered? Robison: Well, I think that they were—it was probably wide-ranging. You know, again, I was young, so--a lot of the people that I worked with were young. I don’t know then that I could tell a lot of difference on how I was treated. You know, reflecting back for the age I am now and my life experiences, I know that there were times that I was treated less than a human. But at the time I didn’t realize that. That was just kind of the way it was. Franklin: Sure. Are there any notable memories or moments or people that stand out from that time? Robison: Well, moments—when you asked me about, you know, the way things were back then in terms of how women were treated, one of the memories that I have, and a lot of women that I worked with could attest to this, was the dress-out procedures when you’re coming out of a radiation zone. Then, some of the companies, men didn’t have to wear modesty clothing. And being a D&D worker, that was one of my jobs, was to undress as individuals were coming out of the radiation areas. So, it didn’t faze them at all to walk around in their underwear. You know, as a young girl, that was a bit—I didn’t quite know what to expect from that. So you just do your job and keep moving forward. Today, it’s different. I mean, I know they have modesty clothing. Franklin: Sure. Robison: So that doesn’t happen. Franklin: Did you—forgive me if this is too personal, but did you also have to walk around in your underwear? Robison: No, I wore modesty clothing. Franklin: Okay. 0:12:27 Robison: So, yeah. I had a T-shirt and shorts. The problem was that if they became contaminated while you were in the zone, and it did occur on occasions, you didn’t get to keep those. So that was part of the reason a lot of people didn’t wear modesty clothing, because if it got crapped up, is what they called it, they’d lose it. That was just money out of their pockets. So a lot of people weren’t willing to do that. But, no, I would wear shorts and a T-shirt. Franklin: Sure. Robison: Yeah. Franklin: When you started, were there separate facilities for men and women? Like, restroom facilities and-- Robison: Yes. Mm-hmm, yes, there were. Uh-huh. Franklin: So, you mentioned a couple times when we were talking earlier about the 183-H-- Robison: 183-H, yeah. Franklin: --project. I’m wondering if you could talk about that, because you had that—we’ll put that picture online, but that picture of you in the gunk, I guess, is the best way to-- Robison: Yeah. Franklin: I’m wondering if you could talk about a project in your work on that and what you accomplished. 0:13:24 Robison: Well, so, the 183 solar basins, I believe there were four of them in total. And two of them were filled up—well, the basins were constructed a lot like a pool would be where you have a shallow end and a deep end. The muck that was in these could range anywhere from a foot in the shallow end all the way to six or seven feet deep in the deep end, at the back part of the solar basin. And all of this muck came from the 300 Areas, places that would generate chemical wastes and wouldn’t have any place to put them. They were in a liquid form. So the material, evidently, was trucked out to the 183-H solar basins and placed there for, essentially, the liquids to volatilize off, to vaporize. Well, that happened over a number of years, of which I wasn’t there. But when we did go and D&D went to clean these solar basins out, what was left of course was the muck. The stuff was just really strange, because if you--it’d be a hard surface, and then when you stepped through it, it would just liquify. It was very different. And then we didn’t—because of the depth of some of this muck, they couldn’t really put a piece of equipment in there to clean it out. It was such a large basin that if you put a backhoe or something in there to try to lift this muck out, it would’ve just swallowed up the equipment. So they put people in there, me included. And we wore protective chest waders and plastics over the top of us, and mind you, this was in 100-degree heat. So it was very hot. And we used buckets, five-gallon buckets, and we literally bent over and picked up a bucketful and filled up drums. I would expect we probably filled up about 5,000 drums at that time. Franklin: Of 55-gallon? Robison: Of 55-gallon drums, uh-huh. Franklin: Wow. Robison: Yeah, it was a long project. It was one of the places that I was stationed at for any length of time. But, yeah, it was quite the project. But I have a lot of good memories from there. It was a good crew that I worked with and good managers. Again, the technology wasn’t available then like it was today. I’m sure they would’ve done it differently today and taken more precautions for their workers. But at the time, it was all manual labor. It was all very physical. Franklin: Well, at the time, too, Hanford was still producing, right? Robison: Yes. Franklin: Its primary job in there--because I assume this would’ve been sometime in the mid-’80s, late ‘80s? Robison: Yeah, I want to say I was probably—I think I was probably out there about ‘86, ‘87, yeah. Franklin: Okay, so still in production. Robison: We were still in production, yeah, at the time. Franklin: And so cleanup not--I mean, obviously, a priority, because they have D&D, but certainly not the major priority it is today, right? 0:16:51 Robison: Right. No--yeah, it’s definitely more of a priority today. I mean, Hanford’s in environmental cleanup status. But I would like to say that even though we were in production and--because I kind of feel like Hanford gets a bad rap sometimes when they really try to do a lot of good, too. But DOE was actually in environmental restoration back in the ‘80s when I worked there, because that’s essentially what D&D was. It was decontaminating and decommissioning. So they had already begun doing cleanup activities in the ‘80s. At least when I started. And they, obviously had probably started even before I arrived. Production was their focus at the time, but they did think about the environment. They had started the steps towards cleanup. And, keep in mind in the ‘80s when I hired on, a lot of the regulations didn’t exist. There were none of the regulations that governed Department of Transportation and Shipping. And none of those regulations were there. But DOE was taking—had the stance to start doing some environmental cleanup. And they knew they needed to do something. And I was happy to participate. Franklin: Awesome. Robison: Mm-hmm. Franklin: Where else did you work doing D&D? Robison: Again, all over the Site. You know, I worked in 200 East area and 200 West area. I was stationed at Dash-5 for a while, the PFP building that they’re currently trying to bring down to slab. Let’s see. At semiworks, although I couldn’t tell you a whole lot about that facility. I didn’t work out of that building very long, but it was alpha contamination there. Where else was I at? Franklin: Were you at REDOX? 0:18:50 Robison: I was, when I first hired on that’s where I was stationed. My very first--that’s where I learned to climb a scaffold, and that’s where I first learned to use a jackhammer, and that’s where I first learned how to take up railroad ties and railings. Franklin: Wow. Robison: Yeah, did quite a bit there. There was nobody in the facility at the time. I mean, other than us. It wasn’t being utilized. But, yeah, so REDOX--I had been there, worked, again, at PFP. D&D, we didn’t stay in one place for any really long length of time, because new projects would come up and so we’d have to go work out of this shed, or—a little bit like construction work, I suppose, where those guys have to go to motel to motel. I just went from building to building. Franklin: Yeah, like, the opposite of construction, really. Robison: Right, except we got to tear it down, yeah. Franklin: Yeah, yeah, okay. That makes a lot of sense. How long did you do D&D for? Robison: I was probably D&D for about seven years. Franklin: So through the ‘80s? 0:20:00 Robison: I wanna say--yes, all the way through the ‘80s until about 1990. And then I worked in the powerhouses that no longer exist. Franklin: For the reactors, right? The reactor power? Robison: The steam power--the coal-fired powerhouses. Those powerhouses used to supply steam to the production facilities, like PFP or PUREX. Franklin: They’d use those old steam lines that still—did they use the old steam lines that are still all in the 200 Area? Robison: Yes, those are still operational. Franklin: Wow. Robison: I was called a power operator. So, I did do some work in the main powerhouse where they actually fed coal into boilers and created the steam that supplied energy. Franklin: They were still using coal in the late ‘80s/early ‘90s? Robison: Yup, yup. Franklin: Wow. Robison: Yup, they were. Franklin: That’s always struck me as--I don’t know if it’s--it’s not irony, but the fact that the energy and the steam to supply nuclear--this high-science nuclear processing was coming from coal, you know. This very basic energy source plays a role in creating a very technical scientific energy. Robison: Yeah. Well, you know, I guess in hindsight, you look back on it and it is kind of—again, technology’s just so far advanced today than what it was then, but, yeah, it’s-- Franklin: What was it like working with coal? I mean, did you get regular shipments? Robison: Yup! Franklin: And did you have to wear special protective gear and-- 0:21:41 Robison: No, didn’t really have--unless you were right up in it. They’d provide you with paper masks if you didn’t want to breathe in the coal dust. But, yes, the coal was brought in by rail and poured into hoppers. It went up a conveyor belt and fed the hoppers, and those hoppers in turn fed the boilers that were down below. Again, I didn’t operate those that much. I ran the filter plant which supplied the drinking water for the Hanford Site. But, of course, you know, you’re around it all the time, so you pick it up. Pick up different things here and there. Franklin: And which powerhouse and filter plant did you work at? Robison: Both. I worked at both of them. Franklin: Which reactor area? 0:22:21 Robison: Well, so, 200 West area would’ve fed PFP, REDOX, T Plant, U Plant--any of those that required heat or--and then East Area, of course, fed the Tank Farms and PUREX and all the other facilities that were in operation at the time. Franklin: The water--the purification, that came from the river, right? So would that use one of the river pumphouses? Robison: Yes. Franklin: Okay. Robison: The water—in fact, it’s still being used today. Franklin: That’s the one by B Reactor, right? 0:22:54 Robison: Yes, mm-hmm, yup. That pumps raw water from the Columbia River. DOE has a water right to be able to do that. It pumps the raw water up to the 200 West Area now--because East Area’s filter plant is closed up. But the West Area still produces the drinking water, and sanitary water, in probably close to the same fashion as I did back in the early ‘90s. Franklin: Oh, wow. That’s really interesting. I’m wondering if you could talk about--when Hanford got the order to shut down, you were working there, right? Robison: I-- Franklin: With the switch from production, when they got the order to stop production? Were you-- Robison: Yeah, I don’t--I don’t remember the date they did that. I actually couldn’t talk very well to that. I don’t recall it, so--of when it actually happened, I don’t remember. Franklin: I was just--I was going to ask, because I’m wondering if you remember kind of the general mood of the community or of your coworkers, how people dealt with that switch. Was it a big deal, or did the work continue on? 0:24:09 Robison: Well, what I recall, which isn’t very much--I left the Hanford Site in 1993 and went to work for Department of Ecology, so I don’t recall a lot. But I know the Tri-Cities—and I was living in Yakima. The Tri-Cities went through booms and busts quite frequently. A lot of it dealt, or was a result of whatever happened to be going on at Hanford. So when there’s big layoffs, Tri-Cities would plummet, housing would plummet. And then when it was up and running, things were really good. So, as far as when they actually made the shutdown, I want to say that that happened a little bit later, after I had left the Site. Franklin: Okay. Robison: Yeah, sorry, I couldn’t really talk too much to that. Franklin: That’s okay. So what kind of work did you do for the other DOE, ecology? Robison: For Department of Ecology? Franklin: Yeah. 0:25:07 Robison: Well, when I originally left in ‘93, I hired on as a hazardous waste inspector. And then I moved to underground storage tanks. I did that for about 16 years. Franklin: So were you still working—and was that Hanford Site, Hanford underground storage, or was that different? Robison: No, I actually went to work for the Yakima office. Franklin: Oh, oaky. 0:25:26 Robison: So, the Yakima office, or central region of Washington, actually does regulate, even today, does regulate underground storage tanks at the Hanford Site. But the nuclear waste office that’s here in Richland regulates everything else at Hanford. So, when I left, I left the Hanford Site, essentially. I hadn’t been here for about 16 years. Franklin: Okay. But your work was still connected to the Hanford Site? Robison: Yeah, in a roundabout way it was, because the Department of Ecology regulates them. So my interaction with the Richland office wasn’t that frequent. Being from the Yakima office, we regulated different things, and Hanford wasn’t among them. Franklin: Okay. Robison: But I always had stayed in contact with Hanford. I’d been out here long enough and knew quite a few people. And then in 2009, I just decided to come back. So I’ve been back to Hanford since then. Franklin: Why did you decide to come back to work for MSA? 0:26:36 Robison: Well, because the amount of things that you can learn working at the Hanford Site are infinite. It’s a continual learning cycle every day you come to work. So it’s challenging, and I just knew that I would enjoy playing that role again, and being part of Hanford. Especially today because they’re doing cleanup and the restoration work. I wanted to be part of that history. Franklin: Yeah, because you had kind of started doing that. Robison: I started it when they were in production and had a really good time while I was out here. Franklin: So you’re currently environmental compliance officer, right? Robison: I am, mm-hmm. Franklin: The eco—yeah. And so, part of your job is ensuring regulations are met, right? Or being followed on the Site. 0:27:28 Robison: Yeah, it’s a little bit like consulting work, only MSA’s comprised--well, we take care of the infrastructure of the Hanford Site. So we make sure everybody else keeps running, essentially. We take care of the roads and the grounds and the water and power and all of that. So, my job is to help those organizations that supply, or that provide that support for infrastructure that make sure that they comply with all the regulations. So I deal with all kinds of stuff, whether it’s water or solid waste. I deal with hazardous waste; we deal with air requirements. Just about everything that’s environmental, my job is to make sure that they follow those rules and regulations. Franklin: Okay. So, I would imagine that includes working with a lot of tradespeople. Robison: Yeah, from time to time, I do, mm-hmm. Franklin: I’m wondering, in terms of regulations, how have things changed from when you started doing D&D work, kind of this ground-level, to where you are now? Robison: Oh, immensely. Franklin: How has work on the Hanford Site changed? 0:28:36 Robison: Immensely, because none of them really existed when I started in ‘83. You could kind of do whatever you wanted. They’ve come a long way, and I have to tell you, from the time I left in 1993 till I came back to work at Hanford in 2009, the change at the Hanford Site has just been—it’s been huge. It’s been significant. They’ve accomplished a lot. And they did so following all the rules and regulations. So there’s a lot out there now. Good example of that would be, in 1983, people were still dumping their waste oil that they’d removed from their cars down storm drains that fed straight to the Yakima River to the Columbia River. And today they don’t do that anymore. And that’s a result of regulation and saying not to do that and education, yeah. So it’s changed significantly. Franklin: So, wait, out on Site, people were dumping--? Robison: Well, yeah, well--they used to use waste oil for dust suppression. Of course, that’s not done anymore. Franklin: Right, to spray it down and then of course you’ve got waste oil all in the--which is going to get into the water. 0:29:49 Robison: Yes. And in groundwater. But we’ve learned so much from the ‘80s to today that--and it’s always evolving. Regulations are always changing as you learn new things, you know, more studies. I mean, you’re a historian, so if you were to study the history of regulations, every year they learn something new through technology or something, and so regulations change. That’s part of my job, is keeping up with those changes and helping the organizations out there implement those. Franklin: Right. Because the status quo today is only today’s status quo; it’s not the environment that you would’ve worked at in the ‘80s. Robison: Yeah, it was very different in the ‘80s. Franklin: So you mentioned that the D&D work initially there, it was great because you always felt like you were accomplishing something. Do you feel the same way today with your current work? 0:30:49 Robison: I do. Probably it’s--you know, I don’t get to see daily changes like I did in D&D. But I do, because I’m playing a small role in the overall picture of the Hanford cleanup. And that matters to me, it means a lot to me. Franklin: Great. Let’s see here, da, da, da. Okay. I’ve gone through all the fun--I have some stock questions. I’m just wondering if I had missed anything. Robison: Okay. Franklin: But we’ve really covered a lot of really great stuff. Robison: Well, I probably didn’t make much sense, and-- Franklin: No. Robison: I was trying to make sense. But you know, you get a picture in your mind, and getting it out of your mouth is-- Franklin: No, you’re doing great. And I do understand that, though. So you always lived in Yakima when you worked at Hanford. You’ve always lived outside of the Richland area, outside of Tri-Cities? Robison: I lived in Tri-Cities for a few years. Franklin: Okay. 0:31:41 Robison: Just prior to taking my job with the state. So that would’ve been in 1993. So I lived here from--I think I moved to the Richland area, I want to say, around ‘91. So I lived here for about two years. But, yeah, primarily in the Yakima area. Franklin: What sort of housing did you live in in Richland? Did you live in an Alphabet house or anything like that, or did you live in a newer-- Robison: I did. I actually bought a prefab when I lived here. It was a small three-bedroom. I just—I loved it. I was a single mom, and it was perfect for my son and I. Yeah. Yeah, I loved it. Franklin: I lived in a two-bedroom when I first got here, a two-bedroom prefab. Robison: Did you? Franklin: It was small. [LAUGHTER] Robison: Yeah, they’re notably--well, it’s less than 1,000 square feet. What is a prefab, like 900 square feet or something? Franklin: A three-bedroom, yeah. 0:32:43 Robison: I remember, I was doing--I had a boyfriend at the time, and we were--I wanted to do some remodeling because they had put--they had completely covered the entire house in brown paneling. So it was very dark, which, you know, for a small house, makes it even smaller. So I wanted to pull--we pulled--I wanted to pull all the paneling off and paint, or just paint the paneling. My boyfriend convinced me, let’s pull the paneling off. And it was sea blue plywood underneath of it. It was no insulation, no drywall. It was just plywood that had been painted a sea blue. It was horrible. So we quickly put up drywall and painted. Franklin: Wow. Yeah, those weren’t--I know if you know much about the history of those, but they weren’t meant to be any kind of permanent housing. Those were from the Great Depression, just relief houses. Robison: Yeah. Was that true for all of them? For the A? Because I remember an A house--I lived in an A house--it was a two-story-- 0:33:43 Franklin: No, those were built to be permanent houses. Those were built with like Douglas fir and they were constructed by an architect out of Spokane who--and DuPont demanded that they provide quality housing. But they couldn’t build the Alphabets fast enough, so the Army Corps kind of forced DuPont into bringing in all these prefabricated units. They didn’t want them, but they gave the prefabs to more blue collar-type folks. And the Alphabets were more for managers or white collar. Robison: Wow! Franklin: So there’s definite quality—because I live in an A now. There’s a definite quality difference. Robison: Wow, no, I had no idea. Because the quality of the house I was in was not good. Franklin: Yeah, they’re basically plywood. Robison: And that’s about all it was, was plywood that had been painted sea blue. It was—yeah, it was, oh my gosh, I got to get drywall up pretty quickly, because—yeah. But I still--I’d love to, when I was living there, I would’ve loved to known who’d owned it before me and when it was actually built. I never researched it. Franklin: What was the address? Robison: 803 Winslow. Franklin: Oh, okay. I used to live almost right next to there. Robison: Is that right? Franklin: It was 804 Stanton which is just like two blocks. Robison: Yeah, I think I-- Franklin: Two blocks down. Yeah, I know that neighborhood very well. 0:35:04 Robison: I’ve driven by there—when I worked for the state, I would have to come to the Tri-Cities, because I was underground storage tanks. So I regulated a lot of the gas stations—well, I regulated all of them for all of central Washington, including Benton County. And so I would go by my old house and I couldn’t hardly even recognize it. I had big, huge maple trees and they’re gone. Somebody took them all out and---yeah, but I would’ve loved to have known who lived there. Franklin: Oh, interesting. Robison: --back when they were in production. I had no idea about the quality of construction was so different, though. Franklin: Yeah, they were really meant--they were Depression era; they were meant for families in the Tennessee Valley—or, they were built by that Tennessee Valley Authority to just get people in houses and in relief communities. Yeah, it’s a very interesting socialist beginning of these--you know, yeah. They’re really meant for people who were in hard times. Robison: Wow, that’s interesting. Franklin: The fact that there’s so many of them--because you know that that neighborhood, it’s all--you know. Robison: It’s all prefab. Franklin: One-bedroom, two-bedroom, three-bedroom, two-bedroom, two-bedroom. And then you go in the Alphabets and it’s like A house, A house, A house, F house, A house, B house. Robison: Yeah. That’s true, yeah. Wow, interesting. Franklin: Yeah, I could tell you tons about them. I know too much. I’m wondering if you could describe the ways in which security or secrecy at Hanford impacted your work. 0:36:35 Robison: Well, as far as secrecy, you know, we weren’t allowed to talk about anything. Security was really tight. Yeah, even in ‘83. It was really tight. Any sign of incident when you were inside the 200 East or 200 West Area, it was a total lock down. And they didn’t care if you were just getting off work. Gates were locked, and everybody stayed inside the gates. You were not allowed to leave. That was same true for—not leaving all the facilities, because they weren’t all high security facilities—but places like PFP were. And so you were searched going in and you were searched coming back out. That was just a daily occurrence; that’s just kind of the way that they were—they were pretty secure. All the badges checked every day. You weren’t allowed onsite without one. Everybody had to have a clearance. If you didn’t, you had a worker’s clearance, a W badge, and you weren’t allowed to do a whole lot. You could come to work and do some things, provided they weren’t inside any kind of secured areas. Franklin: Did you ever, like, forget your badge? Just like accidentally left it--? Robison: Oh, yeah. You had to bring Spudnuts if you forgot your badge. Franklin: Really? 0:37:51 Robison: Yeah, you had to bring doughnuts, yes. You’d be issued a temporary badge, but you’d be restricted as to what you could do for that day. Franklin: And everybody knew you and your crew-- Robison: Oh, you got harassed, yeah. You got harassed because, you know, when you couldn’t go into zones or do the job that you were supposed to do--and this wasn’t just true for D&D, it was for all the crafts, for everybody--you know, it impacted everybody else. They had to work that much harder because they were a man down, because that person forgot their badge. So, oh, yeah, you were harassed, yeah. Franklin: That’s funny. Robison: Yeah, I remember having to bring Spudnuts, yeah. Franklin: A Richland institution. Robison: Yes, mm-hmm. Franklin: Oh, I just had something on the tip of my brain and now I can’t-- Robison: About-- Franklin: Oh! Could you drive onto Site at that point, when you started work, or did you get bussed in? Robison: Yes. Well, you could do both. Franklin: Okay. 0:38:42 Robison: You could do both. I actually--I forgot, I probably should’ve mentioned, I did live in the Tri-Cities after I first hired on. I lived here for a couple of years. I lived in the Brass Lamp Apartments. What street was that on? Was that Van Giesen? I can’t remember. Anyhow, that’s how I was able to pick up Spudnuts out of--because I lived in Richland, so I would go pick those up. But, yeah, you could drive your car or take the bus, and I did both. Hated the bus. Franklin: Why? Robison: Hated, hated, hated the bus. Franklin: Really? 0:39:18 Robison: Oh, yeah. I didn’t ever--I tried hard not to ever have to. When I had to work shift schedule, the A, B, C, D, shift schedule, I took the bus a few times. Because it took forever. It’s slow. I hated the bus. Franklin: There wasn’t any like fun camaraderie on the bus-- Robison: No. Franklin: --with the people? Robison: No, no. Franklin: Oh. Must’ve been for a different--because I’ve--some of the older folks I’ve interviewed that you could only take the bus out there, they had special tables where they would play cards on the bus, and they had these very kind of fond memories. Robison: Oh, is that right? Franklin: Yeah, these very fond memories of the bus. Robison: No, they didn’t have any of that when I-- Franklin: Picking them up outside their house and dropping them off. Robison: Yeah, no, not when I took the bus. It was boring, everybody slept, it was--no, I hated it. So I drove myself a lot. Just--yeah. Franklin: Interesting. What about--I’m wondering if you remember, you know, how the community or you dealt with major international events, such as, I guess the first one I’d like to ask about is Chernobyl. Because you would’ve been working onsite at that time. Robison: Yeah, that was, when, I want to say ‘86? Franklin: Yeah. Robison: Is that when that happened? Franklin: Yep. 0:40:36 Robison: You know, there was concern, even on the parts of all the staff, on the Hanford Site. It was a long ways away. I think the talk, which was probably among just the general populus, was is the cloud going to come over to the United States? And then, is Hanford going to blow up? I mean, yeah, that was pretty scary. I remember receiving security briefings from our supervisors and managers about, you’re still not to talk to anybody about things. And then some reassurances that, we’re fine, we’re not going to blow up over here. And of course we didn’t. But, yeah, I do actually remember Chernobyl. That was a scary time. Franklin: I bet. And then just a couple years later, the Berlin Wall fell and the Cold War pretty much ended. Robison: Ended. Franklin: Kind of in a—you know, not so much a bang, but kind of a whimper or a fizzle. And I’m wondering if you could talk about how that may have affected you or the community, you know, to have this decades-long conflict, and the whole reason, really, for all this activity at Hanford is now kind of gone. 0:41:55 Robison: Yeah, and the Berlin--you know, I’m probably not one of the better--yeah, probably not very familiar with that. I mean, I don’t recall the mood of the people. It wasn’t something I stayed focused on. Franklin: How did you feel? Robison: You can probably scratch that part right out of the interview. Pbbt. Franklin: Sure. Well, how did you feel about it, though, because I imagine that--you were aware, right? How did you--or, what did you see that Hanford would do after that? Robison: You know, I didn’t—I don’t know that I gave it a huge amount of thought, but--because, again, even in the late ‘80s/early ‘90s, environmental wasn’t real concept then. So I don’t know that I’d be very good at telling you what my frame of mind was at the time. I was in my 20s. Yeah, probably, you could scratch that part from the interview. Franklin: No, it’s-- Robison: Aaaahh, cut! No. Franklin: We all experience things differently and often when-- Robison: I honestly--I mean, I remember watching the Berlin Wall fall and all that on TV, but I don’t--I really don’t remember what my mood was or what my thought processes were then, so-- Franklin: It’s fine. You know, it’s one of those events that maybe grows more—or we think about how significant it was later, you know? Or people that didn’t experience it and lived through it maybe attribute more to it than people that--where that was just life for a while. Robison: Yes, yeah. Franklin: Don’t worry about it. What was I going to ask? Shoot, I had another question. Robison: I know when you were out on the Site, you were talking about wanting to know more about Affirmative Action. Franklin: Yes, that was actually my next—yeah. I’m wondering if you could tell me about that. Just, how--yeah. How it played out for you and for others, and how it changed the workforce. 0:43:53 Robison: Well, for me, I didn’t realize it at the time that that’s why I was being hired, was that it was part of Affirmative Action. You know, being 19, I just—it didn’t cross my mind. All I cared about was getting a job, but I actually attribute my entire career to this day to that affirmative action, to that one phone call, because I wouldn’t be sitting here today after 30-plus years doing environmental work, had it not been for that affirmative action. So, my whole career is based on it and I’m appreciative of it. I know that there’s some controversy that surrounds Affirmative Action and whether it really did any good, or does it play any role anymore. And I guess I’m living proof that it does, or that it did. Did it work for everybody? Probably not. But it did for me. And so I’m glad that it was around. Franklin: How did the workforce change that you noticed from when you started to--did it really open up a lot of positions for women, did you find yourself over time working with more and more women and minorities? 0:44:58 Robison: You know, truthfully, I did not. And there’s still, in my opinion, there’s still a considerable amount of men on the Hanford Site, as compared to women. That could just be, there’s people that worked out there for 40 years and a lot of people that have worked out there for 30 and 40 years. So, could just be that that new workforce just hasn’t been able to inch their way in. I mean, I do think that Affirmative Action has certainly helped, because I think that there’s women in their careers today that, like myself, that wouldn’t be there without it. There’s other minorities that are in their careers today that wouldn’t be here without it. So, do I think that there’s some room to grow still? Absolutely. But I think it’s coming along. I certainly saw a lot more changes off the Hanford Site when I worked for Department of Ecology than I do on the Site. Life outside of Hanford’s a very, very different place. It’s much more sophisticated and--what’s a good word? It’s more--it’s a more diverse world off the Hanford Site. Franklin: How is Hanford less sophisticated than the outside? 0:46:37 Robison: I think that Hanford--that they could--and maybe it’s because I’m not involved in some of the more newer technologies like what they have at Tank Farms, so I’m certainly not an expert at speaking at it. But in my own little world of environmental and where I’m located, I think that there’s easier and better ways to do things, but process and procedure’s so ingrained on the Hanford Site that everybody’s afraid to deviate. And I think that that’s not a good thing. I think finding new ways and new alternatives should be a goal. Franklin: Right. Robison: But, you know, they’re getting there. They’re coming around. I mean, they have recycling programs today that they didn’t use to have in the ‘80s. They’re getting caught up. But it is more diverse offsite than it is working on the Site. Franklin: I’ve noticed that, too. It’s-- Robison: Yeah. Just don’t use that in the interview. I want to keep my job. Franklin: Well, no, I think-- Robison: I don’t want DOE to get upset with me. Franklin: Oh, I don’t think—I mean, that’s of levels so far beyond. Maybe that’s something that they still need to hear. I think it does matter, too, by profession. I’m a subcontractor in the cultural resources department, and that department is majority-women. And I find, in the work I’m in, in archives, male archivists are a minority. Largely because librarianship and archives has commonly been a woman’s profession. Robison: Yeah, yup. Franklin: Which is—and I think maybe a lot of these trades, crafts, D&D, you know, have been--there’s that disparity--I mean, it’s hard to over-- Robison: To overcome that, yeah-- Franklin: Decades, years--I mean, decades of-- 0:48:40 Robison: And you’re absolutely right. I mean, a lot of the crafts out there has traditionally been men’s jobs and women just don’t enter those fields. Excuse me. They’re more into the professional, you know, environmental-type work that I do. And there are several women that work out there. It’d be good if they could recruit or try a little bit harder to have more diversity. I don’t just mean women, I mean the minorities as well. But again, I think that’s coming. I mean, I could see that coming even before I retire from the Hanford Site, just because the workforce out there is a much older workforce. They’ve been there for thirty-plus years. All the contractors know that a big retirement’s coming for a lot of different people out there. That’s when I think that the diversity and the changes will start to occur. And maybe some changes in procedures and processes that will help make a big difference. Franklin: Yeah, that really struck me when I meet a lot of folks out there, there are so many people, oh, I started here in the late ‘70s/early ‘80s, late ‘70s, you know? Robison: They’ve been there for a long time. Franklin: And they’ve endured all these contractor changes. And it seems maybe it’s a result of having so many contractors that they just keep the people that know how to do the job, because the new contractor needs that expertise and so-- Robison: Oh, yeah, I mean--well, you know, DOE just recently sent out a request for proposals and new acquisitions. So even my company, Mission Support, is having to rebid. Franklin: Oh, I know, we’re a subcontractor of MSA. Robison: Yes. Franklin: And this is funded by MSA. Robison: Yeah. So whoever gets the contracts, it would be crazy for them to just bring in a whole new workforce. You couldn’t do it. Franklin: No. 0:50:36 Robison: I mean, Hanford is truly a unique operation in what they deal with daily. You do have skilled people, you do have to have knowledgeable people about what they’re doing, or things would be really, really bad out there, could be really bad. So it would be good, and I think that they’ve got a plan in place where they start training some--bringing on some newer people so that the ones that are still there could get them trained up on how they do their jobs. It is a unique set of skills that’s required to work out there. You have your basics and then you have to kind of learn the way Hanford does things. And that’s not, you know, trying to diss them or something. It’s truly because it’s unique. They have to handle things a certain way. Franklin: Right, there’s unique challenges, there’s unique regulations. Robison: It’s chilly in here. Franklin: It is, I’m sorry. There’s a lot of-- Robison: He’s freezing, too. Franklin: We turned the heat--they keep this room unheated when it’s not in use. We turned the heat on earlier in the day, but, I’m sorry, it takes a little-- Robison: Oh, it’s all right. It’s just why I’m kind of like grinning because it’s a little chilly. Franklin: No, I know. I have my coat on, too. Because it’s cold! So, yeah, because there’s a lot of institutional knowledge that may leave soon. Robison: Yes, they’re already starting to leave. Franklin: Yeah, I’ve noticed that. 0:52:00 Robison: Yeah, that’s a true statement. And Hanford needs that knowledge. What you’re doing, I think, is just, it’s phenomenal. I think it’s really great that you’re going to capture, obviously not all of the history, but some of it. Franklin: Going to try. Robison: So that you know, kind of, where we came from and where we’re going. I mean, I just think that’s great. And they need that at Hanford as well, because things like with what just happened at the PUREX tunnels. If some of those individuals had been gone, we wouldn’t have known what was in there. Hanford’s really good at documenting everything, but I just think having the people there--you got to capture that knowledge somehow. Franklin: Hanford’s also done so many things that aren’t documented. A lot of burials, for example, were not well-documented. Which is why they find things every now and then, right? You know. You’ve probably found stuff-- Robison: Yeah. Franklin: --that wasn’t supposed--I’ve always found that to be interesting, too. Hanford’s really good at documentation on some things, and then-- 0:53:09 Robison: And then others maybe not so much. Well, I think that was probably more in the ‘40s and ‘50s when things were quite, you know, really secretive. One of the things I like to give Hanford credit for, for knowing—for accomplishing what they did in such a short amount of time—in less than two years built an entire nuclear reservation. That’s pretty impressive. And not having any knowledge on how to deal with the waste and the cleanup. You know, to me, they’ve done phenomenal at addressing the issues that were done back in the ‘50s and ‘60s and figuring out how to deal with them today. I think they’ve, so far, they’ve done a--they’re trying to do a good job. I realize it’s slow, but it is a big task. Franklin: Well, and also the processing waste wasn’t a priority for Hanford for a long time. Robison: Correct. Franklin: It was production. They had quotas and so many of those folks came from regular industries, from chemical industries, where they’d processed the waste in the way they knew how. They pumped it in tanks, they stored it. Robison: Yeah. Or dumped it on the ground. Yup, yup. Franklin: In the ‘40s, that’s what you-- 0:54:26 Robison: That was an acceptable--well, they didn’t know what environmental harm, you know, would come of that. I mean, and again, that’s a good example. In the ‘80s, environmental rules, regulations, didn’t really exist that much, where today, they do. At least now they’re addressing them. Franklin: Right. I guess it’s funny, as a child of the ‘80s, it’s amazing to see how far we’ve come in just my lifetime. I mean, in terms of like you said, in ‘83 when you started, you just couldn’t do that kind of work now. You wouldn’t suit up and go into the solar basin-- Robison: Right, and-- Franklin: And use five-gallon-- 0:55:07 Robison: And use buckets to muck muck into drums. No, they’d find something more sophisticated to--and keep the workers out of harm’s way. But, you know, again, the technology just didn’t exist like it does today. So they have, in my opinion, they have come a long ways. I mean, Hanford has. And when I left in ‘93, all the reactors were still in process of being shut down and cleaned up. When I came back in 2009, almost all of them had been cocooned. So in that 16 years, that was an enormous amount of work. So I thought that was really impressive. 300 Areas is completely changed. For cleaning up literally a radioactive site, I think they’re doing pretty good. Franklin: Have you been out to B Reactor since it’s become a national park? Robison: Yeah, briefly. Yeah, a couple times. I actually was stationed out at B Reactor, so, like I said, we did fuel storage-- Franklin: Oh, during D&D? 0:56:11 Robison: Yes, during D&D. And we did asbestos abatement in all of the reactors. So I’d been in B Reactor a number of times. In fact, I could show you where my changeroom was at in there. Franklin: Oh, wow. I’m wondering what your thoughts are on B Reactor being a museum. Robison: Oh, I think that’s awesome. I think it’s one of the coolest things that DOE said that they wanted to do. I just think that having--preserving that history to show the contributions that those people made and that all the scientists, and even the government, made to the war efforts, I just think is phenomenal. I think it’s really cool. Franklin: Cool. Robison: Yeah. Franklin: So my last question is a big open-ended question. And so, what would you like future generations to know about working at Hanford during the Cold War? 0:57:11 Robison: The amount of commitment and patriotism--and that seems like kind of a corny word to young people today, but--I just think that the people that worked here during the Cold War and even today are really just out there to do the right thing, and to give their small contribution, to make this country better. I’d like for them to know and learn or come to appreciate the level of effort that was put into what they accomplished out here in such a short amount of time. To me, it’s awe-inspiring. Franklin: Well, great. Is there anything else that you’d like to add? Robison: No. I can’t really think of anything. Franklin: Okay. Robison: It was easier to talk to you out at my office than right here. Franklin: Sorry! Well, I hope it was still enjoyable. Robison: Yeah, no, it was. It was. I’m thrilled to get to be a part of this. I really am. Franklin: Yeah, the imposed environment of the studio can sometimes change things. But for continuity reasons and things, we like to have a-- Robison: Mm-hmm. Franklin: Also the sound is--we have good sound. Robison: Do you? Franklin: Soundproofing. And lights. Well, thank you, so much, for coming-- Robison: Thank you for having me. Franklin: --and talking about everything. And you know, and thank you for doing what you do in continuing to do environmental work. It’s a good mission. Robison: Oh, you’re welcome. I really do thoroughly enjoy it. Again, I feel like I get to play a small role in a really huge picture, but it’s my role; it’s my contribution. I love history and happy to do it. Franklin: Well, now you’ve helped our collections two ways. By first helping with the lamps and now by doing an oral history with us. Robison: Yeah. Franklin: So your imprint there. Robison: And you can count on my continued support. I’ll keep looking for stuff for you. Franklin: Good. Please do. Tom Hungate: Okay. Franklin: Awesome. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:59:29 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 317kbps Hanford Sites Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview B Reactor Plutonium Finishing Plant Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Christina Robison Subject The topic of the resource Hanford Site (Wash.) Description An account of the resource Christina talks about her career as one of the first women to do "D&D" (decontamination and decommissioning) work at the Hanford Site. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 01-11-2018 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford Oral History Project operated under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to the US Department of Energy collection. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F5dc24cbba37606f8930125f75e2a661b.docx ba500a6a67033b85d1ab287ef6f0fcc0 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fafb5c748cb7e0cc5efbef11397943674.docx b64caa418a8c0e1153c78a2be95d8e0a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Latino/a Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Oral History Description An account of the resource An ongoing oral history project focusing on the history of the Latine/Latino community of the Tri-Cities, Washington area. Previously known as the WSU Tri-Cities Latinx Oral History Project headed by History faculty Robert Bauman and Robert Franklin. Hanford History Project made the decision in 2024 to use Latino/a instead of Latinx as the former more reflects the grammar and practical use and identification of Spanish speakers. We know that one term will not encompass all those identities. For example, Latine, a gender neutral pronoun and product of the queer Spanish community, was considered for use but we use Latino/a to reflect the prevalence of gendered pronouns in the Spanish language. However, we would like to acknowledge that the discourse around which term to use is complex and evolving. Every person has the right to use the term that captures who they are and that feels the most welcoming to them. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Language A language of the resource English; Spanish Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Bauman, Robert Franklin Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Lucy Aragon, Sharlett Mena Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound 00:53:48 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Lucy Aragon and Sharlett Mena Subject The topic of the resource Oral History; Latin American; Hanford Site; Richland, WA, USA Description An account of the resource Lucy Aragon discusses migration to the United States, work, and raising her daughter Sharlett. Sharlett discusses growing up in Pasco and her work as a Washington State Representative and as a first person to attend college in her family. Watch the interview on YouTube <a href="https://youtu.be/J7NEViIbh-w">here</a> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 25, 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part, or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Language A language of the resource English, Spanish Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to the US Department of Energy collection. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ffe9a50c1a35bab2152ff15c70337877a.docx 7fae046e4f5288229ccf98b57dc5da3f https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F549de1a1ba468072a9400e9179f229a8.JPG b10024e6e3b4b98104d826d85c756ada Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Post-1943 Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Description An account of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Franklin Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Bob Heineman Location The location of the interview Richland, WA Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound 0:00:00 Robert Franklin: My name is Robert Franklin. I am conducting an oral history with Robert Heineman on July 6, 2017. The interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University Tri-Cities. I will be talking with Robert about his experiences working at the Hanford Site. And for the record, can you state and spell your full name for us? Bob Heineman: My name is Robert Heineman. H-E-I-N-E-M-A-N. Franklin: And Robert’s spelled just like “Robert”? Heineman: Robert. Franklin: R-O-B-E-R-T? Heineman: Just like yours, yup. Franklin: Okay. But you prefer to be called Bob? Heineman: Yeah, sure. Franklin: Okay, so we’ll use Bob for the rest of the interview, then. Heineman: Okay. Franklin: If that’s okay with you. Okay. So, Bob, tell me how and why you came to the area. 00:00:47 Heineman: Well, I went to school at Washington State University and majored in police science because I took one of those classes as a general university requirement, and I was fascinated that policemen would actually go to school. So I went through and I got done. I was married very early and had a baby, so I had nothing else to do but schoolwork and take care of the baby while my wife worked. So I graduated when I was 20. And I really wanted to be a police officer or a sheriff’s deputy. But graduating at 20, I was too young to go to work. So I stayed in school and got my master’s degree, and then graduated. Franklin: And what did you get your master’s degree in? Heineman: In police science and administration. Franklin: Wow. 0:01:40 Heineman: And then I came back to the Tri-Cities, because I had nothing left except the end of my thesis and I could do that here at WSU Tri-Cities. My mother got an office looking out over the river where I could work on my thesis. So that’s how I got back to Richland. Franklin: And that’s when it was the Joint Center for Graduate Education, right? Heineman: Yes. Franklin: Or as they would call it, the GE College of Nuclear Knowledge. Heineman: Yup, exactly. But-- Franklin: But you had—sorry. So you had pre-existing connection to the Tri-Cities before you came back after going to WSU? 0:02:21 Heineman: I did. We moved here—my father moved here to work at the Site when I was about three or four years old. Franklin: Do you remember what year that was? Heineman: That would’ve been 1954 or 1955. Franklin: Okay. Heineman: So we lived in a government house on the west side of Richland over on Cedar Street and then moved over—when they sold the houses, we moved over to a house actually on the river, which was great for a little kid, when I was in third grade. And my mother was going back to school to get her master’s degree in librarianship. And she was working at the library in the 300 Area at Hanford. And my father had come here to apply his physics degree from the University of Michigan. Most of the plutonium production work was pretty well staffed at that time, because it was after the war was over. So he decided he wanted to go into breeder reactor research. So he was instrumental in designing some of the cores for the early breeder reactors, and was the project manager for the Plutonium Recycle Test Reactor, the PRTR, and was always very proud of having participated in the design of the core and then managed the design and construction of the overall reactor in early operations. And then when he was finished with that, he moved over to FFTF and worked there for years for GE, and then transferred over to Battelle when Battelle took over that part of the work. And so he spent the rest of his career either in breeder reactor research or safety analysis for the breeder reactor research. 0:04:37 So I have a whole generation before me that was Hanford before me. It was really just kind of happenstance that I came back, because I wasn’t old enough to go to work as a police officer. So while I was finishing up my master’s degree and applying to various places, a job came open on Hanford Patrol. I was living with my father-in-law and he handed me the advertisement and said, gee, maybe it’s time you got your own house and moved, you know, go to work, son. [LAUGHTER] So I did that. 0:05:21 Franklin: Wow. So just to back up a little bit—and thank you for talking about your father. That’s a really interesting career trajectory of breeder reactor research. Your mother, though, she also worked onsite, correct? Heineman: She did. She worked in the 300 Area library, which was the technical library for the whole Hanford Site. And then after she went back to school, she came back to the library, and the decision was made by, at that time, I think it was the AEC and Washington State University, actually in cooperation with the University of Washington and I think maybe Oregon State? Franklin: Yup, yup. That’s all correct. Heineman: To develop a joint center for graduate study. One of the things they wanted to do was to build a big, new library. They would take the reading room from the Hanford Site, the public reading room, and take over that function for the Department of Energy, then AEC. And so they asked her if she would be willing to be the interface on the design and construction of the library that turned out to be the library here at WSU Tri-Cities. Franklin: Wow, okay. 0:06:48 Heineman: So she said, sure, I’d be happy to do that. So she was the primary contact. Then when they got ready to open the library, they asked her if she would run the library. So she did that until she retired. And got to help with the design of the new WSU Tri-Cities library, and was really proud of that. She worked for Brian Vollett at the time. She put everything she always wanted in a library into the design, and they gave everything that she wanted to her. So she worked there until she retired. Franklin: Oh, that’s great. Our offices were in that library for kind of the first year-and-a-half we were here, and I’ve always really enjoyed spending time in there. So that’s really interesting to know. Heineman: Well, she really, she really loved helping the students. I mean, when you would sit down and talk to her about her day, all she would talk about was who came in to see her, what they needed for research, how she could help them. She really enjoyed it. 0:08:01 Franklin: That’s great. Heineman: Yeah, it was cool. Franklin: We need more library—well, we have lots of great librarians. But that’s a great quality in a librarian. Okay. So, to go forward again, you heard about this job as a Hanford patrolman. Heineman: I did. Franklin: Okay, and so you applied. 0:08:19 Heineman: I did, and I got the job. When they took me around to interview with people, they didn’t have anybody actually on Hanford Patrol that had a degree at all, much less a master’s degree. So they were all very excited that they had somebody that was the new model for what they could do for security at Hanford. So that was pretty invigorating for me. Franklin: Did you feel a lot of pressure, though? Because I imagine you’d be going in, there’s a lot of guys who had a lot of years of experience, and kind of, you’re this young guy with a master’s degree in police science. Did you feel any pressure or anything? Or out of place? Heineman: I was actually a little bit. But more I was just fascinated by the whole thing, because most of the people that worked at Hanford and almost all of the people in security or patrol had started during the war. Franklin: Oh, wow. Heineman: So they were 50 to 65 years old. And there weren’t any young people anywhere. In all the interviews I went to, they were all 60-plus and had all this experience and they were so expert at what they did, you know? That part was sort of awe-inspiring. But I didn’t really feel uncomfortable; I was just sort of awestruck by the whole situation and the people. And they offered me a job, and I went to work. So that was pretty cool. Franklin: That is cool. I bet you heard lots of great patrol stories. Heineman: Oh, yeah. Franklin: From the war. 0:12:13 Heineman: More than I could ever tell, yeah. Yeah. I think the folks who worked here during the war and in the post-war years up to when I went to work in the early ‘70s had been through an awful lot of things. The folks in security were—people were a little nervous about them, but at the same time they were pretty much revered because of the effort to keep everything secret during the production years. There were a lot of people that had security clearances at a pretty high level, but the security people, of course, most of them, had access to almost all of the information associated with production of plutonium. So I think people were a little bit standoffish from the security and the patrol folks, but at the same time, there was a lot of respect for what they did. It was a much different world than it is today in that way. Franklin: Interesting. Did you start out as a patrolman? Heineman: I did. Franklin: So how did that—was it like what you had expected, going through school and learning all—going all the way through your masters in police science? Heineman: Not a bit. Franklin: Not a bit? Heineman: Not a bit. Franklin: I’m wondering if you could describe that discrepancy there. 0:11:46 Heineman: So I had always wanted to be a police officer. And honestly, I really wanted to be a King County sheriff’s deputy. In that role, then, your primary role is law enforcement. So most of the education that I had dealt with the basics of law enforcement, investigative techniques, crime scene investigation and all those kinds of things. We didn’t do hardly any of that here. Our primary job here—we had some law enforcement functions because we were deputized Benton County sheriffs, and I believe they still are. But if we had what I would call pure law enforcement functions to be taken care of, we would call Benton County, and they would send deputies out to perform those functions. We did investigate thefts; we investigated areas where there might have been violations of the law regarding classified information and the control of it; we did basic traffic enforcement and those kinds of things. But anything beyond that, we would call Benton County to take care of it. Our function was to keep the Site safe and secure. And in that sense, it was completely different than anything I had ever expected to do. 0:13:22 When I came to work, there were only two other young people on Hanford Patrol, and there were only about a hundred Hanford patrolmen anyway. The other two young people had come in six months before me. Everybody else had been hired during the war or shortly after. During the layoffs in the late ‘60s, they got laid off, many of them. And then when they needed to staff up again, they rehired those same people. So everybody was 58 to 65 when I came to work. Boy, they had a lot of—as you said, a lot of stories, and they had a lot to teach me. But it was mostly about what’s going on on the Site, what are we trying to do, what are we trying to protect, and how do we do that? And then if things went wrong, our job was to go get involved and resolve that. Franklin: Interesting. So how long did you stay as a patrolman? Heineman: Three months. [LAUGHTER] 0:14:38 Heineman: Yup, in three months, I went through basic training all by myself, because, as I said, there weren’t any other new people. So I had three instructors and I spent about six weeks going through basic training. All our classroom instruction, all our firearms instruction, all of that was three-on-one. It was a marvelous opportunity for me. And then I graduated from their basic training after six or eight weeks, and then got assigned to go work with patrol crews in all the different areas at Hanford so that I could get an understanding of what was going on. First in the 100 Areas where the reactors were and where they were producing plutonium and how all of that happened. And then in the 200 Areas where they separated the fuel into plutonium and uranium and waste. And then finally, when I was ready to work all by myself, then they put me in the 300 Area, and I split my time between 300 Area and FFTF, which was under construction at the time. So we had this big construction site security challenge that we had to fulfill. 0:16:12 Then after three months, they called me up and said—the context is that in 1972, the year before I went to work, there was a very significant terrorist attack at the Munich Olympics. By ’73 or early ’74, they had realized that those same terrorists might be interested in diverting plutonium. And it created a huge concern for the government and so they began to expand their security capabilities. One of the things that the company I worked for, Atlantic Richfield Hanford Company, needed to do was to add a couple of professional security people. In those days, they called us security agents. And they had just lost somebody, and so they needed a new security representative that would be responsible for education and enforcement of all the rules related to classified information and plutonium production and control. They asked me if I wanted to go do that. So I said, yes. 0:17:43 Then shortly after I got hired as a security agent, the other person that was working as a security representative retired. My boss was about 64, and sort of struggling with costs, budgets, some of the more basic business aspects of doing work here. So a year-and-a-half after that, they decided that they needed a new security manager. So then all of the sudden, out of the blue, I was the security manager for Atlantic Richfield. And it just sort of, it was like January of ’75, I guess. And I was just barely out of school. I thought, I don’t know if I can do this. I went out and I interviewed with the guy that I would work for, and I said, I don’t know if I’m ready for this or not. He said, oh, you can do that. Franklin: Wow. That is quite a— Heineman: Bing, bang, bang. Franklin: Yeah. [LAUGHTER] 0:19:00 Franklin: That’s a really interesting tie into—I never would’ve put the ’72 Munich Olympic terrorist, that PLO offshoot, into increased security at Hanford. I mean, I can understand their desire to want to probably obtain plutonium for probably a dirty bomb, because they probably wouldn’t have the capability to make their own weapon. But that’s a really fascinating tie-in to the Cold War. To kind of these world events. Heineman: Right. Well, the Munich Olympics event had an effect worldwide on people’s view of what the bad guys were willing to do with their automatic weapons and their willingness to kill people. Those folks, those terrorists, they were willing to die. That was foreign to the country at that time. We weren’t used to people being willing to die for their cause. It had a profound effect on the nuclear industry, and especially the plutonium and uranium production capabilities in the United States. It lasted for—as we talk a little more, you’ll see that it lasted for another 20 years and drove the expenditure of billions of dollars in security upgrades across the AEC, then ERDA, and then DOE production complex. I was lucky enough to come in at the head end of that. So I was right in the middle of the whole thing, and it was really fascinating. Franklin: Wow. So how long did you stay as—so—well, I don’t want to ask how long. What was your primary job as security manager? Obviously, you took the job, you got the job, right, was promoted to security manager at Atlantic Richfield Hanford. 0:21:00 Heineman: So, my primary goal, I would say, was to work with the production managers and the research managers and the folks that were involved in the 200 Areas where we were taking the spent fuel from the production reactors and converting it into plutonium and uranium. My primary objective in those days was to try to help them understand the risk of what at the time seemed to be a pretty outlandish threat, and convince them that there were controls that needed to be put into place on the people, the production processes and the information in order to assure that Hanford was the last place that those terrorists would want to go at the United States production complex. If they wanted to go attack the production complex and divert plutonium or uranium or obtain classified information, my job was to work with all these production and information control managers and convince them that we wanted to look like the very last place those terrorists would go if they decided to try and get some information or material. Franklin: So you— Heineman: And— Franklin: Oh, sorry. Heineman: And it was not an easy task. They didn’t understand; they didn’t really believe that it was real. They didn’t fight me, but I spent the bulk of my time in their offices with their staff talking about the history, talking about the risks, showing them how easy diversion might have been in the old days before we put in all of the security upgrades that we did. And then trying to convince them that it was appropriate to take a big chunk of the money they had to produce plutonium and spend it on security. Franklin: That’s interesting. Interesting for several reasons. So you basically had to kind of bring this threat home to them, to make it real for them, whereas they might have thought you were maybe making a mountain out of a molehill. You know, oh, this happened so far away. Heineman: That’s exactly what it felt like. Franklin: It’d never come here, and kind of blinders on. But the money to increase these security upgrades and security systems came out of their—like they had to spend the money out of their budgets? Heineman: Sure. Franklin: Is that where some of the resistance came from? 0:24:10 Heineman: Hanford would get a set amount of money every year. And the whole funding situation, even in those days, was very complex. But the bottom line is, Hanford was only going to get so much money. Their primary job was to produce plutonium. I mean, that was the goal. It was like—like, General Motors: the goal is, how many cars can you put off the other end of the line? And anything you do other than building cars takes away from how many cars you can produce. Since Hanford, its primary mission was to produce plutonium, it produced 80%, plus or minus, of the nation’s plutonium stockpile. Anything that they couldn’t spend on plutonium production seemed like a diversion from their primary mission. It really was so new, actually, to the whole world that people were willing to die for their cause, it was very difficult. Very difficult. But I was a young guy; I had a lot of energy, a lot of emotion. I was awed by these folks and very respectful. And I think that helped me a lot, over the security folks that worked for some of the other contractors that were older. So I just put in as much time as I had to to work with them and help them understand. And help me understand what the challenges were going to be from their side. If we started putting additional controls in place, how was that going to affect their ability to produce plutonium and spend as much money as they could on that primary mission? Franklin: So, really—it does seem so simple that this would be a concern to us today, but really this was kind of the—you were working in the kind of formation of this idea of how international terrorism could—the idea that terrorists in one place could affect people internationally and that they would use a global supply chain in order to cause havoc or to get material to attack civilians indiscriminately. That’s really—I mean, it sounds so, I guess, maybe 40 years later, we’re much more inured to that kind of thinking, or we see that so much on the news. Heineman: Sure, if you remember, and maybe you can’t, but in those days, when you went to get on the airplane, you showed them your ticket. That’s all there was. Franklin: I do! Heineman: Right? Franklin: It’s been a while, it’s getting further and further, but— Heineman: There was just none of today’s mentality that there need to be some basic controls in place to protect everybody. 0:27:23 Franklin: I’m wondering if you can give me an example of a control that was instituted that affected the way in which people produce plutonium, or one of the controls that you instituted in the process to keep materials safer? 0:27:39 Heineman: Sure. There’s lots of examples. I mean, in later years, I had the opportunity to manage projects that put an awful lot of hardware in place to do that. In the days when I went to work, between the city of Richland and the plutonium storage vault, there was the barricade, the Wye or Yakima Barricade that was no fences on either side; it was only controlling cars. There was a hog wire fence around each area with a gate and a badge house. But it doesn’t take very much to go through a hog wire fence. There was another hog wire fence around the separations plants or the Plutonium Finishing Plant. And inside that, nothing. The doors weren’t even locked. In the summer, at the Plutonium Finishing Plant, which had 47 exterior doors, two-thirds of those doors on both levels were wide open at night because it was so hot and they couldn’t air condition it. So that’s all there was in security. So over the next 15 years, we put an awful lot of hardware in place. We spent, honestly, billions of dollars to design and procure and construct barriers and detection technology, to hire additional guards, to set up special tactical weapons teams. We procured boats and canines and helicopters. We bought some of the best weaponry available anywhere in the country. We put controls over the production statistics so that if there was any indication that we didn’t have the amount of plutonium at the end of the process that we predicted at the beginning, that we could stop and go figure out why. Franklin: Did that also extend to the publication of the amount produced? Heineman: Yes. That has always been classified. Franklin: Oh, okay, okay. Heineman: And was classified all the way up to the end of production. Franklin: Okay, okay. 0:30:50 Heineman: There is a lot of production data on—open source data out on the internet. But even today, my ability to talk about how much we produced or how much we could produce from a given amount of fuel is limited by the regulations on classified information. I cannot share that. But there is a lot of information in the open literature out there now about that. But in those days, that information didn’t exist, and it wasn’t tolerated. If we saw little bits of data beginning to appear somewhere, our job was to go figure out where did it come from. Was it accidental, or was somebody actually sharing that data, and what did we need to do about that. So we had a lot of control over production data, over production processes, classified information, the hardware side of security. I think at one point when I was safeguards and security director, we had something over 450 Hanford patrolmen. And that compares with about 80 to 100 when I went to work. So we really went through a huge hiring spree. And our physical standards for those folks and the training that we provided for those folks, the equipment we supplied to them, was by 1980 or ’85 was just orders of magnitude improved over when I went to work. Franklin: Wow. Hanford was also a pretty early adopter of CCTV and computer alarms, correct? Heineman: Yes. Franklin: Was that part of—were you responsible for those upgrades as well? 0:33:02 Heineman: Yeah, after about a year-and-a-half as security manager, the contract changed for the production areas on the Site. Atlantic Richfield decided they didn’t want to be in the war business anymore. They didn’t want to be associated with plutonium; they wanted to focus on oil and chemical. And the contract was secured by Rockwell, which had operated the Rocky Flats site for a number of years in Colorado. When Rockwell came in, they asked me if—we were right in the middle of the recognition that we needed to do big things, and we were going to have to go spend a lot of money on upgrades. They asked me if I would be what, in their terms, was the safeguards project manager. And so I worked for two different people: I worked for the safeguards and security director, and I worked for the chemical processing director that had all of the reprocessing plants and the Plutonium Finishing Plant. He was the one that truly controlled the resources. So on one side I worked for the guy that was responsible for the technical aspects of security, and on the other side I worked for the guy that had the resources and the plants that we were trying to protect. It worked very well. It was a marvelous experience to work for both of them. And gave me quite an opportunity to interface with the plant managers in a very different way than I ever had when I was purely security. Franklin: Did you find it was easier to rationalize the upgrades and the expenditures at that point to security? Heineman: I think so, maybe partly because of the organizational set up. But partly, too, because a couple of years had gone by and there were other things happening in the world. The plant managers and their staff were reading about that in the paper; they were beginning to understand. So the job got a lot easier then. I think, the other thing that really helped was that the field office manager for the Richland operations office had this philosophy that he wanted to be—he wanted Hanford viewed as the hardest place to go to if anybody wanted to steal plutonium or classified information. And he worked very hard with headquarters—I think we’d just transitioned from the AEC to the Energy Research and Development Administration, ERDA. And he worked very hard with the folks back at headquarters to convince them to go talk to Congress and set up a discreet funding process for the security upgrades that was outside the production budget. Franklin: Ah. Heineman: So all of a sudden, I had access to tons of money. [LAUGHTER]—that I didn’t have to talk from the plant managers’ budgets. Franklin: Oh, okay, yeah. Heineman: And over the seven, actually, eight or nine years that I did the project manager job and the safeguards and security director’s job, we probably spent somewhere between one and two billion dollars, independent of the production budget to go design and construct and operate all those physical systems. Franklin: Such as? 0:37:30 Heineman: Well, the standard protection for a vital area in the Department of Energy today would be several layers of security outside that vital area, but then a double-perimeter fence with a goodly distance in between, with barriers on top of the fences to slow people down, alarm systems between those fences. Closed-circuit television cameras observing the whole area and activating immediately if you had an alarm so you could see instantaneously what was there, with a central alarm facility that was watching all of that. A space between the inner fence and the facility itself that was protected. This superior patrol force with the best of the best assigned to the plutonium facilities. Alarms around the entire exterior of the production plant. Alarms throughout the inside of the production plant that detect motion or heat or vibration or a variety of other things. Patrolmen on the inside of the plant looking out to keep people away if there is an attack, not respond too late to get them. And then a similar set that everything I just described, around the perimeter of the actual production area and the actual storage area. So you had eight to ten different layers of barriers, alarms, surveillance capability and response capability before anybody could ever even get to the door into wherever the plutonium was. And that’s a lot of money. [LAUGHTER] It’s a lot of money. And quite a bit of the funding that we had went into hiring, training, equipping and retraining our patrol force so that we had the best of the best available to respond if we did have a problem. Because it does you no good at all to know the bad guys are there if you can’t resolve that situation in your favor. Franklin: Yeah. Did the training of Hanford Patrol change—how did it change from when you had signed on in ’73 to what you’re describing now when Rockwell took over? You mentioned you went through like a three-month class. Did that expand, was there—I imagine all this would need new training as well. 0:40:50 Heineman: It was six to eight weeks, and the bulk of that was classroom training and just classified information and that kind of thing, and some of the basic production processes. Probably 50% of it was firearms and other similar training. By the time I left that part of the business in ’87, our basic training class, people had to have a background to begin with that was probably equivalent of what I had when I finished basic training. But we were able—we paid enough money and we were attractive enough to folks that we could hire them with that to begin with. Then we gave them anywhere from three to four months of dedicated training. And they had a minimum of two weeks and up to eight weeks a year of retraining, depending on what job they were assigned to. So for our tactical response folks, they were in training two out of twelve months a year, being retrained and optimizing their abilities to respond both individually and as a group. Of course, with the advanced weaponry and equipment capabilities that we provided to them, that in itself required a fair amount of additional training and retraining every year so that they could stay proficient in the use of that weaponry. Franklin: Yeah, wow. For example in the 200 Area where I imagine there was a lot of these new hardware and controls went in because of the storage and separation, were the alarms and CCTVs, were those managed centrally, or were they monitored in each facility, or was there a central facility—how did that work? Heineman: Yes, yes and yes. Franklin: Yes, yes, and yes? 0:43:13 Heineman: Each of the production facilities had its own control center. So the Plutonium Finishing Plant had one, the Plutonium-Uranium facility, PUREX had its own facility. FFTF had its own facility. And then we had a central alarm facility between the 200 Areas that both received duplicate signals independently of the local ones, and monitored how things were going on at each of the production facilities. In the early days, we even had a third level, which eventually we decided was superfluous, which was down in the basement of the Federal Building, that sort of monitored all of that. Franklin: Yeah, I could see how that—how would that third level respond to an emergency, being all the way out there, how would they have detected something that those first two levels wouldn’t have detected? Yeah. Interesting. Heineman: It was mostly information control down there. Franklin: Oh, okay. 0:44:35 Heineman: And it gave them a direct access to—back in the early days, senior site management both for the government and for its contractors were all downtown. None of them lived way out here in the Site. So it gave them information and the ability to monitor stuff from down in the city of Richland that they otherwise would’ve relied on people to tell them instead of see directly. But it was about that same time that we shut that center down that by then I think it was the Department of Energy who said, you know, you contractor management teams, you really need to be out there where the action is and close to your folks and in control. So everybody began to move from the city of Richland out onto the Site. Which, actually, as a support service employee was very helpful to me, because they were now close to the reality of the day-to-day and it was a lot easier for me to deal with them. Franklin: Oh, yeah, I imagine. Well, great, that’s so interesting. So I see in 1980 you became safeguards and security director? Heineman: Yes, 1980. Franklin: So describe that. It seems like you got more responsibility, then, right, with Hanford, not only Hanford Patrol, but also fire and emergency preparedness and nuclear safeguards? Heineman: Yes. Franklin: So was that kind of a similar work, just kind of monitoring all of the different emergency and security possibilities onsite? 0:46:31 Heineman: Yeah, my job really changed a lot between being in charge of security or the projects to do the upgrades, when I went to safeguards and security director. Because we did, we had Hanford Patrol, Hanford Fire. We had site-wide emergency preparedness. Safeguards, which was the accounting for the plutonium and other nuclear materials. And then the professional security folks that had been years before. And so I had chief of Hanford Patrol that ran Hanford Patrol. I had the chief of the fire department who ran the fire department. That wasn’t my job anymore. [LAUGHTER] So probably the closest thing to what I’d done before that I was still in charge of was emergency preparedness. Because it was fairly small and the senior managers on the Site really looked to me individually when something went wrong to take charge and organize and run things for them. I mean, they had the final decisions on a lot of stuff. But the rest of it, I was managing professional managers that were in charge of patrol and security and fire. And I didn’t do that anymore. So I could give them advice. I could help them decide how to respond to different kinds of both management and technical challenges in a consultation kind of environment. But my primary job was securing funding for the additional upgrades we wanted to do, which we were by then doing both, not just for security, but the Hanford Fire Department. All the old Hanford fire equipment from World War II was falling apart, breaking down. We’d take three brush trucks to a brush fire out in the desert, and one of them would make it. [LAUGHTER] So probably— Franklin: Really? You guys were still using World War II-era equipment— Heineman: Oh, yeah, absolutely. Franklin: --in ’80? 0:49:05 Heineman: Absolutely. In fact, there is a road that goes up Rattlesnake Mountain to get to the top. If we had fires on Rattlesnake Mountain or anywhere north of there, sort of like the Silver Dollar fire or the big fires before that, most of the fire vehicles couldn’t go up that road. It was too steep. And they wouldn’t make it. Either they couldn’t make it at all because they weren’t powerful enough, or they’d break down on the way. So we put a fairly substantial amount of money into upgrading all of the fire equipment on the Site, too. And up until that point, we were buying excess equipment. When something would break down and we’d need a new brush truck or a new fire engine or a new ambulance, we would go out on the government’s excess list—[LAUGHTER]—and get stuff that had already been used, mostly used up, someplace else. And we decided we couldn’t keep doing that. So we worked with the government and we worked with our companies to secure funding to go through and upgrade all of that equipment. And we began upgrading training and all the other stuff to go with it. So at that point my job was almost entirely securing funding, being the liaison between the security and fire functions, security and emergency services functions and the production management, interfacing with the Department of Energy on where we wanted to go years from then. It was a very different job than I’d ever had before and very enriching. I mean, it was—it really was—it was something I was very proud to be able to do, and something I think, between myself and the management team I had, that we did very well. Franklin: Wow. And you were also still in charge of nuclear productions safeguards and securing that production information, right? Heineman: Yes. Franklin: And making sure that every bit of plutonium was accounted for from what would be possible to generate. 0:51:39 Heineman: Right, and in fact for a number of years, we hadn’t really had much production going on after the Cold War was over, most of those production processes were either phased out or phased way down. Then under Ronald Reagan, there was a decision that we needed to increase our nuclear capabilities. We moved forward with, again, we spent a ton of money upgrading both our production capabilities and our security capabilities for restarting the PUREX plant to process K Basin, K Reactor fuel that was in storage in the basins and separate out the plutonium and uranium, restart the Plutonium Finishing Plant to purify the plutonium, and restart what was called the UO3 plant to process the uranium from the fuel. Franklin: And before that, these had all been in shutdown mode? Heineman: Pretty much in standby, yeah. Franklin: So not taking a lot of security resources then? I mean, still a basic level, right, but not in active use, so much easier to monitor when they’re in shutdown. 0:53:10 Heineman: Actually, in some ways it’s easier; in some ways it’s harder. Because you don’t have active operations going on, but you still have the presence of the materials, both in the process and in storage. The decision to deactivate plutonium production was always a political decision, both when they slowed it down at the end of the Cold War, and then—I’m not sure I remember which president, Jimmy Carter, maybe—decided that we weren’t going to produce nuclear material anymore. It was always a political decision that had to be executed in days or weeks, leaving a huge amount of material still inside the chemical processes at the various plants. Because it takes a long time to process a batch from one end to the other, and they never gave us enough time to do that clean-out. Franklin: Right, they just wanted you to turn off the lights, lock the door— Heineman: Just stop. Franklin: Yeah, send everybody home. Heineman: Just stop. Franklin: Which is where we get the K Basin spent fuel. 0:54:40 Heineman: The K Basin fuel, all the material that was held up and in storage at the PUREX plant. The Plutonium Finishing Plant had—there are some articles, I don’t remember the numbers now—but there were some articles that we published publicly on how much and how many different varieties of plutonium types of products were at PFP, the Plutonium Finishing Plant at the time we couldn’t process anymore. A wide variety of different kinds of materials, each one with its own unique safety and security challenges. A lot of it. [LAUGHTER] And so in some ways, it was actually harder form a security standpoint to control things during the shutdown days than it—or suspended operation days—than it was during the production days. Franklin: Interesting. Yeah, I mean, I guess that makes sense. There’s less eyes on it. It’s got lots of safety issues of just sitting there. Yeah, okay, thank you. 0:56:08 Heineman: The whole McCluskey room event was purely a function of being directed to shut down a process without having the time and the resources to come back and clean that system out. I don’t remember, frankly, what the instigator was for that particular shutdown in the americium recovery facility, but it was down for a long time and ultimately resulted in a chemical reaction and an explosion. There are examples like that, not as public and not as dynamic maybe, across all of Hanford. In the reactor areas, in the separation areas, in the finishing areas, in the lab areas in 300 Area. Just tons of examples there. Franklin: Hmm. Wow. So when production is restarted, then, and they were kind of bring back up PUREX and PFP, and UO3, did your job change significantly, or did it kind of feel like the Cold War days again? 0:57:32 Heineman: Yeah, it felt like going back to the ‘70s and very early ‘80s. Mostly in the ‘70s. There was a high degree of esprit de corps across the whole Site. People were focused on a common mission. Everybody was rowing the same direction. We were excited that the government had provided enough money to hire the people and to get the processes upgraded to restart. There was a real energy and an enthusiasm again that had been missing for a number of years. That was really fun. Franklin: And your job still stayed mostly the same through those years in the ‘80s, then, safeguards and security director? 0:58:31 Heineman: Right. I left that job in 1987. Westinghouse—again, DOE had rebid the contracts and they went to a single site contract. So what had been run by eight different contractors became the responsibility of Westinghouse Hanford Corporation. Westinghouse had their own safeguards and security director at the time they won their contract. I told them I still wanted to work for them even though they already had somebody to do the job that I had, and they had me consolidate the emergency preparedness programs from the eight different contractors into one. So I spent about a year doing that job. And then my world changed yet again. [LAUGHTER] And I started doing something completely different. Franklin: Which was? 0:59:39 Heineman: They called me and said they thought I’d gotten that done to their satisfaction. They were having difficulty because they were now in charge of radiological control, health physics, radiation protection technicians, all those functions. They were now in charge of radiological protection for the whole Site. Which was bringing together a whole bunch of people that had never worked together, that had different systems, different processes, different procedures, different regulations. The poor manager that was trying to manage all that was really struggling. They had decided that they needed somebody to come in fresh, and so they asked me if I would go do that. And I tried to explained to them I didn’t know anything about radiological protection. I wasn’t a health physicist. I’d never been an HPT or an RPT. I really didn’t know much about it. And they said, that’s not what we need you for. We need you to go create a well-functioning organization. They asked me to go do that, and I did that for the next seven years. That was a very rewarding job. Franklin: How so? Heineman: In two different ways. First, again, I was responsible for supplying support and services to all the individual plant managers. So it gave me a chance to reacquaint myself with all of them and some of the newer ones, and to be talking on a different plane than security about what we could do different, what could we do better, where were they frustrated with the support that they were getting, where was I or my folks frustrated with the way they were doing business that might have involved risks, radiological risks we didn’t need to take. So there was a whole new relationship between myself and all the plant managers across the Site. And the other one was that the business agent for the HPTs, health physics technicians, sometimes called radiation protection technicians, was a young, very forward-looking person. He and I really teamed up and resolved an enormous number of management labor problems between radiation protection management and the bargaining unit, RPTs, HPTs. He and I were so in sync with each other over what was best for everybody that there almost was just not a problem that came up that we couldn’t resolve, working back together with the people in conflict. Franklin: Do you remember his name? Heineman: John Jeske. Franklin: John Jeske. 01:03:10 Heineman: And John is still employed at the Site. In fact, when the Site—we sent John over to Idaho late in my radiological protection career. We sent him over to the Idaho site to find out what was going on in this new program, safety—shoot, I can’t remember what we called them. But let’s call them safety stewards, where a union representative would be appointed from every facility. That sole job was to be the safety representative for all the folks that worked there. Something that prior to that time had always been the job of the safety manager or the safety professionals. We gave a job just like that to a union person. That’s what they were doing at Idaho. He came back and was able to sell that concept across Hanford. When he was approaching the time where it was time for somebody else to become the business agent for the RPTs, he decided to start up and run that kind of a program across Hanford. And has been doing that until just this last year when a new person took over that job. So John has—he’s always been ten years ahead of his time. He’s just an amazing person. Franklin: That’s great. Well, I have two questions—or, I guess a comment and then a question. I’ll start with the question. Did that—radiological control management, did that include environmental control as well, or was it just health physics? Heineman: No. Franklin: Just human—okay, so worker-oriented— 1:05:31 Heineman: Yeah, environmental was a completely separate discipline with a different set of skills and capabilities. I mean, obviously, radiological protection is out there to protect the environment as well as the people. But it was strictly from a radiological contamination perspective. Franklin: Did you find quick acceptance from the RPTs and health physicists that you were asked to manage, or was it kind of a—did you have to kind of grow—because you’re obviously coming at this from not their profession. So, would you find a pretty quick acceptance to your management, or did you have to kind of grow into that role and kind of earn their trust? Heineman: It took a fair amount of growing, I would say probably a good two years of the seven. I was accepted much more quickly by the bargaining unit representatives than I was by the professional staff. The professional staff didn’t understand why they would have a boss that didn’t have a background or know anything about their business. They didn’t understand that I would let them do that job and make those decisions. And it took quite a while for them to begin to trust in that. The bargaining unit folks were pretty—as I said, they were in a lot of conflict and having a lot of trouble as the previous manager was trying to merge all these different cultures and procedures. Franklin: These are the eight different contractor units we’re talking about? 1:07:20 Heineman: Right, of those, probably four had radiological protection folks. And so the rank-and-file employees, both bargaining unit and non-bargaining professionals at the non-management level, they were not very happy with their management. And my job in the safeguards and security business from almost the get-go had been to create people that had capabilities they never had before. And to equip them with materials and logistical capabilities that they’d never had before. So it was a builder’s job. It wasn’t a manager’s job; it was a builder’s job. So when I went into radiological control, I kind of had that same attitude, that the most important people in the organization were the ones that had the instruments in their hand, just like the ones with the guns in their hands or the firehose in their hands. It wasn’t the managers. It was the people that were going to protect things. And they were really resonated to that. So it was pretty easy for me to connect with the HPTs and the non-management professional people. The management team took a little while. Franklin: [LAUGHTER] That’s interesting. Heineman: Yeah. Franklin: But that kind of makes sense. So during this time while you were doing this or a little before, you were also responsible for shutting down the B Canyon, and upgrades for the waste encapsulation for cesium and strontium. Heineman: That came after—that was the next— Franklin: That came after, oh, okay. Heineman: The next big change in my career. Right. Franklin: The next, okay, then let’s go there. 1:09:19 Heineman: So—[LAUGHTER] one of the five reprocessing plants at Hanford which separated the fuel into its constituent parts was B Plant. Very similar to PUREX but built in the early ‘50s instead of later like PUREX was so it wasn’t as technically capable. And really never got used for separating fuel. Franklin: What was it used for? Heineman: B Plant was built—there’s a long story associated with how the reprocessing plants advanced from T Plant, which was the original one, to REDOX, which was a dramatic new technology over in West Area. And then from REDOX to PUREX. And B Plant was kind of built right in the middle of there. It was almost unnecessary from the beginning, because REDOX and then especially PUREX—PUREX was able to process the fuel from all of the production reactors all by itself. Even though the original design was we needed six reprocessing plants, by the time it was built, the technology had advanced and it did the job all by itself. Franklin: But it was also producing a different finished product—or, no, sorry, that wouldn’t go to the PFP. Sorry, never mind. Heineman: No, everything from all five or six or those reprocessing plants was supposed to go to PFP. Franklin: PFP, okay. Heineman: And then PFP converted this less-enriched plutonium solution over to the final product, either plutonium powder or plutonium metal. That we then sent to the weapons facilities. Franklin: Right, but PUREX as an extraction process was able to handle the different fuels coming out of all the different reactors. 1:11:24 Heineman: All of the reactors. So it basically just made all the other four obsolete and prevented the construction of the other one that was going to go up in East Area. So B Plant got the job, because it was there, it was online, it was proven using cold chemicals. It was ready to go, but we didn’t need it. So the government realized that we had a huge amount of uranium in the tanks that went with the tank waste when you extracted the plutonium from the fuel. And the idea was that we could take uranium and pull it out. So they gave that mission to the third reprocessing plant over in West Area, which was U Plant. And the key question for B Plant, then, became how can you contribute? And about that time, the temperature of the liquids in a number of the waste tanks was becoming hot. The tanks were actually boiling, and there were huge safety concerns developing about how are we going to control this wild combination of chemicals in liquid in these tanks. So they redesigned the process inside of B Plant. Didn’t involve a lot of physical changes, but the chemical processes, to take waste that was sluiced with high pressure water jets out of the higher heat tanks, and through the chemical process separate out the cesium and the strontium, which are the two radionuclides that contribute the most heat. So they would remove the cesium and the strontium and then put the waste back in the tanks, subsequently, much reducing the heat load in those tanks. Franklin: Right, making the tank safer. Heineman: So they began to do that and they realized that they needed a way to store the cesium and the strontium. Franklin: Right, because these are very dangerous radionuclides for human health. 1:14:10 Heineman: Yeah, they’re high radiation radionuclides. That is, they have a very short half-life, so they’re giving off tons of radiation. That’s what generates the heat, and the radiation is pretty dangerous all by itself. So they built the Waste Encapsulation and Storage Facility, WESF, on the end of B Plant. And its job was to take the cesium and convert it to cesium chloride, a powder, and the strontium and convert it to strontium fluoride, a powder. Load those powders into double-thick stainless steel capsules about 30 inches long and about this big around. And you had one welded shut inside of another welded shut. And then store those capsules under 20 feet of water, which both kept them cool, so that the capsules didn’t melt, and protected the people in the facility from the radiation. Franklin: Yeah, I’ve heard about this facility before. Heineman: It’s a fascinating facility. And it’s still operating and still has all 1,930 capsules in the pool cells. It’s a beautiful facility when you turn the lights off, because you got a beautiful blue Cherenkov radiation glow. It’s gorgeous. But the sooner they can find a way to dry store those capsules, the better, because they’re—in my mind, once I went over and understood them better, I really believe they were one of the highest risks anywhere at Hanford. Franklin: More so than the tanks, or equal— 1:16:23 Heineman: Oh, yes, in terms of human health, as opposed to the environment, way, way worse. Way, way worse. We used to joke that if you had a capsule sitting in an empty field and it hadn’t melted yet from the heat inside, you couldn’t get within 100 yards of it, no matter how fast you ran, because you would die before you got there of radiation poisoning. Franklin: Wow. 1:16:54 Heineman: These capsules—and you can find, I think, some of the data on the ‘net on their radiation levels. Honestly, by now, I’ve forgotten the numbers. But they’re easily the most radioactive things anywhere at the Hanford Site. They contain a third of the—in these, just these 1,930 capsules, they have a third of the radioactivity of the whole Hanford Site. In one little set of pool cells. They’re just amazing, amazing things. And now they have a project going they pretty well completed the design. The heat transfer is the problem: how do you put them inside a dry capsule, or a dry cask and not have them melt inside? Because someday you might have to open that cask, right? Franklin: Sure, sure. 1:17:58 Heineman: So they’ve pretty well completed their calculations, and thy have a project to move those things from the pool cells, where if they ever got uncovered, you’d have a disaster, to dry storage where they could live for a long time without hurting anybody. So anyway I was doing this radiological control job, and things were sort of starting to run pretty flat. Everything was going good. B Plant had been—once they terminated the cesium and strontium recovery process, it had been sitting there in a standby condition for, oh my goodness, 20-plus years. And for the staff just to keep it safe, to keep the utilities and the other stuff, to keep it from falling apart and harming the environment, my recollection is it was about $35 million a year for a stay-safe condition. And another $10 million on top of that to operate WESF and keep the capsules safe. Franklin: Well, I imagine B Plant, processing all that cesium and strontium, it would be pretty hot itself. 1:19:39 Heineman: Yeah. It needed to be controlled. And so they were beginning—the cleanup mission was beginning in earnest then. And they realized that there was a lot of stuff they couldn’t do because they were having to put $35 million a year into the B Canyon. And it was giving them nothing except a safe condition. And they decided if there was some way to clean it up, isolate it from the environment so that you wouldn’t have any leaks or anything, and basically take all the people out, they’d have $35 million they could go use to clean up other stuff. And so they called me up and said, we don’t really have any money— Franklin: That’s a great way to start a— 1:20:38 Heineman: Yeah, it was a great conversation. The vice president that called me, his name was Ron Bliss, and he was another one of those guys that was always ten years ahead. But he called me up and he said, there’s kind of a no-lose thing here. We’ve got this facility that’s costing us $35 million. We don’t have a lot of money to put into cleaning it up. But would you be willing to go over there, kind of investigate what the money’s being spent on, how it’s being spent, see if you can’t find a way to convert the workforce from babysitters to cleaner-uppers, and see if you can get us out of this $35 million. So I said, I don’t know anything about that either, but sure, I’ll go over there. So I went over, and fairly quickly realized that there was quite a bit of money going in there for the effort that was truly required for safety. A lot of it was just carryover from the production days, and nobody’d ever really looked at, does all this stuff still need to be done? And so I began putting some information together and some different approaches. And the deputy manager for DOE’s Richland office came out to our facility one day, and I think he and my boss, the vice president, had talked a little about how he could help. So he came out. His name was Lloyd Piper. And he had a bunch of get-out-of-jail-free cards in his wallet. Franklin: You mean like from Monopoly? 1:22:30 Heineman: Yeah. Yeah. Except he’d had them made for him, with his name on it. Franklin: Oh, okay. Heineman: And it said, one get out of jail free card, on one side, from Lloyd Piper. And on the other side it said something like, if you don’t strive you never achieve, or something like that. So he came out and met with me and my team. He said, I’ll tell you what, he said, I’m going to challenge you to try to get this done in three years. And I’ll give you access to x amount of additional money on top of the $35 million a year, because I know you’re going to have to go separate WESF which used all the B Plant utilities: power, water, all that stuff. Franklin: Oh, so you’d have to get separate utilities out to it. 1:23:26 Heineman: Right, because WESF still needed to be functional. He said, so I’ll give you this amount of money or access to that much money if you need it to do that separation. But I’d like you to try to get done in three years. In three years, let’s see if we can’t have WESF separated, and nobody working at B Plant at all. And we said—and he handed out these cards. And so we said, ah, hell, sure, it’s free, right? Get out of jail free. So we took that challenge on and over the next—it took us about six months to do the detail planning. We put together various task teams and at the end of the six months, we had a plan. We had to hire a few more people that we didn’t have at B Plant that we needed. We had a lot of piping work to do, because we had to flush the entire system, as you said. The residual cesium and strontium was pretty high radiation levels and we needed to clean the inside of the canyon out. So we had to hire a few additional staff, and mostly craftsman. Over the next three years—the original challenge was out the gate in ’98. And we did that. We did that. We got it done, and we put a padlock on the front door. We found jobs for all but two of the 150 people that worked there. Franklin: Wow. Heineman: So we didn’t have a big layoff, and the $35 million went to like $500,000. The cleanup was completed for about $100 million less than the long-range plan for environmental cleanup of B Plant. So we saved that $100 million in addition to making the $35 million a year go away. Marvelous opportunity. It was really terrific. Had a great relationship with the DOE folks here and with the DOE folks at headquarters. So we did that and B Plant has a padlock on it today and WESF keeps operating and doing its thing and everything’s cool. Franklin: Oh, that’s great. You should be really proud. 1:26:09 Heineman: Yup. Yeah! We were. It was a great team. We had people that did some stellar things, that came up with some incredible solutions to what seemed to be intractable problems. We had—the team got along so well, we really had a good time. Franklin: Wow. So after B Canyon shut down, you switched to your last job on site, right? Heineman: Right. Franklin: Which was— Heineman: Wasn’t supposed to be my last job, but it was. Franklin: Okay. [LAUGHTER] The beginning of decommissioning the PFP, right? I’m wondering if you could talk about, why’d you come over to PFP? 1:26:51 Heineman: Well, we were about three months from putting the padlock on B Plant, and the rest of it was just sort of, kind of the last few things. And we’d found jobs for almost everybody in. So I felt like I was pretty well done. PFP had been shut down by the government. It was in its cleanup mission, which was really critical. As I said earlier, there were a lot of different kinds of materials, some of them not very stable left at PFP when they said shut down, because we didn’t have time to do anything, we just had to stop. So it was a fairly fluid situation in terms of trying to keep everything safe. But they had made some errors and had three what are called criticality violations over about a two-week period where employees had done things that were prohibited by criticality preventions standards. The government stepped in and said, stop. You can’t do anything. You can’t move anything. They even had to get special permission from the government to move bags of used laundry. It was a terrible situation. And they had been in that mode for about nine months, and had tried twice to upgrade their operations, prove to DOE that they could do it better than they did it before DOE shut them down, and failed. And so I start thinking, well, what’s my next challenge going to be? And I thought, well, I don’t know what I’m going to do next. But I went to my boss, who was by then the president of Babcock and Wilcox, B&W Hanford Company. And suggested to him that since we didn’t really know what I should do next, the guy that had finished up putting a padlock on PUREX was available. So I suggested that he come over and do the final three months at B Plant and that I go over to PFP and help the plant director there with upgrading all the operations and procedures and things and trying to convince DOE to give us another chance to restart the cleanup operations. And so I went over there in June of ’98 and thought I would be there six to nine months, until we could get it restarted. And by then I would find something else fun to do. And I retired from there in 2012. [LAUGHTER] Franklin: 14 years later. Heineman: I never got out. That’s right. That’s right. Franklin: So what happened? What turned what you thought would be a six-, nine-month job and took the rest of your career out there? Was it something about the job that made you want to stay, or was it the job so big that you felt like you couldn’t walk away from it? Heineman: I think it was both. The Plutonium Finishing Plant is easily, easily the most interesting place that I’ve ever worked at Hanford. Franklin: Why is that? 1:30:50 Heineman: The variety of processes, the degree of control that’s needed over the process, the procedures, the people, to be able to do work safely and avoid a really serious problem. The history of the facility, the nature of the commitment of the people who worked there. There was nobody that worked at the Plutonium Finishing Plant that couldn’t, based on seniority, have transferred out and gone to work someplace else. And there were a lot of people that transferred over to the PFP, didn’t like it because of all those controls, and turned around and left. But the people who stayed were people who were really committed and really good at what they did, and very willing to accept controls because they understood the safety implications and why it was necessary. The whole place is just the most fascinating production plant I could ever imagine. So that was certainly part of it. The people, the quality of the people and their commitment was part of it. Part of it was, frankly, the personal challenge, because there was not one day that things ran steady in trying to clean up that Plutonium Finishing Plant. Not one single day, from the time I went to work until I went home at night, went the way it was supposed to. Dynamic, exciting, energizing, making a contribution. I just never, never felt a desire to go do something else, and frankly as I looked around at the cleanup activities in other areas, nothing compared in complexity and importance to PFP. Franklin: What were some of the milestones that were accomplished while you were at—sorry, was your job managing the decontamination—or what was your specific job at— Heineman: Until— Franklin: At PFP. 1:33:40 Heineman: Until CH2M Hill took over the contract fairly recently at that time, I think I spent three-and-a-half years with CH2M Hill. But up until the time that they took over the contract, I was variously the deputy director for PFP or the senior project manager for cleanup. I had a variety of titles, depending on the organizational structure. But I was typically the number two guy at PFP, and responsible for, I would call it, the strategy of how to go about cleaning it up as quickly as possible for the least amount of money in a safe way. The director, then, was responsible for all the crews that made that happen, once the plan was laid out. So he managed all of the folks that worked in the plant; I managed the people that strategized and designed the cleanup processes. As far as major milestones, I think those are, as I look back now, they seem fairly obvious; they weren’t obvious at all at the time. But there were, let me just say, 15 completely unique kinds of plutonium compounds left in the plant. Some of them liquids, some of them powders, some of them metal. All different kinds with different qualities and characteristics. One by one, we took each of those types of plutonium from whatever condition they were in at the time we shut it down, to the point that they were a stable material that could be containerized and stored without risk of a chemical reaction or causing other kinds of problems, like fires, et cetera. So, there were like 15 mini-milestones as we completed—because every one of those 15 needed a different process to convert it from this unstable form it was in, into something that we could put it in a can and be confident it was safe for the long-term. We could talk about some of those kinds of processes, but each one of those processes had to be designed, had to be proven in the laboratory with small quantities, had to be constructed, operated, and then we’d claim victory on that particular product. So there were 15 little mini-milestones. 1:37:15 But the completion of the plutonium stabilization mission, to me, was huge. Because it gave us material that we could store safely, that we could ship across country. Because we couldn’t—if we’re going to clean up and shut down PFP, we couldn’t have all this plutonium in there. So we had to ship it someplace. It had to be safe to ship. So getting all of that stabilized and put into the vaults, waiting to be shipped across the country, either to Rocky Flats in Colorado, or mostly to the Savannah River Site in South Carolina—huge. Huge, from a safety standpoint, a money standpoint, manpower, the type of mission. Because that was very technical, very research-intensive. We needed plutonium chemists. We had all kinds of capabilities that we would never again need at PFP once that was done. So that was a really key point. The next key milestone was easily when the last of the plutonium was shipped offsite. When we shipped the last safe, secured transport vehicle—they’re high-security shipments to move plutonium—when we loaded and watched the last of these shipment vehicles leave PFP for Savannah River, knowing we now had no more discrete plutonium anywhere in the plant—we had residual contamination in the pipes, the ventilation ductwork and stuff we were going to have to go clean up—but the product was now gone. That was another major milestone. Franklin: You kind of closed out the whole—I mean—it was the last shipment. Heineman: That was the end of the production mission, yep. Franklin: Yeah, that was the actual end of the production mission. Wow. That’s really something. With the 15 different processes, did it get easier as time went on? I imagine the first couple would be, you know, you’d be doing something new here. Did it get easier? Heineman: They were all completely unique. Franklin: Really? Okay. Tom Hungate: Sorry—oh, I’ve just got to change the battery. Franklin: Oh, okay. Hungate: Yeah. Heineman: We’ll take a break. [VIDEO CUTS] Hungate: Sorry, you can go whenever. Heineman: I think we were talking about those 15 types of plutonium? Franklin: Yes. Yes, we were. Heineman: And each one of those was so entirely different from another that I wouldn’t say it got easier or harder. Each one started out as a material that we would need the scientists for characterize for us: what’s the safety risk, what are the bad things that could happen, what causes that to happen, what do we need to do to it so that it’s safe and stable and can go in a can? And every one of them was different. So, for example, one of the largest quantities we had to deal with was—I think we had 4,000 or 4,500 liters of relatively rich plutonium nitrate solution, which was the product of the PUREX plant. Franklin: Yes. 1:40:54 Heineman: Late in the PUREX process, we installed an oxide conversion line where—we didn’t want to ship that liquid by truck across the Site anymore because of the safety dangers—so we converted that liquid into powder before we took it over to the Plutonium Finishing Plant. But prior to that being installed, there was all this plutonium nitrate liquid that had been sent over to PFP. And PFP actually generated a fair amount of plutonium nitrate liquid in the plutonium reclamation facility. When you had product that didn’t meet specification, we had to burn it or dissolve it in the PRF and dissolve it in nitric acid. And then that would be the head end of the PFP processes to create metal or powder. So we had 4,000 or 4,500 liters of plutonium nitrate solution. Well, you can’t ship it. It’s not safe. The containers had to be vented because they create pressure, they generate hydrogen, because of the acid inside. So you have hydrogen being generated inside these enclosed containers. Franklin: Hydrogen’s very explosive. 1:42:31 Heineman: Absolutely. And it’s just a bad situation, unless it’s for a short-term. So we had to design processes that would take that plutonium nitrate liquid and turn it into a stable powder, plutonium oxide. We couldn’t use the massive plutonium production processes. There wasn’t near enough material to be able to do that. So we had to build a new process. Franklin: Well, I mean, it was also to clean those processes up in the first place, so why would you want to run a crew— Heineman: Yeah, we had crews in there doing clean-out of all the gloveboxes and everything at the same time that we were trying to stabilize all these types of plutonium. Franklin: So you basically had to scale-down the refinement process and create—like, create a scaled-down version for each type of plutonium. Heineman: Yes. Yes. Franklin: Wow. Heineman: Yes. Franklin: And do all this in the PFP. Heineman: At the same time crews were cleaning out the rest of it. Franklin: Wow. 1:43:37 Heineman: So, it led to an amazing series of projected plans and milestones and then accomplishments when we got each one done. We just started filling the vaults up with all this stabilized material getting ready to ship it. Franklin: It’s easier to see now why that cleanup mission took so long. Heineman: Oh, my goodness. Franklin: I mean, I’d never known about that specific aspect of it. And that seems—very important work, but also very time-consuming, too. Heineman: And I neither remember, nor do I know if I can talk about, how much plutonium, in terms of stabilized kilogram product we produced. But we probably did get to talk about that in some of the interviews and articles that were generated during that process, probably have some of that data in it. But let me just say, it was an enormous amount of plutonium. I would guess that there wasn’t that much plutonium in one place anywhere in the United States. Franklin: Wow. Heineman: We had to get it all stabilized and packaged and shipped out of here if we were going to clean up the plant. Franklin: Wow. That’s really fascinating. I’m definitely making a note to look to see if I can find out that number. So, after these 15 processes—after this 15 different types of plutonium were done, when did that finish, by the way? When did the last shipment go out? Do you remember? It’s okay if you don’t. I was just curious. Heineman: I don’t, actually. Franklin: That’s fine. 1:45:35 Heineman: You’d think that would be burned in my memory, but it was just another step in the process, as I say. It’s easier looking back to pick out what some of those key milestones were than to remember. I remember we had the public and politicians out. We did speeches, we did all kinds of things. So it’s out there in— Franklin: Oh, sure, sure. Heineman: Yeah. And the folks in CH and MSA communications should be able to very simply—from their archives, should be able to very simply pull out some of the briefings and things we gave to the press on quantities and dates and all that kind of—I mean, it’s all out there. I just don’t— Franklin: Oh, no, sure, I understand. Heineman: My mind’s too full. Franklin: No, I understand. And we work for MSA, so it’d be easy for me to get ahold of that. Okay. So what else happened in that time you were out there? 1:46:46 Heineman: Since you work for MSA, one of the best sources for that kind of data that’s still out at the plant is the business manager at PFP. Franklin: Okay. Heineman: Her name is Julie Widney. She and I managed the two groups that did all the planning and we created almost all of the presentations and briefings and things. So she still has all that in her files. If you said, what were the major types, how much plutonium was in them, when did they get done? She’d just send you a little summary of that. Franklin: Oh, that’s great. I actually made a new contact at CHPRC when we had our initial problems with the interview. I found Tanya Reyes— Heineman: Oh, did you? Franklin: --in Pop Fone. And we had a really interesting conversation about what they’re doing at—because they’re doing that mini-documentary about— Heineman: I have no idea what they were doing. I thought it was you guys. Franklin: I know! But it was actually really great, because it opened up a new source of information, and she’s talked to people out at Site. So it was very interesting to hear about what they were doing— Heineman: Did you explain to her, by the way, what happened? Franklin: Yeah, because she was confused, because she was confused because she didn’t know about us. So she thought she was scheduling you for something and then you didn’t show up to that; you thought it was us. So she was also very confused. But it made sense how the confusion happened. As soon as I got to talking to her, I was like, everything makes sense now. You got caught in the crossfire of two different worlds, two different projects. Heineman: Well, I just didn’t understand it was two different things. Franklin: Yeah, it was just really funny. It was a very good conversation, though. Okay, so anyway. So, you do the 15 different types, and then was there any other major milestones out at PFP besides those, the last shipment and the cleanup of these 15 types? 1:48:48 Heineman: Well, sort of like finishing the cleanup of all the material was a major milestone that was supported by a milestone for each of the 15. So the cleanup of the facility itself, which obviously was completed for the Plutonium Reclamation Facility and for the Americium Facility, what they call the McCluskey Room. The cleanup was completed for each of those and there’s a milestone associated with when they said this is now ready for demolition. But the main plant, the 234-5 Building, has a whole series of sub-milestones associated with cleaning out various geographical portions of the plant. There were three different laboratories inside the main PFP facility. There were three different primary production process areas. There were a lot of storage and support areas that needed to be cleaned out. You had—I don’t even remember the number anymore. I thought I would never forget, but—gloveboxes. There were x number of gloveboxes, hundreds and hundreds of gloveboxes. Franklin: Mm-hmm. Stacked on top of each other—or not— Heineman: Yeah, sometimes they were some-four high. But mostly the production ones were long. And the material would move from liquid at one end, and then go through a whole series of things, all the way down the line until you had plutonium oxide powder or plutonium metal at the other end. So you had all those gloveboxes that all had to be cleaned out inside, through the gloves. Then they had to be isolated from the work area somehow, and cut up, and separated from ventilation and piping and everything, and all the instrumentation, and then removed. So all of those things, like cleaning out the analytical laboratory was a milestone. And when it was done, there were no gloveboxes. It was virtually clean. Franklin: I just realized, we’ve been talking about cleanup so long, I—how does one—I understand removing these things and putting them in, like, ERDF, like solid waste. But how does one clean up, like, contaminated ductwork? Is there a special chemical process that one uses to neutralize the radiation, or how does—what exactly does “clean up” mean? Heineman: So, let’s talk about a piece of ventilation ducting. Franklin: Okay. Heineman: There were a few areas in the ventilation ducting just like the drain lines and sewer lines in your house that have a tendency to collect material as it goes through. Franklin: Sure. 1:52:31 Heineman: And in the case of ventilation ductwork, it’s going through as an airflow. And at certain points in the way the ductwork is designed, it would collect material. It’s generally distributed in a fine layer on the inside of the entire duct. But there were some areas that had enough plutonium that it was of a criticality concern, which means you could have an uncontrolled reaction if you added water or you consolidated it into a particular form or configuration. So we had to go into those—and you find that by using instrumentation that measures the radiation being emitted through the wall of the ductwork. We would have to go in and remove those concentrations of plutonium and that was all almost by hand. You would penetrate the duct under tight radiological control so that you didn’t lose plutonium into the environment or your workspace. And you would go inside, and with various tools and instruments, remove those deposits of plutonium, package them, and prepare them for disposal. The bulk of the ductwork simply had this fine deposit of plutonium, which might have a lot of plutonium, but it’s over 250 feet of ductwork. When you break it down into removable sections that will fit in the disposal boxes, it’s a small enough amount of plutonium that you don’t need to do anything except cut the pieces of pipe out so they’ll fit in these boxes. And then ship those boxes, when it was operating, down to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant out of Carlsbad, New Mexico. Which is where the majority of the waste from PFP has to go because the law says over a very small amount transuranics—of which plutonium is one—transuranic material has to go to WIPP. It cannot go into ERDF or any of the onsite burial grounds. So it has to be very dilute in order for us to send it over for onsite burial in the ERDF facility. So, all of that ductwork would be measured, cleaned out if it was needed, then they would separate it into sections using giant plastic sleeves, and then cutting inside the sleeve. Franklin: Oh, wow. Heineman: And then tying off the ends and putting it in a box. Then you’d go back and do the next section. Franklin: And the workers, of course, would be wearing full radiological— 1:56:02 Heineman: Completely outfitted in protective clothing, often two layers. Respirators, hoods, everything. Franklin: Wow. That sounds really challenging to perform even basic labor in that kind of suit, in those suits and in that environment. Heineman: As I mentioned earlier, there’s a reason I never left PFP. And it’s because it’s such fascinating work. And the people that do it, they’re like nobody else at Hanford. They are so inventive and so capable of operating in such a highly controlled environment that I just have nothing but respect for those folks. They’re just amazing people. It is just a struggle, everyday, to make progress when you have to do the work under those controls. But the downside is somebody has an accident and gets contaminated or, god forbid, an uptake, inhaled or whatever, you just can’t afford that. Just can’t afford it. So, a simple thing like removing 50 feet of ductwork turns into one to three months’ worth or work and a bunch of burial boxes. And when you take that and you start thinking about what you have to do to clean out and cut up a glovebox that might be 50 feet long and eight feet high, or 15 feet high, because it’s a double-layer box—when you start thinking about expanding the challenge to something like that, where you’re actually cutting sections out of this box, always having to keep it contained, and using that machinery inside that plastic containment, it’s just incredibly challenging. Franklin: Because they’re stainless steel, right? Heineman: Yes. Franklin: Yeah, we have one in our collection, which was never used, but it’s eight feet tall, it weighs about 10,000 pounds, had to come in with a really big forklift. Heineman: I think that one originated at FMEF and went to PFP and we never ended up using it. So we sent it down as kind of a demonstrator. Franklin: Yeah. And it’s great. It’s one of the best things in the collection. But now, thinking, all right, how would you be inside a facility and cut that thing up when it’s hot, radiologically hot—you need heavy equipment to move that thing. People can’t— Heineman: Oh, yeah, absolutely. Franklin: It’s not like ductwork, which is very— Heineman: Oh, no. Well, even the ductwork is super-thick stainless steel. So even the ductwork needed machinery, hoists, and lifts and all kinds of stuff, just to handle a five-foot piece that would fit—actually those boxes are only four feet long, so—wow. Franklin: Yeah, wow. That’s amazing. That’s such an intense job. Yeah, I can see why you would stay so long. So, you ended up retiring in 2012. Heineman: September of 2012. Franklin: September of 2012. Heineman: Yeah. Franklin: And what—was it just time to go, or--? Heineman: It was. Franklin: Yeah? Heineman: Yeah, I’d been at it long enough. Franklin: 39 years, right? Heineman: I was a month short, I guess, of 40. Franklin: Wow. Heineman: Yeah, I went in September and I think October was my anniversary date. Franklin: Yeah, that’s what I have here. Wow. That’s really—that’s quite a career out there. Heineman: I loved every day of it. Franklin: Yeah, I bet. It sounds really fascinating. 2:00:22 Heineman: And who would ever have the opportunity to do such a wide variety of things as they let me do over that period of time? I mean, it’s just, even today, it boggles my mind that they would give me that opportunity, you know? It was really fun. Franklin: Yeah, you really moved around and managed some really like amazing projects. So I just have one kind of final reflective close-out question, and that’s, what would you like future generations to know about working at Hanford and/or living in Richland during the Cold War? Heineman: During the Cold War? Franklin: Yeah. 2:01:05 Heineman: Well, the Cold War was ending as I went to work. It was that post-Cold War environment that I came into, which was a huge transition for all the people that were here. So the perspective that I have on the Cold War and the attitudes and that sort of thing are what were held by the people that I was working with when I came to work. As I said, there were very few young people; it was mostly people that start work here after the war or afterwards. Even if they’d been recently hired, it was because they were re-hired, not starting. And I guess I would say those folks were beyond proud of the contribution that they had made. I think they were distressed that the government was beginning to make decisions not to use their talents and these amazing facilities to continue doing what they’d been built for. I think they were afraid of what was to come. Partly on a personal level: what’s that going to mean to me as far as my job and my welfare and the welfare of my family? But partly, it was just a complete unknown regarding this Hanford Site and everything it had always stood for, and it was never going to be the same again. What it was going to look like was never clear. What cleanup meant was never clear. It evolved over decades. The first ten years after we shut everything down, I’m not sure we even understood the scope of everything we were going to have to do to clean up the Site. But those folks were very proud, and concerned, and I think a little fearful of what the future might bring. If that’s what you were asking. Franklin: Yeah, I mean, it’s just, you know, that’s a very understandable and very human reaction to these very large events and the role that Hanford plays in them, and how Hanford’s fortunes are tied to politics and to international events. Yeah, I’m guessing—I want to ask you kind of a follow-up that’s not on my sheet but kind of directed towards your experience, and that’s, so you started kind of at the draw-down of the Cold War, although there’s that Reagan kind of blip. But then you spent a large, majority of your—at least half of your work in the cleanup area. I wonder how you felt about—what are your thoughts on cleaning up all the waste generated because of this Cold War mission and where—just your thoughts about that. I don’t want to put anything into your mouth. 2:04:29 Heineman: Well, it gave me a great career, so, from that perspective, I’ll never think badly about the Site and the opportunities that it provided to me. But in hindsight, using information that the government and the Army would never have had access to, I think nobody would ever make the kind of investment in manufacturing if they understood even 10% of what the cost of cleanup would be. And it’s not just monetary, either. It’s in terms of human beings and the environment. I think it’s a real dilemma now. The advantage they had is they had no idea. And if they did, cleanup defined in the context of 1950 or 1960 would be very different than cleanup in 2000 or 2020. And in fact, cleanup as defined—cleanup of the Hanford Site and the end of that cleanup is incredibly different, incredibly more complex, incredibly more costly than we ever envisioned in the first 20 years of the cleanup mission. We had no idea where society was going to go in its values, where science was going to go and its ability to detect and predict and all those—just amazing. And I think it’s pretty hard to judge people in 1940s or even late ‘30s by today’s standards. So I’m hesitant to do that. But if we were facing an equivalent question today, we would never have built Hanford. Never. Franklin: Interesting. Maybe because we knew—we have a greater understanding now of the long-term costs and risks. Heineman: Yes. Franklin: With building that—with producing that kind of material. Heineman: But we wouldn’t have had to do it in a couple of years. We wouldn’t have had to do it with technology that was being upscaled from a lab to a 570-square-mile production complex. So it couldn’t ever happen again. But we would never do it again. I know that. Franklin: Interesting. Well, Bob, thank you so much. That was a really thoughtful—what’s the word I’m looking for?—reflection. And thank you so much for coming in and interviewing with us. Heineman: Sure, it’s fun. Franklin: I had a great time. Heineman: It’s fun to go back and think about it again and kind of put a little different perspective on how I think about things, too, so I appreciate the opportunity. Franklin: Well, great, thank you so much. I think this interview’s going to be very interesting to a lot of folks, so I appreciate it. Heineman: Cool. I hope it’s helpful. Franklin: Well, great. All right. Heineman: All right, thanks. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 02:08:13 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 10303kbps Hanford Sites Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview 300 Area, PFP, PUREX, 100 Area, 200 Area Years in Tri-Cities Area Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site 1951-2018 Years on Hanford Site Years on the Hanford Site, if any. 1972-2012 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Bob Heineman Description An account of the resource Interview with Bob Heineman for the Hanford Oral History Project. Bob talks about his parents work at Hanford, his education in Police Science, and his work on Hanford Patrol. View the interview on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmQWfstxiTY">YouTube</a> Subject The topic of the resource Hanford Site (Wash.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/06/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford Oral History Project operated under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to the US Department of Energy collection. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F28b964a1a3d91527803d29815ddf6391.docx 73e70c30f75e0edafaf3f44fa06b8829 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Latino/a Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Oral History Description An account of the resource An ongoing oral history project focusing on the history of the Latine/Latino community of the Tri-Cities, Washington area. Previously known as the WSU Tri-Cities Latinx Oral History Project headed by History faculty Robert Bauman and Robert Franklin. Hanford History Project made the decision in 2024 to use Latino/a instead of Latinx as the former more reflects the grammar and practical use and identification of Spanish speakers. We know that one term will not encompass all those identities. For example, Latine, a gender neutral pronoun and product of the queer Spanish community, was considered for use but we use Latino/a to reflect the prevalence of gendered pronouns in the Spanish language. However, we would like to acknowledge that the discourse around which term to use is complex and evolving. Every person has the right to use the term that captures who they are and that feels the most welcoming to them. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Language A language of the resource English; Spanish Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Bauman Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Artemo Benitez Solano Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound 00;00;00;00 - 00;00;34;01 Robert Bauman My name is Robert Bauman. and I am a history professor here at WSU Tri-Cities. And we are conducting, oral history interview today. And it's Artemia. Artemia. Benitez Solano, is that correct? Okay. On July 20th, 2023, and the interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University Tri-Cities. So, if you could tell us about, when and why you decided to leave Mexico and that that process and how that came about. 00;00;34;04 - 00;01;02;21 Artemio Benitez Solano Okay, cuando you tenia ochoa anos tenia, un Como do that. una Como esta esperanza de Benita aqui Ortego porque yo we are muchos cantos Meredith Kevin Young al de temporada de del campo. 00;01;02;23 - 00;01;14;24 Translator (Yesenia Montes) Okay. So when I was eight years old I had a few doubts and hope, about coming here to work in agriculture with you. 00;01;14;27 - 00;01;33;15 Artemio Benitez Solano E? S s Esperanza with creciendo. Cuando in the three contortions. Mi vecino eta el k de la gente. Ortego. 00;01;33;18 - 00;01;45;15 Translator (Yesenia Montes) And that hope just kept growing about till the age of 1516, when his need for his neighbor helped cross some. 00;01;45;18 - 00;02;09;05 Artemio Benitez Solano EOP block Como vecino cuando tendria circuitry de se anos. Ella. Hey yo, can you have any con la la temporada del campo Emily Horne no, Joe has going to Papa tengo no yo tengo el permesso. Papa. 00;02;09;08 - 00;02;36;19 Translator (Yesenia Montes) So when he was 16, he talked to his neighbor and asked him if he could come work the season, in the agriculture fields, and his neighbor said, no, he was too young. And his parents didn't have permission, so he said no, that he had gotten his parents permission. 00;02;36;21 - 00;03;01;05 Artemio Benitez Solano He looked below Pennzoil. Those bases in Mexico. Okay, boy, esta nos vamos in no mess. Nos vamos a nomas easy to. Yeah. One. No Vamos. Then maybe Ozuna. He maybe ho mente. 00;03;01;08 - 00;03;16;10 Translator (name needed) Okay so he had talked about his talk to his neighbor and they decided that yes he would bring him. And a month later he gave him a he gave him a date. And then they resumed to set. 00;03;16;12 - 00;03;37;28 Artemio Benitez Solano EO a long term e of Consul Connell. You may be ho tengo cuanto papa necesario ya you me papaya medio permiso. Nos vemos. And then in a in del bus. 00;03;38;00 - 00;03;55;00 Translator (name needed) Okay. So then the date came and he had said that he wanted to speak with his father, and he said it wasn't necessary, but his dad had already given him permission. And so he just his neighbor just said, they would see each other at the bus stop. 00;03;55;03 - 00;04;16;22 Artemio Benitez Solano Maybe came a me ropa, if you will, in the station del bus in park and noona Mukilan those pantalones those committees. He said all the, dinero. 00;04;16;25 - 00;04;27;22 Translator (name needed) Okay, so he had told them to pack his bags, and he packed a backpack with two pairs of jeans, two tops, and no money. 00;04;27;25 - 00;04;58;25 Artemio Benitez Solano And he even was a solid cuando me papa Emilio on the bus. There we go. And I would go. Pedro! My papa Bernardo, the. They said me porque Los senora con el eran sus amigos. Mi papa him papa duo were with that in this area. You go. 00;04;58;27 - 00;05;19;06 Translator (name needed) Okay, so, he had finished packing. He was about to leave and his father asked him, where are you going? And he said to Oregon, and there is a few people coming back. And they were his father's friends. But his father was embarrassed to say that his son was leaving to Oregon. 00;05;19;09 - 00;05;50;18 Artemio Benitez Solano When we papa go see stubby and say, okay, give us a day to spare, please let me go another. This is Necesitas to to work today. Nacimiento. You know, say this in me pub. Pero me papa Diego and una bicicleta DC Agora la bicicleta e la casa e market. They talk to Nacimiento. 00;05;50;20 - 00;06;12;13 Translator (name needed) Okay, so his father, his father asked, what paper work he was bringing. And he responded with none. And then his father said, you need your birth certificate. And so his father had arrived on a bike and told him, take the bike, go home and ask your mother for your birth certificate. 00;06;12;16 - 00;06;22;15 Artemio Benitez Solano He even eat tomatoes in el bus to, a la Ciudad de Mexico. 00;06;22;18 - 00;06;28;21 Translator (name needed) And from there he took the bus to the, to Mexico City. 00;06;28;24 - 00;06;30;06 Robert Bauman Okay. 00;06;30;09 - 00;06;34;13 Artemio Benitez Solano So we got to the store where we stopped. Thank you. King. 00;06;34;16 - 00;06;46;11 Robert Bauman Okay, so then, how does the rest of the journey unfold from there? From Mexico City? How how do you get to Oregon. 00;06;46;13 - 00;07;00;09 Artemio Benitez Solano When yo tengo familia in Nevada de Mexico e e nada in Serbia. Kilo vanilla. 00;07;00;12 - 00;07;07;13 Translator (name needed) he had family in Mexico City, but nobody knew that he was on his way there. 00;07;07;16 - 00;07;33;26 Artemio Benitez Solano Me amigo. Mira. Si. No, a k l k measles. Firebaugh. Médico. Kill. Cuba. Yeah. Ellos gastos de me pueblo hasta origo. Either. Okay. Jump. I'll. Yes. Como sakala dia. 00;07;33;29 - 00;07;52;27 Translator (name needed) So he had a friend there who had told him that he would pay for his ticket. And from everything from his town to the city, and he felt like he had won the lottery because it was. 00;07;53;00 - 00;08;09;07 Artemio Benitez Solano Pero si no somos de de la ciudad de México, Tijuana. Hello. It was. See, most cuatro. Yes. 00;08;09;09 - 00;08;15;21 Translator (name needed) So they took the bus from Mexico City to Tijuana and they took about four days. 00;08;15;23 - 00;08;24;27 Artemio Benitez Solano The road e the Tijuana and. Yeah. 00;08;24;29 - 00;08;27;11 Translator (name needed) And in Tijuana that's where the nightmare began. 00;08;27;16 - 00;08;28;21 Robert Bauman 00;08;28;23 - 00;08;34;12 Artemio Benitez Solano 00;08;35;02 - 00;08;36;19 Artemio Benitez Solano she just continued. 00;08;36;26 - 00;08;43;29 Robert Bauman Yeah. Yeah. So you have no mind. No. This is really. 00;08;44;02 - 00;09;04;19 Artemio Benitez Solano Me amigo SLK Caruso and real Grupo. See your as soon. Su mano de su amigo ba q Camille q Tanya k k. 00;09;04;22 - 00;09;07;12 Artemio Benitez Solano Montenegro. Mr.. 00;09;07;14 - 00;09;25;29 Translator (name needed) So this friend was basically his friend basically crossed first and she was basically, as he explained, kind of his right hand where she would help. He would let him know, like feed him. And he was basically his eyes. 00;09;26;02 - 00;09;36;02 Artemio Benitez Solano Around Grupo de, they kin say todos sedang, senor. This Duran. 00;09;36;04 - 00;09;37;04 Robert Bauman In in. 00;09;37;04 - 00;09;46;06 Artemio Benitez Solano Luna. So they DC say Tainos kin say medio. 00;09;46;09 - 00;09;57;00 Translator (name needed) So his friend led a group of 15 adults and he was the youngest, about 15.5, 16 years old. 00;09;57;02 - 00;10;22;16 Artemio Benitez Solano No, no, no. Plateau de Cruzar Pedro de War. The Buna mother, Stuart okay. Two boys. They. Know. So are they know that to be wrong. El uno, uno de la Clara. El patron. 00;10;22;18 - 00;10;42;23 Translator (name needed) So his. He wasn't as lucky because, as they were crossing somebody told on him and basically let the officers know that he was the leader. And then he got caught. 00;10;42;25 - 00;11;12;29 Artemio Benitez Solano Todos. No. That to are on e. Army may separate on in in those who were not in those they may notice. He told me San Miguel was going you know the this pero yo tenia DCC sons yo no sabia qué pasando you. No. Not any. They are k kilo k. Thank grab. So. 00;11;13;02 - 00;11;39;02 Translator (name needed) Okay so they were all held captive. not whole captive but they were taken into custody and they were separated. He was separated into the juvenile old which is a younger, and the others were into the adult. And he couldn't wrap his head around how or what, how big of a deal this was being in the juvenile. 00;11;39;04 - 00;11;46;16 Artemio Benitez Solano No somos Tijuana, no charro. Pero nada mas. Ivana. I really saw. 00;11;46;19 - 00;11;52;13 Robert Bauman Involved. Okay? Just because it looks funny when you see it back, I know it's hard to think of it that way. 00;11;52;18 - 00;12;19;08 Artemio Benitez Solano No registration part. Tijuana. I mean, no me when me when they see estaba yo me por qué era me not even a Yamaha. No se Como la your faster algo ghetto mother position then not do that. 00;12;19;11 - 00;12;36;14 Translator (name needed) Okay. So they had been taken back to the Juana and they were going to take him. Well, they were going to leave him there and they were going to call, the foster system to let him stay. 00;12;36;17 - 00;12;52;20 Artemio Benitez Solano Pero a read a story to record the official case Johnson gave, or no a nino se VA conoce con su grupo. Nope. Y aqui solo. 00;12;52;22 - 00;13;10;01 Translator (name needed) he just remembered that there was an officer by the name Johnson who had stated that, no, he wasn't going to stay there. He was going to go, back to Tijuana with the rest of the group. Okay. 00;13;10;03 - 00;13;36;16 Artemio Benitez Solano So no nos estamos algo. Tell estaba nos perdido. No sabia no no se viendo said. Pero con nosotros iba una Romano de me amigo. me vecino el el hermano del kill Javier venido. 00;13;36;18 - 00;13;54;21 Translator (name needed) When they got to the hotel, they were lost. But one of his friends, one of his friends brothers was there. and he had already been through that process. He had already been there. So he kind of helped lead. 00;13;54;24 - 00;14;16;17 Artemio Benitez Solano And el hermano contacto mas in Los Angeles. But are muchos amigos, contacto una amigos thing in Los Angeles in this particular situation, he Los amigos like that on him. 00;14;16;19 - 00;14;29;17 Translator (name needed) So he got into contact with a few friends. He had two friends in Los Angeles, and he talked to them about what was going on, and they ended up helping. 00;14;29;20 - 00;14;38;16 Artemio Benitez Solano E la curiosities k uno de Los conocido enemy. Otro vecino. 00;14;38;18 - 00;14;48;01 Translator (name needed) And he thought it was curious that, one of the guys that helped him was also a neighbor. 00;14;48;03 - 00;14;54;13 Artemio Benitez Solano ETA et al. Where el esposo. They make other. 00;14;54;16 - 00;15;02;03 Translator (name needed) So he was the husband, his sister in law. 00;15;02;05 - 00;15;14;26 Artemio Benitez Solano He and in a nutshell, are those de la manana stubborn taekwondo. La puerta del hotel can see one porque todos nosotros. 00;15;14;28 - 00;15;24;01 Translator (name needed) So our night. It was about 2 a.m.. They were knocking at the door, because they were coming for them. 00;15;24;03 - 00;15;30;10 Artemio Benitez Solano S con console, Senor. So this to me was mas when a sweat. 00;15;30;12 - 00;15;40;25 Translator (name needed) And with those people, with the contact. they had much better, Look. 00;15;40;28 - 00;15;55;02 Artemio Benitez Solano Do we most el proceso, the the Juan de Los Angeles fueron did. But as the as. El dia de Los Angeles. 00;15;55;04 - 00;16;06;03 Translator (name needed) So their journey was a three day journey where on the third day they arrived, in Los Angeles from Tijuana. 00;16;06;05 - 00;16;27;13 Artemio Benitez Solano You see the casing marinating? No, nosotros. They. CF when in. La place. Kubo. They. 00;16;27;15 - 00;16;30;21 Artemio Benitez Solano Come for the past few days. 00;16;30;23 - 00;16;32;13 Translator (name needed) Just here. 00;16;32;15 - 00;16;43;14 Artemio Benitez Solano In la equipo de un nino de DCC anos de Pablito. The. 00;16;43;16 - 00;16;49;24 Artemio Benitez Solano The Cinco familias. Hijikata Alessi de Los Angeles. 00;16;49;27 - 00;17;06;24 Translator (name needed) So he would like you to for us to imagine, a young boy, arriving to Los Angeles, a little boy from, small town of about 50 families. 00;17;06;26 - 00;17;11;21 Artemio Benitez Solano E to Angeles. Como. 00;17;11;23 - 00;17;25;29 Artemio Benitez Solano Depends a lot on Miss buscando trabajo E. 00;17;26;01 - 00;18;49;13 Artemio Benitez Solano Sorry. Okay. 00;18;49;16 - 00;18;50;04 Artemio Benitez Solano Dropping out. 00;18;50;11 - 00;19;41;11 Robert Bauman You know, it's like. Take your time. There's no rush. Understand? 00;19;41;13 - 00;19;53;19 Robert Bauman Okay. 00;19;53;22 - 00;20;10;00 Robert Bauman So Los Angeles would have been a very different place. Yes, yes. Huge city. Yes. I wonder if you could talk about how long were you in Los Angeles and, before you went to Oregon, then. Okay. 00;20;10;03 - 00;20;24;21 Artemio Benitez Solano Do we most in Los Angeles? Circuito Dumas, Como buscando trabajo? Como es business con vecinos. Q estaba. 00;20;24;23 - 00;20;31;05 Artemio Benitez Solano Uno de Miss Bessie. Nos. Nos acaba camina todos Los dias. 00;20;31;07 - 00;20;48;01 Translator (name needed) So I was in Los Angeles for a month looking for work. with all of the neighbors and friends and group. And his neighbor would take them out to walk every single day to look for work. 00;20;48;03 - 00;20;59;10 Artemio Benitez Solano Porque el blankie, el blanket yo tengo vecino el or the El Vecino original trabajo. Jesse Corado. 00;20;59;12 - 00;21;10;20 Translator (name needed) So he had his original plan with his neighbor, the one who helped him cross had already finished. 00;21;10;23 - 00;21;24;02 Artemio Benitez Solano It. You know, the hero buscan trabajo aqui o this blessing Como pueden. 00;21;24;04 - 00;21;41;12 Translator (name needed) So they were told, they had to find a job then or right there, or they would have to basically figure it out on their own. 00;21;41;14 - 00;21;49;00 Artemio Benitez Solano Due to the journey. De la Esperanza. Okay, you gotta go. 00;21;49;02 - 00;21;59;12 Translator (name needed) He. I never lost hope of finding a job in Oregon. Heading, getting to Oregon this year. 00;21;59;14 - 00;22;10;10 Artemio Benitez Solano Toledo got me. Me, Esperanza. The hunter test for the SS. 00;22;10;12 - 00;22;19;26 Translator (name needed) Since the day I left home, my hope was to be able to pick strawberries. 00;22;19;29 - 00;22;39;13 Artemio Benitez Solano Were not. Whoa, whoa. Milagro. Okay. Are you going? Otro conocido hablo communist. Si. No. The cong mis amigos de Los Angeles. Okay, k Korean veinte trabajadores. They sing or they go. 00;22;39;16 - 00;22;53;12 Translator (name needed) So one of his, neighbors had spoken to his friends and, told them that somebody in Oregon was needing 20 pickers. 00;22;53;15 - 00;23;08;28 Artemio Benitez Solano And as the head on a una semana Western listos. Necesito veinte Elmo's. Ademas, Como desea says. 00;23;09;01 - 00;23;20;29 Translator (name needed) So they were told to, that they would be there in a week and to be ready they need because they needed 20 pickers and there was 16 of them. 00;23;21;01 - 00;23;32;16 Artemio Benitez Solano A yo pensé you know, they go, por qué si kid and Bantay e solamente somos. He says, seguro q ahi. 00;23;32;18 - 00;23;42;27 Translator (name needed) I thought to myself, I'm already in Oregon because they needed 20 and there was 16 of them. He had already made it. 00;23;42;29 - 00;23;53;18 Artemio Benitez Solano In East we don't know fueron dos qué fueron Los Angeles. 00;23;53;20 - 00;24;10;06 Artemio Benitez Solano Man. And they have an Lincoln Continental cada uno no existing and they, they Como Lincoln Continental or Centeno maybe you can. 00;24;10;09 - 00;24;24;26 Translator (name needed) There was two, two guys who had, the continental Lincolns who said 89, wondering if you know what it looks like if you imagine. Oh yeah, I eat. 00;24;24;28 - 00;24;36;05 Artemio Benitez Solano I can somos logics and nossos carros. Says, you know, when it was el rumbo, the Oregon. 00;24;36;07 - 00;24;43;06 Translator (name needed) All 16 of them were able to fit into those two Lincolns, and they were on their way to Oregon. 00;24;43;09 - 00;25;13;14 Artemio Benitez Solano Otra sorpresa nos cayo cuando iguanas cuando en las montanas de Oregon estaba la nearby. This is the alto e u e Gilman b k says so we are we stolen away. Okay, so la Esteban se Randolph freeway. 00;25;13;16 - 00;25;33;28 Translator (name needed) There was another surprise on the way to Oregon. passing the mountains. He saw three inch, three inches, three feet of snow. And he was so surprised because he had never seen this. And he thought to himself, what is this? 00;25;34;00 - 00;25;51;07 Artemio Benitez Solano Cerrado. El freeway e todo el al lop in in the State Patrol. The little stubborn poniendo Los Rosalia inos where they seal ustedes Calabria nabbing cruzar. 00;25;51;09 - 00;26;04;04 Translator (name needed) So the freeway was being closed and State patrol, was there. And I told them that they had to go up to the other side around because nobody was going to cross. 00;26;04;07 - 00;26;34;18 Artemio Benitez Solano We're not el al policia iba the un cara otro diciendo les cases per se pueden cinco de si sodas mientras limpia bungle freeway, pero me amigo dijo bueno Los young man handle is better. Take care, mother Lajos e Betty otra base freeway. Vamonos. 00;26;34;20 - 00;27;07;22 Translator (name needed) So, the police officer was going to each car and letting them know that they had to basically park because they would have to wait five hours until the freeway was cleared and the two drivers had been speaking to each other, and they had said that they were just going to wait a little longer for the police officer to go into the other vehicles, and they were going to try again and just go through the freeway. 00;27;07;25 - 00;27;26;23 Artemio Benitez Solano E esa where una otra. A road K they are in a car. Venia. Esta these sandos and el jello porque todos tabaco krdo. 00;27;26;26 - 00;27;38;04 Translator (name needed) That was another mistake because as they were going driving through the freeway, the car kept sliding on the slippery freeway. 00;27;38;06 - 00;27;56;21 Artemio Benitez Solano Pero giga digamos digamos could you Samuel Montanez e cuando Sabah no sin and Eugene, Oregon el manager said just what going. 00;27;56;24 - 00;28;11;10 Translator (name needed) So they kept driving to the freeway and, across the mountains. And once they were in Eugene, Oregon, Oregon, they were told that they had arrived in Oregon. 00;28;11;13 - 00;28;20;18 Artemio Benitez Solano The whole system was in Oregon. Pero no Stamos in that in Portland, per te VA knows no one knows a Portland. 00;28;20;21 - 00;28;28;20 Translator (name needed) They had arrived in Oregon, but they were not yet in Portland, is what they were told. 00;28;28;22 - 00;28;37;13 Artemio Benitez Solano Digamos, oh. Digamos a Portland. 00;28;37;15 - 00;28;48;09 Artemio Benitez Solano Enos J how in Rancho is tying Hillsboro? 00;28;48;11 - 00;28;57;11 Translator (name needed) So they arrived to Oregon and they were taken to a ranch called Boy Hillsboro. 00;28;57;15 - 00;29;09;15 Artemio Benitez Solano Yeah. Ethan Empezamos a trabajar por un cuarto tiempo. 00;29;09;18 - 00;29;23;03 Artemio Benitez Solano K Aparicio, owner mano a mano K severe have a needle e k this Aparicio por dos anos. Nosotros no Saviano on estaba. 00;29;23;05 - 00;29;39;23 Translator (name needed) So once they were at the ranch they, she had found seen a brother of his who had left two years prior and they hadn't heard back from him. 00;29;39;25 - 00;29;52;29 Artemio Benitez Solano On own Senor Médico to to witness de la familia Benitez chosen by your. 00;29;53;02 - 00;30;10;25 Translator (name needed) So a man approached him and asked them what family he was from and his, kin that he knew somebody, he knew where his brother was. And let him know that his brother was in New York. 00;30;10;28 - 00;30;16;23 Artemio Benitez Solano Cuando hermanos supercluster, Bango. They go. 00;30;16;25 - 00;30;39;16 Artemio Benitez Solano El estado by your. Porque yo tengo mucha familia aqui toda me familia until they come near you. Tengo familia in New York. En todo me primos. Mysterious. Mucha familia de Los. They me a pedo. We need. This is in New York. 00;30;39;18 - 00;30;56;25 Translator (name needed) So, when his brother found out he was in Oregon, he was surprised because he. They have a lot of family in new Jersey, a lot of cousins. And, they were heading me. 00;30;56;27 - 00;31;17;12 Artemio Benitez Solano Amir might not be no conmigo e eight to be more empezamos a trabajar. You in El mundo es de este anos de San Jose mas grande de cayo e y empezamos a juntos. 00;31;17;14 - 00;31;28;22 Translator (name needed) So his brother met with him in Oregon and they started working side to side with each other. And that's when they began working together. 00;31;28;24 - 00;31;50;20 Artemio Benitez Solano Pedro. Yo, they cuando digo. They go, you can be me. See, there's totalmente yo yo yo venir other campo de la fuerza. Pero Joel, you got go. Cambium is plan is totalmente that you trabajar el campo. Yo mas grande de. 00;31;50;22 - 00;32;11;08 Translator (name needed) When he arrived to Oregon he had, an idea of what he wanted. He wanted to pick strawberries. But once he was in Oregon, his ideas, his what he wanted completely changed. He wanted something more. He didn't want to work in the field. 00;32;11;11 - 00;32;34;00 Artemio Benitez Solano Todos Los race hermano. Medicine. No, El campo. Not el campo. Por qué es es lo vamos a hacer porque no somos meaning yes. No store. Somos campo. No campo. Pedro job. Now they go. And you know campo. 00;32;34;02 - 00;32;58;19 Translator (name needed) So his family, his brothers had told them to to not think that way, to work in the field because that's what they knew. That's what they were good at, he said. Looking back at his childhood, that's basically all they did field work. and he didn't want to do that. And he wanted. 00;32;58;21 - 00;33;22;25 Artemio Benitez Solano The Hillsborough no more Vamos para para Saint John. A Sunday at Mass in the in Portland. Huge burrow is up. What are the Portland common outside the city? no vimos dentro de la vida Como es otros otros amigos e episodio lo bueno. 00;33;22;27 - 00;33;39;18 Translator (name needed) From Hillsboro, he moved into Johnson, which is like, more into the city and then from there he. And being in the city, they that's where all the good stuff began to happen. 00;33;39;21 - 00;34;14;01 Artemio Benitez Solano Even I campo de las cuatro de la manana. Nos levantar cuatro la manana e Sabah no salas Dulce de la tala. Jigawa nos uma Barnaba nia ropa Olympia uma busca trabajo IBA. You may require mucho, una de gruchy pequena can you iba con el dicha no hito trabajo? 00;34;14;04 - 00;34;37;19 Translator (name needed) So he'd get up at two in the morning from two in the morning to 2 p.m.. He would be working in the doing field work, and right after that he'd go back home, take a shower, get ready, and there was a small grocery store where he would visit, and he would always talk to the owner and ask him to hire him. 00;34;37;21 - 00;35;02;29 Artemio Benitez Solano In El Nino de Siena. Does my roving. No, let me go. Ya tengo de Shinobi anos de say in cinema two two. Lee Sentia hota permiso. No! Let me go. No lo tengo these two permiso. It trabajo. UN permiso de disinhibition. You are so much easier to anos. 00;35;03;01 - 00;35;28;12 Translator (name needed) The owner would tell him no, that he wouldn't hire him because he was too young. And he's. He replied with no, but I'm 19. And he said the owner had replied with but come back when you have, a license or permit or something that tells me that you are 19 or at least 18 years old. 00;35;28;15 - 00;35;48;06 Artemio Benitez Solano Estaba anos viviendo nosotros todos a new era. No, say it was we. We are not told. We are not in Apartamento. They don't recommend us. Todos Los ninos tenian and three treinta is quaintance yo Tania Pena, he says. 00;35;48;08 - 00;36;06;04 Translator (name needed) So he was living in an apartment of two bedrooms with about 12 adults. They were all between the ages of 30 and 50, and he was only 16.5. 00;36;06;07 - 00;36;41;28 Artemio Benitez Solano It also passo por un ano después de un ano. See CMOs muchas applications until, say, until no can Como resume in nada this or antes de nos applications a mano y las el trabajo. He is an he semen muchas hicimos muchas la mayoria de me hermano con Los amigos. Yo this data yo. No, I mean no one. 00;36;42;00 - 00;37;06;11 Translator (name needed) So that was their living situation for about a year. And they he would go apply for some jobs. But since there wasn't resumes back then, they would have to fill out paper locations and drop them off. But that was mainly his brother and his friends because they were all over the age of 18. For him, it was a little more difficult. 00;37;06;13 - 00;37;44;17 Artemio Benitez Solano UN de Gregory, Somos de trabajo del campo. Total stubbornness in Abajo. The, in the in Nasrallah e vamos under your mother. The the, McDonald's Kuku Papa and those this is. Pero door sedan senoras e e nunca trabajar. The new restaurant Y cuando Yaman dijeron queremos dos trabajadores e todo saber uno otro. 00;37;44;20 - 00;38;07;08 Translator (name needed) So, one day there, they received a call while they were all at their apartment. And it was from McDonald's asking for two workers, and every adult that was in that room looked at each other, because none of them have had ever worked at a restaurant. 00;38;07;11 - 00;38;35;21 Artemio Benitez Solano E un unknown, muchacho. They would not. But they cinco anos dijo yo, we are in quimica conmigo. Not in Quito. Me hermano diseno nosotros no y contigo. No. Two. No, they 2000. We pequena they go. Yo boy, this thing. Bueno. No kidding me. They say Vamos. 00;38;35;24 - 00;38;57;29 Translator (name needed) So 33 year old had said I'll go. And nobody he asked is anyone else coming? But no one responded. And then he said, I'll come with you. And he looked at him and he said, no, not you. And then, he said, I'll come with you. So then he's like, oh, okay, come along to Taiwan. 00;38;58;02 - 00;39;35;16 Artemio Benitez Solano And digamos, digamos el, and McDonald's is a McDonald's around, solo venue. on the new privado, El Sol and Vista Ajo, you and me with senor me, me, amigo e el el senor de the un saying you the aqui cannot believe. is espanol El nino muy poquito. 00;39;35;19 - 00;40;00;19 Translator (name needed) When they arrive to the restaurant McDonald's. since it was a private owner, private owned McDonald's, the owner is the one that basically had the interview with them. He tried speaking Spanish, but he couldn't really speak too well. And that's how the interview went. 00;40;00;21 - 00;40;05;05 Artemio Benitez Solano In Mexico, when they say. 00;40;05;08 - 00;40;27;13 Artemio Benitez Solano El the training to El to trabajo between in and muchacho they say no sé porque you had a musica yadong in a si el mucha chico when they saying that we have a chance. Una semana. Do you say. 00;40;27;15 - 00;40;51;27 Translator (name needed) So? He looked over at the 33 year old and he said, okay, you you have a job. But I looked at him and he said, I don't know about the young ones, but since he said that he was shy, he was a little quieter. So it was a lot more difficult. But the owner ended up saying, it's okay, I'll give you a week. 00;40;52;00 - 00;41;30;23 Artemio Benitez Solano De nos nos. Rio de la Sokcho de la la la noche a trabajar. E yo yo me matera. They had el campo e trabajar in a restaurant area. You know, Campo, a restaurant one, don't they? and McDonald's have a campo de de las cuatro. La manana. Allah Allah. Una de las dos ye. And al McDonald's. De la soto al has dosi. 00;41;30;26 - 00;41;53;13 Translator (name needed) So he shifts where from 8 p.m. to midnight and he didn't want to work in the field anymore. So. But he continued working. He worked from 4 to 1 and then he would work, McDonald's from 8 to 12. 00;41;53;16 - 00;42;11;07 Artemio Benitez Solano Después de ahi debemos. Muchos muchos cambios me amigos I go rely on make yo trabajar con. 00;42;11;10 - 00;42;27;24 Artemio Benitez Solano Cada Vecchio iba al McDonald's yo demostrar y yo that me me calida or me? In today's the. 00;42;27;26 - 00;42;31;16 Artemio Benitez Solano Inca de trabajo. 00;42;31;19 - 00;42;48;11 Translator (name needed) him and his friend continued working there, but they had moved his friend and he kept working there. But every single shift he had there, he tried to demonstrate his capability and his interest in working there. 00;42;48;14 - 00;43;23;13 Artemio Benitez Solano Is to be eat, eat in El tiempo del campo. Yes. Estaba cuando un poquito. Yeah. Compassion manager. Yo yo make me me premier Coachella K tenia un us una Canada and we made you después me co-chair. Hasta un Pyongyang. Groening can you talk with reporters? Evie. Yo, Salia, buscar mas trabajos. 00;43;23;15 - 00;43;41;11 Translator (name needed) So we kept working. McDonald's and us a year, year and a half later, he was able to buy his own car and he would drive it to go find other employment. 00;43;41;14 - 00;44;02;21 Artemio Benitez Solano Me, segundo trabajo, even country. They. They bus boy. They limpia miss us in the restaurant. Little Puerto kid three yellow Recuerdos. The Yamaha long. 00;44;02;23 - 00;44;16;27 Translator (name needed) So the second employment and the second job was first boy at a restaurant and right near the airport. Still remember his name. 00;44;16;29 - 00;44;42;25 Artemio Benitez Solano El mismo tiempo. El mismo tiempo universal viendo de puesto en el McDonald's. El ano link abajo John waiter your cuando el McDonald's. You had a common dishwasher. Pero Como el trabajo de la ganas de trabajo had massive yo para casi neto de. 00;44;42;28 - 00;44;51;17 Translator (name needed) Where as as his. When he first entered working at McDonald's, he was a dishwasher and the owner saw. 00;44;51;20 - 00;44;56;21 Translator (name needed) His capabilities, his interest and his, you know, him. 00;44;56;21 - 00;45;00;11 Translator (name needed) Being a hard worker, he moved him up to be a, cooker. 00;45;00;13 - 00;45;42;09 Artemio Benitez Solano Like cook e cuando iso paso behind the hill, Campo de campo quedo Torres a trabajo en el restaurant del Puerto e Utrgv Harbor. And then and then McDonald's. Cambiar on May cambiar on the the. Then and maybe or the de las de las dos de villa until de las dos Como on say says and then Russia or Yemen and. 00;45;42;11 - 00;46;00;14 Translator (name needed) At this point had already left the field. He was no longer working there. He was working McDonald's from his shift was changed from 11 to 6 during rush hour. And then he kept working, the restaurant near the airport. 00;46;00;16 - 00;46;31;11 Artemio Benitez Solano And the restaurant. You travel. How about the city? City? Maria? dos de la gnocchi. E Como siempre yo siempre cada abajo. Hasta siempre debajo trabajo. Siempre trato de lo lo mejor 4K. Pues European. Qué said cuando uno trabaja. No, no K casa lo mejor. 00;46;31;13 - 00;46;50;13 Translator (name needed) his second job the restaurant he worked from 7:30 p.m. to midnight and he thinks that, every job you have, you have to try your best and do the best. And that's what he's done today. 00;46;50;16 - 00;47;22;26 Artemio Benitez Solano E después and then McDonald's and puesto sube. the course in narrow sube. Frank Connors el antes suitable right through microphone aqui giorno and escuela. You know, you're not pretending in escuela. Not them. You're not una classy here. Solamente. They low you see you the in the middle trabajar aqui. 00;47;22;29 - 00;47;43;10 Translator (name needed) So as he moved up from Latin cooking up to the drive through. And then he had his microphone. He didn't go to school. He didn't for English. He didn't learn English. He all of the English he knows was working with people and. 00;47;43;13 - 00;48;08;22 Artemio Benitez Solano E el mismo tiempo viendo puesto en el McDonald's driver's window. Puesto nel el restaurante. They the busboy. You get the, waiters. Esta macedo in el restaurant even may or may, may cambiar on banquets. fiestas badass. 00;48;08;25 - 00;48;25;10 Translator (name needed) So as he moved up at McDonald's, he also moved up, the restaurant. He went from busboy to waiter to planning for being, and it paid for him. 00;48;25;13 - 00;48;33;29 Robert Bauman And about how long did you then work at McDonald's and at the restaurant? 00;48;34;02 - 00;48;43;23 Artemio Benitez Solano those simple trabajar al mismo tiempo. Qué siempre. You have to wait until they kill me, Calzada. You simplemente two way Dorsey Terrace. Trabajo sul tiempo. 00;48;43;26 - 00;48;49;15 Translator (name needed) E cuanto tiempo trabajo. And those those restaurants. 00;48;49;17 - 00;49;00;20 Artemio Benitez Solano And then McDonald's European. So Cubanos tres cuatro anos Ian and Shiloh and el resto dang dos anos. 00;49;00;26 - 00;49;02;28 Robert Bauman 00;49;03;00 - 00;49;06;26 Translator (name needed) So he basically for 2 or 3 years. 00;49;06;28 - 00;49;25;08 Robert Bauman Yeah. Right. Yeah. at what point then, because we talk about when you moved from Portland to the Tri-Cities, you were married, right? And did you at what point when you there did you meet your wife? 00;49;25;10 - 00;50;00;10 Artemio Benitez Solano You may say, aqui otra vez la loteria. And then mcdonough's cuando me suppose I. Miss your, your tenia trabajando Como una uno dos anos. And then my. And then McDonald's. Cuando Diego un una muchacha Alta. Weather con soup lo medio cafe. Yo tener una uno Amiga. Si, senor. That's good thing the enemy acquired. Cuanto the owners to see? 00;50;00;12 - 00;50;10;04 Artemio Benitez Solano Where did you see you eat? Una senora? 16 the young unos cuarenta three anos. 00;50;10;06 - 00;50;40;07 Translator (name needed) So he won the lottery there as well? She was about. He was working at McDonald's. He. There was a tall, black, not blond, but like light. She was brunet. He walked in and he had some friends, some workers. They were about 40 years old there. And, she she walked in and he saw her. 00;50;40;10 - 00;51;14;22 Artemio Benitez Solano A few trabajo I had. I g go trabajar in la manana, you know, la vida mucho porque you have an el dia trabajo in la manana. UN dia men with money. Una is cuando yo la Kenosha. Image amigas la senora Kenosha. Maybe you must be ESA mucha in San Miguel. Maybe here on a se gusta la mucha mas grande. 00;51;14;22 - 00;51;18;00 Artemio Benitez Solano They get to. 00;51;18;03 - 00;51;47;03 Translator (name needed) So he she arrived there, looking for a job and she. But then she began working there. But she worked mornings and he worked the rush hour. So one day he was switched to morning. And his friend, we're telling him that the. You know, you like her, you like her. And then they told him that she was a little older than him. 00;51;47;06 - 00;51;48;25 Translator (name needed) Was it mas Alta? 00;51;48;27 - 00;51;50;29 Artemio Benitez Solano Must be. Must get the. 00;51;51;01 - 00;51;53;04 Translator (name needed) She was older than him. 00;51;53;07 - 00;52;28;04 Artemio Benitez Solano E m is a mega lady here on air. He was high to be most, Certainly most ever stay there if you must know. We also know Ricardo Q tiempo Queen was nervous. Pedro. Jorge. Siempre. Concentrate on me. Trabajo siempre tabaco. you know qué? And ademas said yesterday in Sunnyvale. Queria seguir mas. Are you okay? Yes. 00;52;28;06 - 00;52;31;22 Artemio Benitez Solano Seguida. Lando. Mars. 00;52;31;24 - 00;53;06;06 Translator (name needed) So he ended up taking her out. they went out a couple times. he doesn't remember how long they were together. But he does remember that when, while he was with her, she did always think about his job because he wanted to, you know, go up in life and have a better, better job. 00;53;06;08 - 00;53;07;17 Artemio Benitez Solano The, 00;53;07;19 - 00;53;14;17 Robert Bauman Oh, sorry. I was just gonna say she had brothers here in her family here in the Tri-Cities at that point. Right here. 00;53;14;20 - 00;53;29;12 Artemio Benitez Solano no, no, no, that time, I think, this después the su familiar siempre trabajar in construction and you said you'll be in Portland E Vivian in Vancouver. 00;53;29;14 - 00;53;31;06 Robert Bauman 00;53;31;08 - 00;53;41;04 Artemio Benitez Solano Yes. Okay. there was no no required cuanto most mmo con su familia. 00;53;41;06 - 00;54;02;07 Translator (name needed) So her family has worked in construction and since he was in Portland and they were in Vancouver, he does remember how many times they went out. But at a certain point she took them to meet his, to meet her family. 00;54;02;10 - 00;54;31;22 Artemio Benitez Solano I, not safe. Well, not otra dessa por k. Muy given me. But indeed, on your last familia, Danny Wallace. Pero suva su familias mas Como Dillingham muy especial. 00;54;31;24 - 00;54;47;09 Translator (name needed) So he that he took another surprise when he met her family because he thought all families were the same. But when he met her family, she knew that there were special. 00;54;47;12 - 00;55;15;02 Artemio Benitez Solano Do we must soon Toshi Barrios may present Super Pam a present. Tosa mama su said my nose todo yeah, yeah, yeah. If we most, There if we must know. Because Yahi. Yes, they. Ate, Ate. I'm, 00;55;15;05 - 00;55;42;05 Artemio Benitez Solano Mas muchos tiempos hunters. Pero yo yo también Jose estaba concentrating ng and buscar must trabajo if you're simply a. Yeah. Yeah we're not European so Cheetos getting mucho tiempo juntos yoga stim no mucho pero yummy. Pure idea that Ella también. You yum. Buscar mas trabajo okay. 00;55;42;07 - 00;56;14;11 Translator (name needed) So he met her mom, her father, her siblings. And from that point on they became a couple. And she really wanted to spend lots of time just like all couples do. But he doesn't think that he spent as much time because he was also he was also he was always concentrated on finding a job or like finding a better job. 00;56;14;13 - 00;56;52;02 Artemio Benitez Solano Yeah, he he said, Como parenthesis. Como una? break the I asked the q nacio me nino porque. No, no. Como comida. Bedouins are contar. They say punto. I don't did not hear me. Nino. So e yeah. Visao tiempo e e to be want nostro nino. If you say todavia, i.e. they are. 00;56;52;04 - 00;57;08;09 Artemio Benitez Solano I had the here McDonald's. McDonald's halfway. Yeah. Can you get your style? style tapas porque there right through there from Konrad. Thank you for the store manager. 00;57;08;11 - 00;57;28;11 Translator (name needed) Okay, so then he went on to say that, you know, he was with his wife, and then they had their son, and from there he was still working at store, and he just kept, going up hills at the front. And then a store manager. 00;57;28;13 - 00;57;52;17 Artemio Benitez Solano They had McDonald's. He todo. Yeah. You are very, otro trabajo in el downtown Portland. and then city parking. But yeah, about your, About carros de Los trabajo in those edificios. Estaba listo dejar el restaurant también. 00;57;52;20 - 00;58;09;04 Translator (name needed) So he left McDonald's and started working downtown. And Portland has like a valet parking, area. And then from there, he was also planning on leaving the second restaurant he worked at. 00;58;09;06 - 00;58;30;28 Artemio Benitez Solano An El restaurant. No. Maybe Hawaii. Porque yo Como dos anos dos anos. But do you see pasado mas de dos anos in those anos? Your siempre mercado del mais de llano Etna. Muchos premios. Okay, maybe here don't Q no me fuera. 00;58;31;01 - 00;58;44;23 Translator (name needed) So at the restaurant they were they didn't want him to leave because he had one so many employee of the month, employee of the year awards, and they were trying to do all they could to keep him from leaving. 00;58;44;25 - 00;58;53;06 Artemio Benitez Solano Pero lo mismo siempre yo queria algo mejor. I go major in here. Okay? You rando gente. 00;58;53;08 - 00;59;05;18 Translator (name needed) So he did continue to walk more. And so he was told that UPS was hiring and. 00;59;05;20 - 00;59;32;20 Artemio Benitez Solano Contact we. Yeah. Nice. So. Yeah. Nice. Entonces you. Yeah. No tenia until yo tenia preocupacion miedo abajo. Pero es una Giuliano tenia preocupacion miedo. Yo iba qualche lugares. Give me gusto up trabajo real ups e y appliqué e me me sit on me in vista. 00;59;32;22 - 00;59;58;12 Translator (name needed) So before he had always had fear or he wasn't as confident to approach these employment and ask for a job. But at this point he didn't fear, didn't he had the confidence enough to go anywhere and seek employment and ask for employment. And he was given, an interview with I. 00;59;58;15 - 01;00;21;09 Artemio Benitez Solano so cuando trabajo an in Los hermanos de Misano de se model patrol series. E cuando se murong la me senora casi todos Los dias. This seeing a desire to do it to posso mood and say para car. 01;00;21;12 - 01;00;45;08 Translator (name needed) So while he was working, he worked on UPS for about an hour now a year. So a year. And while he was working there is when her wife's brothers moved to the tri cities, and they called her every day. And told her to move down with her husband. 01;00;45;10 - 01;01;12;15 Artemio Benitez Solano Yo yo siempre pensé can miss me. Another aqui yo for the kilo entrada la construction porque toda so familia as hermanos primos. Todos yo no sabia a contradiction. Pero cuando yo no idea antes pero cuando yo soup de construction. Mientras muchisimo. 01;01;12;17 - 01;01;35;25 Translator (name needed) So at first he thought that his wife wanted him to go into construction, but he didn't even know what construction entailed or what it was. So once he found out and was like explained what they do and like in the can in construction, he said he became very interested in it. 01;01;35;27 - 01;02;05;08 Artemio Benitez Solano Lo pensé lo pensé poco porque you yiadom digamos job in this video, yo e John Kerry. a ladder construction pad or yo siempre, we, And then and then futuro the they mean iho senora la. 01;02;05;10 - 01;02;21;19 Translator (name needed) So he didn't really he thought about it, but he thought of himself as a city boy. And he did say that he always thought about his wife and his son's future. 01;02;21;22 - 01;02;51;27 Artemio Benitez Solano As a comic convention that he may dijo vamos a ver it the to see this most concern. Mano nos vamos he de helpless boy. but at that may we need your, tri series concert. Your memo de concert. Mano escondida por un nos as messages. Bebe conejos. 01;02;51;29 - 01;03;10;27 Translator (name needed) So his wife convinced him of coming down to visit. And then after that, he eventually moved down for a month with her brother and the sister in law, and lived for a month. 01;03;10;29 - 01;03;35;22 Artemio Benitez Solano In concert. Mano a mano es mare Kaya Como today's Cuatro annual Mallorca. Moving on. Buddy is going on. Buddy e. Ahi de the foundation. Hasta la terminado. 01;03;35;25 - 01;03;53;19 Translator (name needed) So he started working alongside his brother in law, who's a really great man, 3 to 4 years older than his wife. And they did everything from foundation work to all finishing touches. 01;03;53;21 - 01;03;58;14 Robert Bauman And, is this like residential construction, commercial. 01;03;58;21 - 01;04;06;16 Artemio Benitez Solano C residential hacemos puro residential. None of the commercial. No puro residential. 01;04;06;18 - 01;04;08;15 Translator (name needed) So it's all residential? 01;04;08;18 - 01;04;15;04 Robert Bauman No commercial. And then so you you and your your wife and son moved in 96, 97. 01;04;15;04 - 01;04;42;06 Artemio Benitez Solano And when are you okay? You move. They come. Those masses e e la vision me. That they de la uno author and mano there you they Are you ho e una todo lo q tenemos he Debian is unger mano de la la. You don't have todo noone you ho e se ve no Eric. 01;04;42;06 - 01;04;43;14 Translator (name needed) We're lucky. 01;04;43;17 - 01;04;47;03 Artemio Benitez Solano And then no and no. 2030. 01;04;47;06 - 01;05;03;08 Translator (name needed) So 97. He had called his wife and told her to ask for, brother to help her rent a U-Haul and fill it up with everything they had and drive down. 01;05;03;10 - 01;05;31;01 Artemio Benitez Solano Train to duplex in Marshall Street and Richland. Joe. Me me senora amigo. Alex tenia Como nano, but I assume. E todo lo trabajar con mano. Yeah. Buscando ho and noon and noon. 01;05;31;04 - 01;05;47;20 Translator (name needed) So his son Alex was one years old, and, he would work every day with, his brother in law. And his wife ended up finding a job at a gas station. 01;05;47;23 - 01;06;08;26 Robert Bauman So you mentioned earlier that the tri city sort of reminds you of where you grew up in Mexico. how how did you find the tri cities in terms of as a place to work, as a place to raise a family? 01;06;08;29 - 01;06;18;26 Artemio Benitez Solano It's muy es muy comodo. Es muy, 01;06;18;28 - 01;06;35;00 Artemio Benitez Solano Como libreria muy seguro. Es muy seguro. Aqui e todo esto una no I trafico otra vez. No antes Oleta. Yes. Diferente. 01;06;35;03 - 01;06;47;16 Translator (name needed) So it's very comfortable very safe. And he says the no traffic. Well at least at first there is no traffic. 01;06;47;19 - 01;06;58;20 Robert Bauman Yeah. More now than that. Yeah, yeah. and then so you've worked in your whole time here in the Tri cities, construction with. Yeah. 01;06;58;22 - 01;07;24;01 Artemio Benitez Solano See you. El tiempo construction trabajo me those, Joey e e de nos trabajadores de me otro lado. Me el mas grande de in el mejor de la familia. And you start, so to say, they used to bang in Longview and use Costa Rica and Longview. 01;07;24;03 - 01;07;53;11 Translator (name needed) So at first they, him and his brothers in law worked for his other brother in law, which is the oldest brother of his wife. And his basically who it was a I think long mill where they constructed and like their main office before working with this place throw a whole going to also you know. 01;07;53;13 - 01;07;58;27 Artemio Benitez Solano You know el kuno mas grande de es el bueno de la compania de la compania. 01;07;59;00 - 01;08;02;15 Translator (name needed) so the oldest is the owner of the company. 01;08;02;18 - 01;08;16;29 Artemio Benitez Solano E ya empezamos a trabajar de todo el tiempo. Yo tengo navia, yo quiero gigaton al nivel. Questa mas grande. La compania. 01;08;17;01 - 01;08;38;15 Translator (name needed) So once he started working with his brothers in law and saw how they basically did everything in the construction, he thought himself that he wanted to be like his brother in law. He wanted to be at that level. 01;08;38;17 - 01;08;56;26 Artemio Benitez Solano But hey, poor Uno, no recuerda uno cinco anos satanas con el pero la compania de me kuno UK. Just to buy listo. You say un una propuesta me kuno. 01;08;56;28 - 01;09;19;13 Translator (name needed) Yeah. So he worked with his brother in law for six years for the company, and then he, he sent here, he showed his brother in law and kind of, like, not an offer, but an idea of the sort. 01;09;19;16 - 01;09;54;28 Artemio Benitez Solano Yeah, yeah, yeah. Porque Joe simple make considerable. Well, not always say you may consider one bueno trabajadores todo he maybe he don't. Eaglehawk New York. I sell me propio negocio in construction e you know, maybe he don't know two things con nosotros they got no yo quiero I said Como independent me here on Nardi say see independent. He said peerless el trabajo. 01;09;55;00 - 01;10;18;07 Translator (name needed) So he said that's when another nightmare began. Because he had showed them the offer he wanted to create his own business, but they had basically shut down the idea and said no, that if he wanted to continue and do that, he could he would lose his job. 01;10;18;10 - 01;10;45;21 Artemio Benitez Solano Pero Jonasson you yeah. Kenosha muchos in that in the drama de construction. You know Kenosha. No me familia familia Zayas. But he most amigos todos. Yeah Kenosha. You'll see. Oh boy said went on k sus amigos de ellos siempre main trabajar con Dios. 01;10;45;23 - 01;11;06;26 Translator (name needed) So at this point, he had already known he had a lot of connections within the construction world. He had a lot of cousins and friends of his wife's family, and he was known for being a hard worker and working alongside with them as well. 01;11;06;28 - 01;11;31;20 Artemio Benitez Solano He may be here now. Okay. No. As to compania pero not trabajo con nosotros esto. Para me Teddy grace mas grande de okay. No yo quiero me compania. Yo quiero said Dwayne de me compania. 01;11;31;23 - 01;11;49;14 Translator (name needed) So they basically said okay, you can go on and do that or and lose your job, or you can just stay here and we'll give you a raise. But he didn't want to raise. He wanted his own company, his own business. 01;11;49;16 - 01;11;53;00 Robert Bauman And so about when was this that roughly. 01;11;53;02 - 01;11;59;20 Artemio Benitez Solano Two those meals Cinco those meals says see. 01;11;59;23 - 01;12;01;22 Translator (name needed) 2005. 01;12;01;25 - 01;12;02;19 Artemio Benitez Solano Yeah. 01;12;02;22 - 01;12;05;17 Robert Bauman And so you started your own company at that point. 01;12;05;19 - 01;12;50;15 Artemio Benitez Solano But me come companion el dos mil cinco. Those mil says, pero cuando me compania way uno maybe you uno the the problemas but does it tomar trabajo. Pero me me song Como. Europeans okay. No, no song LLC no serious symptoms in la familia. Maybe he don't see no tiene hockey pero we on. Maybe he don't. Okay. This to compania two was a Finnish word para nosotros. 01;12;50;18 - 01;13;22;08 Translator (name needed) Okay. So he said it was difficult for about half for years finding work. But he doesn't think his. Well his brothers in law aren't bad people. They just really they look they care for their family. So right after they told them about him losing his job, they they went and they told him that he would do the finishing touches for them. 01;13;22;10 - 01;13;45;15 Artemio Benitez Solano S cuando se yeah me compania the iem trabajar conejos es una companion muy grandi and using. And today the owner's circuitry wants to send out yo yo yo yo todo la carpinteria. Yo so soy carpenter. 01;13;45;18 - 01;14;04;27 Translator (name needed) So his. They have a really big company. So they do about 6080 houses a year. And he does like the carpentry aspect of it. So he says he's, he's a carpenter. 01;14;05;00 - 01;14;26;23 Robert Bauman so one question that I've been asking people that we talked to is sort of the impact of Covid on themselves, family, community. and so in what ways did Covid impact, your work or or did you see any impacts in the community or so? 01;14;26;23 - 01;14;39;27 Artemio Benitez Solano See, see more on the in in a selection. Especially in those, in those orders. Get the order. 01;14;39;29 - 01;14;49;25 Translator (name needed) So really big branches construction was affected during Covid specifically those who get paid by the hour. 01;14;49;27 - 01;15;12;22 Artemio Benitez Solano Nosotros Como compania. Si. No I don't. Pero no more. Good. Yeah. No mucho Como trabajadores Puerto de por qué. Cuando no tiene un negocio. Uno siempre B para el futuro e necesito. No ahora. 01;15;12;25 - 01;15;37;21 Translator (name needed) He said not for him. Not we didn't really expect as an hourly employee. More like saving money for the, you know, future for any specific. Occasion that would happen and any time he would need money. 01;15;37;24 - 01;16;08;28 Robert Bauman You know, so one last question for you, and that is, so you been here for going 25 plus years? so you talked about the traffic change, more traffic. I'm curious of, you know, especially in terms of the Hispanic community, sort of changes maybe you've seen in the time since you moved here in the 1990s. 01;16;09;01 - 01;16;17;28 Artemio Benitez Solano muchas m eastern. Muchas in, sentido, the. 01;16;18;00 - 01;16;48;22 Artemio Benitez Solano Nosotros somos laws de la talvez no otro single molecule para Los padres K Como yo. Given the most the del pueblo e una familia aqui e tenemos e horse e tal base Como not not tenemos not tuvimos educacion in me pueblo. No knowledge, no list. Hemos la. 01;16;48;25 - 01;16;54;09 Artemio Benitez Solano La educacion correct de nuestros hijos. Aqui no todos unos. 01;16;54;12 - 01;17;27;20 Translator (name needed) So being from a small town, he thinks that as a parent, not all parents, but some that since they he is from a small town and the education is very limited, he doesn't have as much education. But coming here to the United States and having children and, giving their children the correct education or the education needed. 01;17;27;23 - 01;18;02;28 Artemio Benitez Solano Yes. You mean machine. Okay, Los cambios k aqui and and and tri series song. Como Los Los papas. No no se me open opinion can always damos when educacion nuestro seahorse. Your son knows k I think can be a, a la sfida ING bueno for them in my la forma. 01;18;03;00 - 01;18;20;19 Translator (name needed) So in his opinion, there are those parents who don't give them like a good education. And so it can go both ways. Either can cause good changes for the city or bad changes. 01;18;20;22 - 01;18;39;17 Artemio Benitez Solano Me amigo or me Vecino tengo medici. They they very indigenous. Edu Carlos Como nos edu nosotros eBay e various kittens. We una sweetheart segura. E when. 01;18;39;20 - 01;18;56;22 Translator (name needed) So his friend neighbor says, they should let them educate their kids. And that way they would have a good safe city. 01;18;56;24 - 01;19;23;29 Artemio Benitez Solano Pero eso not Sally uy es muy. Diagnostic. Como esta soy, Pedro. La vamos mucho Alberta a seahorse Jimmy Como yo me. In my opinion do we de nos algo k no Livia Ramos. Tanta libertadores seahorse. 01;19;24;02 - 01;19;44;21 Translator (name needed) So in his opinion a lot of liberty a lot of freedom is given to. De I mean to children or kids. And that in his opinion he wouldn't give as much freedom. 01;19;44;23 - 01;19;58;10 Robert Bauman I think those are the questions I have for you. Is there anything that, I didn't ask you or that you didn't get a chance to talk about, that you would like to, mention or. 01;19;58;12 - 01;20;24;27 Artemio Benitez Solano No. No, we can do second, once you have a chance. Next time. I have a song. I have a song. 21 year old, I hope. And she don't give in there, but I have a song. 20. Well, you know, he's studying, what? He's studying computer science. And he told me, hey, soon I get a job, and soon I make a big money. 01;20;24;29 - 01;20;32;18 Artemio Benitez Solano And I hope and you don't get to all. I mean, go hiring somebody. Can you, write you a book? 01;20;32;21 - 01;20;34;29 Robert Bauman there you go. Yeah. 01;20;35;02 - 01;20;58;04 Artemio Benitez Solano Hey. I'm being I'm being writing a little way before I forget, you know, because I think the older you get forgetting. Right? So sometimes in my free time, I'm in. Right? Things like, you know, when I leave the time and things, things like this. So many things. So see here we're hopping, you know, see here. We made that thing. 01;20;58;07 - 01;21;02;10 Artemio Benitez Solano I mean, I can just show hang by that. That's great. 01;21;02;10 - 01;21;05;18 Robert Bauman And that's also you can share it with your children. 01;21;05;22 - 01;21;20;24 Artemio Benitez Solano Yeah. Yeah, that's pretty much my goal. I like to, you know, in the future. See, she get kids, you know, say he's grandpa's life or whole story. Yeah. 01;21;20;27 - 01;21;44;19 Robert Bauman Yeah, absolutely. Yeah. Well, thank you so much for being willing to come in here and talk to us and share your story. Life story is really interesting. I appreciate it. and, Yeah. no problem. And thank you. And Liz, thank you. And for for suggesting it, I appreciate that. Thank you very much. And and it's great to meet you and. 01;21;44;19 - 01;21;56;28 Artemio Benitez Solano To me too. Yeah. And like you say, we, we bcba, you know, any time, any just, you know, like, like you say we I want company. I can take it. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 01:21:57 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Artemo Benitez Solano Subject The topic of the resource Oral History; Latin American; Hanford Site; Richland, WA, USA Description An account of the resource Artemio Benítez Solano was born and raised in a small rural town in Mexico, where from an early age he dreamed of coming to the United States to work in agriculture. At sixteen, with his father’s reluctant permission, he left home with little more than a backpack and traveled by bus to Mexico City and then to Tijuana, where he crossed into the United States with a group of migrants. After a difficult journey through Los Angeles and Oregon, he found work picking strawberries near Hillsboro before eventually moving to Portland, where he held jobs at McDonald’s and local restaurants. In the 1990s, Benítez Solano settled in Washington’s Tri-Cities region, where he worked in construction alongside his brothers-in-law and later founded his own company. Over his decades in the United States, he built a family and contributed to the growth of the local Hispanic community. Reflecting on his life, he expresses pride in his children’s education—especially his son studying computer science—and hopes that his story will inspire future generations to value hard work, family, and perseverance. View the oral history on <a href="https://youtu.be/kt-MH4xHKLg">YouTube</a> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 20, 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part, or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fd309633d2b2e913ecba13bcd1e5e7abf.docx 386db21301d4c7feee86f43e67c34188 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F18b2ebcb86c3cc7b88b710c4ce32e2d1.docx fc2068d66a2bbfee22d4a58978703e04 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F7c7ef3041ca31eb999b89815db29df5b.mp4 9e3bb692d058a2136c73fbfc9d100517 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Latino/a Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Oral History Description An account of the resource An ongoing oral history project focusing on the history of the Latine/Latino community of the Tri-Cities, Washington area. Previously known as the WSU Tri-Cities Latinx Oral History Project headed by History faculty Robert Bauman and Robert Franklin. Hanford History Project made the decision in 2024 to use Latino/a instead of Latinx as the former more reflects the grammar and practical use and identification of Spanish speakers. We know that one term will not encompass all those identities. For example, Latine, a gender neutral pronoun and product of the queer Spanish community, was considered for use but we use Latino/a to reflect the prevalence of gendered pronouns in the Spanish language. However, we would like to acknowledge that the discourse around which term to use is complex and evolving. Every person has the right to use the term that captures who they are and that feels the most welcoming to them. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Language A language of the resource English; Spanish Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Bauman Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Ruben Peralta Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound 00;00;00;00 - 00;00;19;23 Robert Bauman First of all, my name is Robert Bauman. I'm conducting this oral history interview with Nathaly Mendoza on July 20th of 2023. We're doing this interview on the campus of Washington State University, Tri-Cities. So, Natalie, again, for administrative purposes, could you please say and spell your full name, please? 00;00;19;24 - 00;00;37;14 Nathaly Posada Yeah, of course. Do I look over there laughter]? My name is Natalie. Spelled N-A-T-H-A-L-Y. last name Mendoza-Posada, M-E-N-D-O-Z-A. The other last name, P-O-S-A-D-A. 00;00;37;16 - 00;00;38;11 Robert Bauman Is there a hyphen or? 00;00;38;15 - 00;00;38;26 Nathaly Posada No. 00;00;39;03 - 00;00;59;05 Robert Bauman Okay. Thank you. Let's start our chat here by... If you could talk to us about your family and essentially your family's migration story, when and why you came to the tri cities, that sort of background? 00;00;59;06 - 00;01;24;15 Nathaly Posada Yeah. Of course. It first started with my grandma. I believe that this was before I was born. She moved here. She had six kids. As a single mother, she had to move to the United States, while her parents took care of her kids. Also, there were older kids as well. They took care of each other. She moved to the Tri-Cities first. She first moved to Florida, then she moved to Chicago, and then she moved to Washington. Why? How? Probably work related. A few years later, when I was about 9 or 10, my mom and I moved to the United States here to Pasco, because my grandma was already there. I was 9 or 10. We moved as well, because the financial situation in Mexico was continuously getting worse. A way for my mom to continue to provide for her, for myself, but also her two older children that were in Mexico was to make the leap and move here. 00;02;24;11 - 00;02;41;26 Robert Bauman Okay. Coming to the Tri-Cities was in part because of your grandmother. Nathaly Posada Yes. Robert Bauman Okay. When you left Mexico, were you able to come straight here? Did you have to stop anywhere else on the way, or did you stop anywhere else on the way? 00;02;41;29 - 00;02;59;07 Nathaly Posada As far as the crossing, we stopped at... I want to say in Arizona, and I was there for a little bit, probably a week as I waited for my mom. Then, we just came over here. Straight over here. 00;02;59;09 - 00;03;02;11 Robert Bauman What part of Mexico was your family from? 00;03;02;13 - 00;03;26;04 Nathaly Posada Kind of all over. My grandma was from Hidalgo, Guerrero. My mom also lived there for a long time, but I was born in Silao, Guanajuato, when my mom moved. And then from there, we kind of went over here. 00;03;26;07 - 00;03;28;18 Robert Bauman And you mentioned you had two younger siblings? 00;03;28;21 - 00;03;29;22 Nathaly Posada Older. 00;03;29;27 - 00;03;33;07 Robert Bauman Did they come here as well at some point? 00;03;33;09 - 00;03;56;06 Nathaly Posada No. They were already in their university years. They decided to stay and continue going to school over there. Both of them had their careers over there, so they never came back. They come to visit, but they stayed over there. 00;03;56;09 - 00;04;03;24 Robert Bauman What sort of work or labor did your grandmother, and then your mother find, when they came here to the Tri-Cities? 00;04;03;25 - 00;04;29;26 Nathaly Posada It's all field work. So, my grandma ended up doing all kinds of field work, especially because she migrated from Florida. She did orange fields over there. I want to say that in Chicago, she worked in factories, and when she came here, it was apple, cherry, basically all of the orchards in the Tri-Cities has to offer. 00;04;29;29 - 00;04;31;01 Robert Bauman And your mom then similar? 00;04;31;07 - 00;04;33;18 Nathaly Posada Yes. Yeah. 00;04;33;21 - 00;04;51;16 Robert Bauman You were nine when you came here. As a nine-year-old, what was that transition like? Did you know English? How was transitioning to school here? Could you talk about that? 00;04;51;17 - 00;05;17;09 Nathaly Posada It was hard. I didn't know any English from Mexico to then. So luckily, I was able to find teachers that were bilingual. I ended up going to Longfellow Elementary School. I don't know if there were any ELA classes at that time, but I wasn't put in an ELA class. It's just straight English, but my English teacher was bilingual, and I didn't have any issues with math. That transition was hard, because of the language barrier, but I was able to get a hang of it and maybe understand within a year and communicate a little bit after a year. 00;05;40;28 - 00;05;46;16 Robert Bauman What sort of housing were you able to find, when you first came here? 00;05;46;20 - 00;05;52;09 Nathaly Posada Well, we lived with my grandma. At that time, she already had her house, so we just stayed with her. 00;05;52;17 - 00;06;15;18 Robert Bauman Okay. Right. After you were able to sort of make that transition, what was growing up in Pasco and the Tri-Cities like for you? What sorts of memories or things about the Hispanic community here in the area? 00;06;15;25 - 00;06;46;27 Nathaly Posada I think that now that I look back and communicate with my peers who are also part of the community are shared... Not only Hispanic community, but also other immigrant communities, is that our parents were always working in order to make sure that we could survive. A lot of it was sort of—not taking care of ourselves—but definitely finding emotional support within our friends or all of their little friends as other ten-year-olds. But, it was nice. I did have cousins here as well that were older. Overall, it was just about finding my way, finding myself here in a sense, and trying to assimilate and adapt into a culture and a new country. 00;07;08;29 - 00;07;23;13 Robert Bauman Sure. What led you to come to WSU Tri-Cities? Was getting higher education and college degree something that was always really important to you and your family? 00;07;23;16 - 00;07;46;13 Nathaly Posada Well, both of my siblings ended up going to college and higher education. That was always instilled in me. Not as in a, “You need to do this...” But like, “This is the way that your siblings have paved the way.” Obviously, my mom not having a college degree was always a factor. As far as making sure that she gave us the opportunities for us to be able to do that for ourselves. Going to WSU Tri Cities was because I wanted to stay close to my mom. I guess the overall history is that we've always been together, and so, I didn't want college not to be a part of that. It was nice to come to WSU Tri-Cities. I made a lot of great memories here. I was involved in a lot of leadership positions within the university, and overall, it was a nice steppingstone and a way of growing into my future endeavors. 00;08;28;04 - 00;08;38;06 Robert Bauman Yeah. So, talk about that. What led you to getting involved in student government and other groups and activities on campus? 00;08;38;07 - 00;09;01;29 Nathaly Posada Well, it was during Covid that I was getting involved. Overall, I was very timid. I was definitely stuck in my comfort zone for my freshman and sophomore year here. I also did Running Start here. It was that transition as well. During Covid, it was like, “What do I have to lose?” That was definitely the question that I asked myself. I was like, “Why not?” It led me to get connected into student government, but also other clubs and organizations. It was worthwhile to take that initiative and take that leap. 00;09;25;03 - 00;09;47;25 Robert Bauman Yeah. So, as you mentioned, a lot of that was during Covid. I wonder if you could talk about that a little more. Like what were some of the challenges of being involved in student government during Covid in terms of communicating with students and having events and that sort of thing? 00;09;48;21 - 00;10;16;09 Nathaly Posada I think that the hardest part... I was also part of the MOSAIC Center for Student Inclusion during that year. The biggest struggle was like, “How do we make WSU Tri-Cities feel like a community without being together?” That was the biggest struggle. We would send out emails through the MOSAIC Center. We would host events and just hope that somebody would show up. It's definitely easier to do school at home, but you kind of lose the sense of the campus and the college experience because you're at home all the time. In comparison to being on campus, like our students would be waiting in between classes. They would see an event. They would see food. They would go into the room. That wasn't a possibility during Covid. That was the biggest issue. I think not only for us, but for all of the other departments here at Tri Cities and for, you know, other colleges around the nation. I am definitely glad that our student population that showed up did show up, because it was just able to launch when we did come back in person. Our students knew that these resources were available to them. 00;11;22;04 - 00;11;58;09 Robert Bauman Yeah. One of the things that some of our students had issue with was internet accessibility, right? When we were completely online from March of 2020 through spring of 21. What other issues do you remember, when you're involved in student government, that you had to address or dealt with or tried to work on? 00;11;58;11 - 00;12;31;03 Nathaly Posada Yeah. During that year, I remember that one of the biggest issues were also not only internet but also computer accessibility. I had many computer issues within my own experience. That was something that student government... That year the president was Robin and Stephanie. They developed the program for students to be able to rent out computers if they needed them. That was definitely another issue that I saw. I think that I had, at the time, a pretty okay computer system, but it failed me many times. But, I can imagine what other students with either no internet access or no computer access were going through in an all-virtual learning experience. 00;12;56;14 - 00;13;02;17 Robert Bauman Right. And then of course, the following year, coming back, there were new challenges. Everyone having to wear masks and also some students that were hesitant to come back. Some courses were completely virtual and some were hybrid and some were... I wonder if there are any issues related to that, things you remember as being involved with the student government that you were trying to work with there... 00;13;29;20 - 00;14;03;15 Nathaly Posada Yeah. The biggest issue was... During Covid, the whole university did a restart, because we hadn't been here for a long time. We kind of didn't know how to how things operated or what was the norm. For us, it was bringing life to campus again, making it feel like a campus again, when a lot of our students, especially our freshman that had spent a year virtual already, like, what are they going to experience? What are they going to remember within their first year? Not only back on campus, but also probably their freshman year of university. That was the biggest hurdle for me personally. It was just adapting to the continuous new learning methods that I needed from being totally virtual to trying to be better at time management to being in a classroom where I feel like I hadn't done that in a long time. The hybrids that were always just weird. Definitely a planner. The planner was a lifesaver. 00;14;49;05 - 00;14;52;26 Robert Bauman Well, yeah. Between your classes and then all your responsibilities, student leadership. Yeah. I'm sure having everything planned out was very helpful. So, you talked about how you were a little timid. I am wondering what your involvement in student leadership gave you going forward. What did you learned from that and what have you taken away from that? 00;15;18;12 - 00;15;45;13 Nathaly Posada I mean, it definitely taught me that it's okay to talk to everybody. It will bring me new experiences. The more that I network, the more doors I open for myself. I feel like that's something that's not necessarily talked about for other students within our community. We're not taught to network. We're not taught to do all of these things. And so, definitely student government enabled me to be able to branch out more, be able to tell my story. My mentor, during my year, Ian, always pushed that on us. As far as me and Isaac, my vice president, it was continue to network, continue to talk to various donors, even though it was a little uncomfortable to be in these spaces, because they were new. Moving forward, what I learned was to just get out there and talk to other people. I probably don't give myself enough credit in that I also have a lot of people to support me and to ask for help. That's the biggest thing, asking for help with something that I took on. 00;16;51;13 - 00;17;16;20 Robert Bauman Yeah, it's a good lesson to learn. Yeah. So, you talked about talking to donors... What other sort of responsibilities? When I think of ASB president, I always think of working with students and things on campus and you talk about some of the challenges of that. What other responsibilities came along with that position that I probably wouldn’t think of or others either? 00;17;20;02 - 00;17;56;15 Nathaly Posada Of course. The Student Body President at WSU Tri-Cities is supposed to be the liaison for administration and students. It was working with a lot of administration, having monthly meetings, weekly meetings, to talk about the challenges that our students were facing. Sometimes the biggest hurdles of that was that our students want and demand things very quickly and rightfully so, because they're only here for 4 to 5 years, if not shorter. Making changes takes money and takes time. Sometimes in higher education, the clock moves slower than how we want students to... How we want students to sort of see the change. That was part of my responsibilities. I also had the opportunity to work with Anna Plemons and Chancellor Haynes. I was able to share my story with donors at the WSU Foundations, talking with President Kirk. So, a lot of administration and a lot of audiences that I wasn't used to talking to or sharing my experience with, but also learning the ins and outs of that. And sometimes, we did have unwanted reactions. And so, seeing how Chancellor Haynes would like deal with that was also helpful for me to see. 00;19;07;23 - 00;19;22;19 Robert Bauman Some might have a sort of negative reaction in response to that... Did any of those audiences you talked... Were you involved at all in talking with prospective students, groups that either on campus or out in the community? 00;19;22;26 - 00;19;49;21 Nathaly Posada Yes. definitely prospective students. Every tour, ASBWSU were here for our outreach events. We would talk to them. We talked a lot to alumni as well, sort of the ones that we knew and that would constantly visit our campus. 00;19;49;24 - 00;19;58;08 Robert Bauman In those talks, would you share your story, your family's story, and also then talk about the campus? 00;19;58;09 - 00;20;31;03 Nathaly Posada Yeah. So it was like, “This is why I decided to go to the Tri-Cities. It was because of my family, because I was able to commute here and still live at home while having great resources to a great education.” That was definitely one of them. The other things that the campus had to offer to entice other students or other prospective students to attend here. Robert Bauman I wonder how all these experiences, your family experiences, your educational experiences... Now, as you're going to be heading off for graduate school, another job in a new place, Seattle... What do you think those experiences have... How have they helped prepare you for the future? Nathaly Posada Yeah. I mean, they have prepared me so much. If I wasn't part of student government, I don't think that I would have... I would be able to say that. I am definitely really comfortable with stepping into new places, because of what I've done basically my whole life. Adapting and changing, adapting with everything that's changing around me is something that's very natural and comes really natural to me. Being student body president, going into graduate school and other opportunities that I have, definitely enables me to use everything that I learned here. I did supervise other students, so I do have that experience. I was able to work with stakeholders and donors and talk to them. That is also something that I take on with me in my professional career. Definitely, student government is a must for students that are wanting to get involved, in my opinion. 00;22;11;11 - 00;22;35;26 Robert Bauman Is there anything that, either about your family's experience or your personal educational experience, or growing up in Pasco, in the community, that we haven't asked you about or we haven't talked about that you think would be helpful or important to share? 00;22;35;29 - 00;22;41;19 Nathaly Posada I guess... That's a good question. I think that something that... I was having this conversation with my partner's younger sister. She's only in middle school, but we were talking about higher education and if she wanted to go to college. I brought up the fact that sometimes... She would be also a first-generation student. I was letting her know. I was like, “Look. I understand that sometimes, maybe not now, but once you get to that stage, high school, where you're thinking about what you want to do—if you want to go to college, if you want to go to a technical school—it's definitely daunting for a first-generation student that hasn't experienced that to go through the process.” I guess that's just kind of it. With my experience in the in the Tri-Cities campus, I was able to gain some knowledge about the system, making it easier for me to attend graduate school. I kind of know what higher education, how higher education actually looks like. I was talking to her about that and how sometimes it's daunting. But luckily for her, she has multiple people, that she can ask for help in navigating the systems. 00;24;13;28 - 00;24;44;22 Robert Bauman And someone that is a role model, right? I thought of that too, as you're talking. Our student population, roughly 50% in first-gen, roughly 50% Latinx. It's the most diverse of the WSU campuses. Have you thought about that in your role as SABWSU Tri-Cities President, being a role model, potentially? 00;24;45;23 - 00;25;14;09 Nathaly Posada Yeah. I have. I mean, I talked to a lot of people and even so now. I do remember this experience, where one of my fellow class... Well, he wasn't a classmate, but we worked in the same space, but he wasn't in student government. He told me that he looked up to me and that I pushed him to get out of his comfort zone and join more clubs and so and stuff. I mean, I do, but I kind of don't. I see my impact in other people, but I definitely feel like we're all moving towards greatness together. Not necessarily in a role model. 00;25;32;05 - 00;25;41;26 Robert Bauman Yeah, sure. Great. Well, I don’t think I have any other questions for you. Do you have anything else that we haven’t touched on? 00;25;41;28 - 00;25;44;19 Nathaly Posada I don't think so. 00;25;50;17 - 00;25;53;00 Unknown I have other questions, if that is okay? I was just wondering if you could talk about some of your hobbies or passions or interests outside of school or whatever just comes to mind? And whatever you are comfortable sharing about your future plans, your next steps? And maybe, if there is any message you would like to leave for your community as you take on a new path? 00;25;53;00 - 00;25;58;13 Nathaly Posada Well, yeah. I think that my passions and my hobbies... I love nature. I love being outdoors. As far as passions, definitely public service. That's something that I've always been passionate about, but it has evolved during the years of thinking about my career. Public service is everything to me. I hope to inspire others to continue or give to others. One of my passions is just talking about love. I feel like our world systems, our governments, revolve around fear. We're not leading necessarily with love and compassion. We're just fearful of each other. And so, that's a that's my message. Lead with love. My hobbies are reading. It's funny because once I graduated, I feel like I read so much more than when I was in school. 00;27;38;01 - 00;27;40;08 Robert Bauman When you are not being forced to...? [laughter] 00;27;40;10 - 00;27;58;00 Nathaly Posada Yeah. I love reading. I love nature. As far as my future endeavors, I will be getting a master's degree at the University of Washington. I'm not betraying. I'm not betraying WSU, but I'm just another liaison. 00;27;58;07 - 00;27;59;24 Robert Bauman It’s a Masters in Public Administration, right? 00;27;59;25 - 00;28;15;23 Nathaly Posada Yes. A master's in public administration at the Evans School of Public Policy. As far as my future, I hope to be a policy analyst. I'd love to work for the government one day. 00;28;15;25 - 00;28;24;13 Speaker 4 Okay. Would you mind saying, the part about my messages with love, but you had looked over at me, and that will look kind of... 00;28;24;14 - 00;28;25;13 Nathaly Posada Okay. Okay. 00;28;25;20 - 00;28;29;15 Speaker 4 So just look at him. and say that that piece again about your message. That was really powerful. But I'm afraid if you look off that it is going to look... [?] Nathaly Posada So, I feel like we lead or we survive... We are in this constant survival mode of fearing one another. I think that one of the steps to get through that is leading with love and living through love. Loving each other through adversity. And, in the same sense of being open-minded to everything. That is my message. 00;29;11;18 - 00;29;17;24 Robert Bauman Well, thank you again very much. I'm glad we were able to set this up before you move. It's good to see you again. 00;29;17;27 - 00;29;20;19 Nathaly Posada Yeah. Of course. Robert Bauman Thank you. Nathaly Posada Likewise. Robert Bauman: Antes que nada, mi nombre es Robert Bauman. Estoy conduciendo esta entrevista oral de historia con Nathaly Mendoza en julio 20 del 2023. Estamos haciendo esta entrevista en el campo de Washington State University en Tri-Cities. Entonces Nathaly una vez más por propósitos administrativos podrías por favor decir y deletrear tu nombre completo por favor. Nathaly Mendoza Posada: Si, por supuesto, ¿miro hacia allá? Mi nombre es Nathaly, se deletrea N-A-T-H-A-L-Y, apellido Mendoza Posada, M-E-N-D-O-Z-A, el otro apellido P-O-S-A-D-A. Bauman: ¿Ahí un guion? Mendoza: No. Bauman: Okey, gracias empecemos nuestra conversación con, si nos pudieras hablar sobre tu familia y esencialmente la historia de inmigración de tu familia. Cuando y porque vinieron a Tri-Cities esa especie de historia. Mendoza: Si, por supuesto. Al principio empezó con mi abuela creo que fue antes de que yo naciera ella se mudó aquí. Ella tenía seis hijos, como madre soltera tuvo que mudarse a los Estados Unidos mientras sus padres cuidaban a sus hijos. También había niños mayores igualmente se cuidaban los unos a los otros. Ella se mudó a Tri-Cities primero. Primero se mudó a Florida, luego se mudó a Chicago y luego se mudó a Washington. ¿Por qué? ¿Como? Probablemente por trabajo. Uno años después cuando yo tenía nueve o diez mi mama y yo nos mudamos a los Estados Unidos aquí a Pasco porque mi abuela ya estaba aquí. Yo tenía nueve o diez, nos mudamos igual por la situación financiera en México que continuaba empeorando. Un modo en que mi madre podría proveer para ella y para mí, pero también sus dos hijos mayores que estaban en México e iban a dar el salto para mudarse para acá. Bauman: Okey, venir aquí a Tri-Cities fue en parte por tu abuela. Mendoza: Si. Bauman: Okey, cuando dejaste México, ¿pudiste venir directamente aquí? ¿Tuviste que parar en algún lugar en tu camino o paraste en otro lado? Mendoza: Conforme la pasada paramos quiero decir que, en Arizona, y estuve ahí por un poco, probablemente una semana mientras esperaba a mi mama. Entonces venimos aquí, derecho aquí. Bauman: ¿De qué parte de México es tu familia? Mendoza: Como de todos lados, mi abuela era de Hidalgo, Guerrero mi mama vivió por mucho tiempo ahí, pero yo nací en Silao, Guanajuato cuando mi mama se mudó. Y luego de ahí medio venimos para acá. Bauman: ¿Y mencionaste que tenías dos hermanos menores? Mendoza: Mayores. Bauman: ¿También vinieron para acá en algún punto? Mendoza: No ellos ya estaban en sus años de universidad, ellos decidieron quedarse y continuar yendo a la escuela allá. Ambos tenían su carrera allá entonces nunca volvieron. Vienen a visitar, pero se quedaron allá. Bauman: ¿Qué tipo de trabajo o labores tu abuela y luego tu madre encontraron cuando vinieron aquí a Tri-Cities? Mendoza: Todo era trabajo en el campo así que mi abuela termino haciendo toda clase de trabajos en el campo especialmente porque emigro desde Florida. Hizo campos de naranja allá, quiero decir que en Chicago trabajo en plantas y cuando vino aquí fue manzana, cereza básicamente todas las huertas que Tri-Cities tiene para ofrecer. Bauman: ¿Y fue similar para tu mama? Mendoza: Si. Bauman: ¿Tu tenías nueve cuando viniste aquí, como una de nueve años como fue la transición? ¿Sabías inglés? ¿Como fue la transición de la escuela aquí? ¿Podrías hablarnos de eso? Mendoza: Fue difícil, no sabía nada de inglés de México por suerte tuve maestros que eran bilingües. Termine yendo a la escuela primaria Longfellow, no sé si había clases ELA en ese tiempo, pero no me pusieron en ELA clases. Era solo inglés, pero mi maestra de ingles era bilingüe y no tenía problemas con matemáticas. La transición fue difícil por la barrera del lenguaje, pero logre hallarle el modo y tal vez entenderlo en un año y comunicarme un poco después de un año. Bauman: ¿Qué clase de alojamiento pudieron encontrar cuando llegaron al principio? Mendoza: Bueno, vivíamos con mi abuela en eso tiempo ella ya tenía su casa así que nos quedamos con ella. Bauman: Okey, cierto. ¿Después de medio lograr esa transición, como fue crecer en Pasco y Tri-Cities para ti? ¿Qué clase de memorias o cosas de la comunidad hispana había en el área? Mendoza: Pienso que ahora que veo hacia atrás y me comunico con mis compañeros que también son parte de la comunidad, no solo la comunidad hispana pero también otras comunidades inmigrantes es que nuestros padres siempre estaban trabajando para poder asegurarse de que pudiéramos sobrevivir. Gran parte era no cuidarnos a nosotros, pero definitivamente encontrar apoyo emocional con nuestros amigos o con todos los amiguitos como otros de diez años, pero estaba bien. Tenía primos aquí que eran mayores. En general se trataba de encontrar mi camino, encontrarme a mí misma de cierto modo y tratar de asimilar y adaptar en la cultura y en un país nuevo. Bauman: Claro, ¿qué te llevo a venir a WSU Tri-cities? ¿Conseguir una educación mayor o diploma de universidad fue algo que era importante para ti y tu familia? Mendoza: Bueno mis dos hermanos terminaron yendo a la universidad y con educación mayor. Eso siempre fue inculcado en mí, no en el modo que “Tienes que hacerlo” pero más como “Este es el modo que tus hermanos pavimentaron el camino.” Obviamente que mi mama no tuviera un certificado de universidad fue un factor. Se aseguro de que tuviéramos las oportunidades para que lo pudiéramos hacer por nosotros mismos. Ir a WSU Tri-Cities fue porque me quería quedar cerca de mi mama. Supongo que la historia en general es que siempre hemos estado juntas y en parte por eso no quería ir a la universidad estuvo bien venir a WSU Tri-Cities. Hice muchas grandes memorias aquí, estuve involucrada en muchas posiciones de liderazgo dentro de la universidad y en general fue un buen peldaño y un modo de crecer en mis futuros esfuerzos. Bauman: Si, entonces háblame de eso. ¿Qué te llevo a envolverte en el gobierno estudiantil y otros grupos y actividades en el campo? Mendoza: Bueno fue durante COVID cuando me estaba involucrando en general era muy tímida, estuve atascada en mi zona de comodidad en mi primer y segundo año aquí también estuve en Running Start aquí, también fue una transición. Durante COVID fue como, ¿“Que tengo que perder?” esa fue la pregunta que me hice definitivamente, estaba “porque no?” me llevo a conectarme con el gobierno estudiantil pero también con otros clubs y organizaciones. Valió la pena tomar la iniciativa y dar el salto. Bauman: Si, entonces como mencionaste mucho fue durante COVID. Me pregunto si podrías hablarme sobre eso un poco. Como cuales fueron algunos de desafíos de estar involucrada en el gobierno estudiantil durante COVID en términos de comunicarse con los estudiantes y tener eventos y esas clases de cosas. Mendoza: Creo que la parte más difícil… también área parte MOSAIC center para la inclusión de estudiantes durante ese año. La lucha más grande era “Como hacemos que WSU Tri-Cities se sienta como una comunidad sin estar juntos”. Esa fue la lucha más grande. Enviábamos correos electrónicos a través del MOSAIC center. Organizábamos eventos y esperábamos que alguien se presentara. Es definitivamente mejor tener clases en el hogar, pero pierdes el sentido del campo y la experiencia de la universidad porque estas en tu hogar todo el tiempo. A comparación de estar en el campo, como nuestros estudiantes que esperan entre clases, irían al evento, verían comida, entrarían al cuarto. Eso no era una posibilidad durante COVID, ese era el problema más grande. Pienso que no solo para nosotros, pero para todos los otros departamentos aquí en Tri-Cities y para, tú sabes, otras universidades en la nación. Estoy definitivamente contenta de que nuestra población estudiantil que, si se presentó, hiso que se lanzara cuando volvimos en persona. Nuestros estudiantes sabían que estos recursos estarían disponibles para ellos. Bauman: Si, una de las cosas que nuestros estudiantes tenían problemas era acceso a internet, ¿cierto? Cuando estábamos completamente en línea desde marzo del 2020 hasta primavera del 2021. ¿Cuál otro problema recuerdas, cuando estabas involucrada con el gobierno estudiantil del que tenías que arreglar o atender o tratar de trabajar en ellos? Mendoza: Si, durante ese año recuerdo uno de los problemas más grandes no era solo el internet, pero también el acceso a una computadora. Yo también experimente muchos problemas con la computadora. Eso fue algo que el gobierno estudiantil… ese año los presidentes eran Robin y Stephanie. Ellas desarrollaron el programa para que los estudiantes pudieran rentar computadoras si las necesitaban. Ese fue definitivamente otro problema que mire. Pienso que tenía en ese momento un sistema de computadora más o menos bueno, aun así, me fallo muchas veces. Pero me imagino lo que otros estudiantes sin acceso a internet o acceso a computadora podrían haber pasado en una experiencia donde todo el aprendizaje era virtual. Bauman: Cierto, y luego por supuesto el siguiente año al volver hubo nuevos desafíos. Todos tenían que usar máscaras y también algunos estudiantes se resistían a volver. Algunos cursos eran completamente en línea, otros híbridos y algunos eran… me pregunto si hubo problemas relacionados con eso. Cosas que recuerdes que estén relacionadas con el gobierno estudiantil en lo que tratabas de trabajar ahí. Mendoza: Si, el desafió más grande fue… durante COVID, toda la universidad se reinició porque no habíamos estado aquí por mucho tiempo. No sabíamos cómo o como las cosas operaban, o cuales eran las normas. Para nosotros fue traer la vida de regreso al campo, hacerlo sentir como un campo de nuevo, cuando muchos de nuestros estudiantes, especialmente los de primer año que ya habían pasado un año en clases virtuales, ¿cómo sería su experiencia? ¿Qué es lo que van a recordar dentro de su primer año? No solo de regreso al campo, pero su primer año de universidad. Ese fue el obstáculo más grande para mí en lo personal. Era adaptarse a los continuos métodos nuevos de aprendizaje que necesitaba. De ser totalmente virtuales a intentar manejar mi tiempo mejor a estar en el salón donde sentía que no lo había hecho en mucho tiempo. Las hibridas siempre fueron raras. Definitivamente la agenda fue un salvavidas. Bauman: Bueno si, entre tus clases y luego todas tus responsabilidades como líder estudiantil. Si, estoy seguro de que tener todo planeado fue muy útil. Entonces hablaste sobre como eras un poco tímida, me pregunto cómo tu involucración con el liderazgo estudiantil te llevo a avanzar. ¿Qué aprendiste de eso y que te has llevado de eso? Mendoza: Me refiero que definitivamente me enseno que está bien hablar con todos. Me traerá nuevas experiencias. Mientras más conexiones haga, más puertas se abren para mí. Siento que eso es algo de lo que no necesariamente se habla con otros estudiantes en nuestra comunidad. No nos enseñan a hacer conexiones, no nos enseñan hacer todas estas cosas y definitivamente el gobierno estudiantil me capa tizó para expandirme más y poder contar mi historia. Mi mentor durante mi año, siempre no impulso a eso. Con forme a Isaac y a mí, mi vicepresidente era continuar conectándonos, continuar hablando con varios donadores, incluso si era un poco incomodo estar en estos espacios, porque eran nuevos. Avanzando hacia adelante lo que aprendí fue salir y hablar con otra gente. Probablemente no me doy suficiente crédito en eso, también tengo mucha gente que me da su apoyo y ala que le pido ayuda. Eso es lo más grande, pedir ayuda con algo que yo tome. Bauman: Si, es una buena lección para aprender. Hablaste sobre hablar con donadores, ¿qué otra clase de responsabilidades? Cuando pienso en presidente de ASB, siempre pienso en trabajar con estudiantes y cosas en el campo y tu hablaste de algunos de los desafíos de eso. ¿Cuáles otras responsabilidades salieron en esa posición que tal vez yo no imagino u otras? Mendoza: Por supuesto, el presidente del cuerpo estudiantil en WSU Tri-Cities se supone que debe ser un enlace entre la administración y los estudiantes. Fue trabajar mucho con la administración teniendo juntas mensuales, juntas semanales para hablar sobre los desafíos que nuestros estudiantes enfrentaban. Algunas veces los desafíos más grandes era que los estudiantes querían y demandaban las cosas rápidas y correctamente porque solo están aquí por cuatro o cinco años si no es que menos. Hacer cambios toma dinero y toma tiempo. Algunas veces en la educación avanzada el reloj se mueve más lento de como los estudiantes queremos que… de cómo queremos que los estudiantes vean el cambio. Eso era parte de mis responsabilidades, también tuve la oportunidad de trabajar con Anna Plemons y el canciller Hyanes, pude compartir mi historia con los donantes en la fundación de WSU y hablar con el presidente Kirk. Así que mucha administración y muchas audiencias a las que no estaba acostumbrada a hablar o a compartir mi experiencia con, pero también aprendí el modo de entrar y salir de eso. Algunas veces teníamos reacciones no deseadas y ver como el canciller Haynes trataba con eso me sirvió de mucho. Bauman: Algunos podrían tener reacciones negativas en respuesta a eso. ¿En algunas de esas audiencias en las que hablaste… estuviste involucrada en hablar con prospectos de estudiantes, grupos que ya fuera en el campo o afuera en la comunidad? Mendoza: Si, definitivamente con prospectos de estudiantes. Cada recorrido, ASBWSU estuco aquí para eventos de conexiones. Hablábamos con ellos, hablábamos con los alumnos también, con los que conocíamos más o menos y que constantemente visitaban el campo. Bauman: En esas conversaciones, compartías tu historia, ¿la historia de tu familia y también hablabas del campo? Mendoza: Si, entonces era como, “Por eso decidí ir a Tri-Cities”. Fue por mi familia, porque podía viajar a diario y vivir en mi casa mientras tenía las herramientas para una gran educación. Eso fue definitivamente una de las razones, la otra cosa era lo que el campo tenía para ofrecer para atraer a otros estudiantes u otros estudiantes prospectos de estudiantes para asistir aquí. Bauman: Me pregunto si todas estas experiencias, las experiencias de tu familia, tus experiencias de educación… ahora mientras te diriges a la escuela de postgrado, otro trabajo en un lugar nuevo, Seattle. ¿Qué piensas que estas experiencias tienen… como te han preparado para el futuro? Mendoza: Si, me refiero, creo que me han preparado tanto. Si no fuera por mi parte en el gobierno estudiantil, no creo que hubiera podido decir eso. Estoy definitivamente muy confiada a entrar a nuevos lugares porque lo que he hecho básicamente toda mi vida, adaptarme y cambiar. Adaptarme con todo lo que está cambiando a mi alrededor es algunas veces algo muy natural y me sale natural. Siendo presidente del cuerpo estudiantil, yendo a la escuela de postgrado y otras oportunidades que tengo, definitivamente me permite usar todo lo que he aprendido aquí. Supervise a otros estudiantes, así que tengo experiencia en eso. Pude trabajar con partes interesadas y donadores y hablar con ellos eso es algo que me llevo conmigo en mi carrera profesional. Definitivamente el gobierno estudiantil es algo que los estudiantes deben hacer si están interesados en involucrarse, es mi opinión. Bauman: Hay algo que ya sea de las experiencias de tu familia o tus experiencias educacionales personales o al crecer en Pasco, en la comunidad por las que no te hemos preguntado al respecto o que no hemos hablado de que tu creas que podrían ser de ayuda o importantes para compartir. Mendoza: Supongo… esa es una buena pregunta, creo que algo es de eso es tener esta conversación con la pareja de mi hermana menor. Ella está en la secundaria solamente, pero hemos hablado de educación superior y si ella quería ir a la universidad. He sacado el hecho varias veces, ella igual seria estudiante de primera generación. Le estaba diciendo, “mira entiendo que algunas veces, tal vez no ahora pero cuando estes en esa etapa, en preparatoria, cuando estás pensando en lo que quieres hacer, si quieres ir a la universidad, o si quieres ir a una escuela técnica, es definitivamente desalentador para un estudiante de primera generación que no ha experimentado lo que es pasar por el proceso.” Supongo que eso es todo. Con mi experiencia en el campo de Tri-Cities pude obtener algo de conocimiento en el sistema haciéndolo más fácil para mi asistir a la escuela de postgrado. Tengo una idea lo que es educación superior, como la educación superior luce. Estaba hablando con ella sobre eso y como algunas veces es desalentador, pero por suerte para ella tiene varias personas a las que les puede pedir ayuda para navegar los sistemas. Bauman: ¿Y alguien que es un modelo por seguir, cierto? Pensé eso también mientras hablabas. Nuestra población estudiantil es de 50% más o menos de primera generación, más o menos 50% Latinx, es el más diverso campo de WSU. Has pensado es eso un tu papel como presidente de SABWSU de Tri-Cities, ser un modelo para seguir posiblemente. Mendoza: Si, lo he hecho, me refiero que he hablado con mucha gente incluso ahora. Recuerdo esta experiencia donde uno mis compañeros de clase, bueno no era un compañero de clase, pero trabajábamos en el mismo espacio, pero él no estaba en el gobierno estudiantil. Me dijo que me veía y yo lo alentaba a salir de su zona de comodidad y unirse a más clubs y así y más cosas. Me refiero que sí, pero no lo pienso, veo mi impacto en otras personas, pero definitivamente siento que todos avanzamos hacia la grandeza juntos. No necesariamente un modelo a seguir. Bauman: Si, seguro. Grandioso, bueno no creo tener otras preguntas para ti. Tienes algo más que no hemos tocado aun? Mendoza: No creo. Orador 3: ¿Yo tengo otras preguntas, si está bien? Me preguntaba si podrías hablar sobre algunos de tus pasatiempos o pasiones o intereses fuera de la escuela o lo que sea que te venga a mente. ¿Lo que sea que te sientas cómoda compartiendo sobre tus planes futuros, tus próximos pasos? ¿Y tal vez si hay un mensaje que le gustaría dejarle a tu comunidad mientras tomas un nuevo camino? Mendoza: Bueno, sí creo que mis pasiones y mis pasatiempos… me encanta la naturaleza, amo estar afuera, tanto a mis pasiones definitivamente el servicio público. Eso es algo que siempre me ha apasionado, pero ha evolucionado durante los años que he pensado en mi carrera. Servicio público lo es todo para mí, espero inspirar a otros a continuar o dar a otros. Una de mis pasiones es hablar sobre amor. Siento que los sistemas de nuestro mundo, nuestro gobierno gira alrededor del miedo, no estamos dirigiendo necesariamente con amor y con compasión, solo nos tememos los unos a los otros. Ese es mi mensaje, lideren con amor. Mi pasatiempo es leer, es gracioso porque una vez que me gradué siento que leo mucho más que cuando estaba en la escuela. Bauman: ¿Cuándo no te están forzando? Risas. Mendoza: Si, amo leer, amo la naturaleza. Por mis futuros esfuerzos, sacare mi maestría en la universidad de Washington. No estoy traicionando, no estoy traicionando WSU, pero es solo otro enlace. Bauman: ¿Es una maestría en administración pública, cierto? Mendoza: Si, es una maestría en administración pública en la póliza publica de la escuela Evans. Con respecto a mi futuro espero ser una analista de pólizas. Me encantaría trabajar para el gobierno algún día. Orador 3: Bien, te importaría decir, la parte de mis mensajes con amor, pero es que me miraste a mí y eso no se mirara bien. Mendoza: Esta bien, bien. Orador 3: Entonces míralo a él y repite esa parte de tu mensaje de nuevo. Eso fue muy poderoso, pero me temo que si miras a un lado se va a ver… Mendoza: Entonces, siento que lideramos o sobrevivimos… estamos en esto modo de sobrevivencia constante de temer el uno al otro. Creo que uno de los pasos para sobrepasar eso es liderar con amor y vivir a través del amor. Amándonos unos a los otros a través de la adversidad y en la misma esencia de ser de mente abierta a todo, ese es mi mensaje. Bauman: Bueno, muchas gracias de nuevo, estoy contento de que pudiéramos organizar esto antes de que te muevas. Fue bueno verte de nuevo. Mendoza: Si, por supuesto. Bauman: Gracias. Mendoza: Igualmente. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:29:20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Nathaly Posada Subject The topic of the resource Oral History; Latin American; Hanford Site; Richland, WA, USA Description An account of the resource Nathaly Mendoza Posada was born in Silao, Guanajuato, Mexico, and immigrated to the United States at the age of nine, settling in Pasco, Washington, with her mother and grandmother. Her grandmother, a single mother of six, had first migrated to the U.S. for field and factory work, paving the way for later generations. Growing up in the Tri-Cities, Posada faced the challenge of learning English and adapting to a new culture while her family worked in agriculture. A first-generation college student, she attended Washington State University Tri-Cities, where she earned her degree and became deeply involved in student leadership, eventually serving as Student Body President during the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. Through her leadership, she worked to strengthen campus community, promote inclusion, and expand student resources. Passionate about public service and equity, Posada is pursuing a Master’s in Public Administration at the University of Washington’s Evans School of Public Policy, with the goal of becoming a policy analyst. She hopes to inspire others by her message to “lead and live through love,” emphasizing compassion and open-mindedness in the face of adversity. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 20, 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part, or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fdbaab38171ade9f70f4301d5240b8eef.docx cc04ffe582f151265e64fefa11baf938 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fd310f4bfab6bf92f6da41aef0de3720a.docx e71ce767a8834facf3c971788cdb7e90 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ffaf10295f80665cdf34e2e454f0348f9.mp4 c7d53f3ac3326163059fabb82970c910 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Latino/a Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Oral History Description An account of the resource An ongoing oral history project focusing on the history of the Latine/Latino community of the Tri-Cities, Washington area. Previously known as the WSU Tri-Cities Latinx Oral History Project headed by History faculty Robert Bauman and Robert Franklin. Hanford History Project made the decision in 2024 to use Latino/a instead of Latinx as the former more reflects the grammar and practical use and identification of Spanish speakers. We know that one term will not encompass all those identities. For example, Latine, a gender neutral pronoun and product of the queer Spanish community, was considered for use but we use Latino/a to reflect the prevalence of gendered pronouns in the Spanish language. However, we would like to acknowledge that the discourse around which term to use is complex and evolving. Every person has the right to use the term that captures who they are and that feels the most welcoming to them. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Language A language of the resource English; Spanish Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Bauman; Robert Franklin Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Ruben Peralta Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound Robert Bauman: My name is Robert Buman and I am here with my colleague Robert Franklin and we a are here today to conduct an oral history interview with Mr. Ruben Lemos. Today’s date is June 7th, 2022 and this interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State Univerity Tri-Cities. So, first things Mr. Lemos can you please say and spell your first and last names for us. Ruben Lemos: Ruben Lamos. R-U-B-E-N and last name is L-E-M-O-S. Robert Bauman: Great, thank your very much. Well, first of all thanks for coming here today and uh talking with us. I wonder if we can start the interview just by having you talk a little bit about yourself, your family, when you your family came to the Tri-Cities I need that story. Ruben Lemos: Well, my background is from I come from a migrant farm working family. I was born in Texas Edinburg,Texas and in 1952 my family migrated up to Washington state and for the next ten years we went the migrant cycle all throughout Washington, Idaho, Oregon, Arizona, California and tk Texas we did that for ten years. 1961 I believe was the last year that we migrated. And I came to the Tri-Cities I came to Pasco after I came out of the military I got drafted during Vietnam era 1966 served my country proudly, and been when I was getting ready to be separated from the military I found out about a program that was being offered to military personnel that if you attend college you could be released as much as ninety days prior to your date of separation. So I at that time um applied at Columb(ia) Basin College so my wife and I came to Pasco in 1968 and I did my two years here at CBC ahh did my additional two years at Central Washington, I graduate with a degree from Central Washington then I did a master’s degree from Whitworth University. In the meantime my wife was right behind me she did her two years at CBC ahh she graduated from Central Washington as well, two years later and then she got her ahh academic she got her principle credentials through Washington State University in Pullman. And so we’ve been here pretty much ever since since 1968. Robert Franklin: What what made you choose Pasco and CBC? Ruben Lemos: Um..pas Pasco because CBC was here and CBC because that was the only community college that I was aware of. I knew about Yakima Valley community college but I thought that for us it might be a better fit over here in the Tri-Cities. So I grew up in the Yakima valley um I graduated from Granger High School and um then-- we decided to move over here to Pasco, right out of the military. I did my basic training in Fort Louis, my advanced infantry training Tigerland Fort Polk, Louisiana and then I ended up working in personnel at Fort Sam Huston, Texas before I got released. Robert Bauman: Now, going back to talking about your your family migrating every year had--did you did you do work in the region? Ruben Lemos: Yes, we harvested just about every kind of crop that you can imagine in the Yakima valley potatoes, every kind of fruit. And then, back in the back in the sixties they didn’t allow too many hispanic people--well, first of all there weren’t that many of us but then they didn’t allow us to work pick apples it was not until the last sixties that they finally started allowing hispanic to go into the apple orchards. But we picked prunes, apples, cherries, we cut asparagus every morning for ten years before going to school and then from here we would go to Mountain Vernon Washington north of Seattle to pick strawberries, once the strawberry season was over we would go South to Puyallup to pick raspberries from there we would go South towards Salem, Oregon to pick green beans and cucumbers and then we would come back over here to pick potatoes and then the whole cycle would start again. We would go to Idaho to pick potatoes, and uh from there we would go to Arizona to pick cotton and we just mits migrate circle. Robert Bauman: Were there lot of other families at that time coming from Texas coming through the area? Ruben Lemos: There were a lot in the real early fifties because in 1951 there was a big freeze so my dad was not able to find employment picking citrus fruits, everything froze. And so that was the year he decided that we should come north. Robert Bauman: And, what were um the housing situation for migrant workers at that time like what was that. Ruben Lemos: Well, if housing situation was really bad, my dad would pay a $1.50 a week for the cabin that we would live of course it didn’t have indoor plumbing, one light bulb in sight. We didn’t have indoor plumbing and we had communal showers and baths bathrooms and so when we showered we walked to that com com-- there were actually, there were kind of like former military base--not bases but camps and so uh but when they get rid of that then they started renting them to migrant workers. So here in Washington state we lived at Crewport, Crewport was basically where a lot of the migrants lived and like I said my dad would pay a $1.50 a week for us to live there and the same thing would occur in Arizona, we would live South of Phoenix at a migrant camp and it was about the same a $1.50 a week that my dad would pay for that. I come from a family of nine children plus one baby that died at birth, but I had three older brothers and three younger brother, I was the middle child, one older sister and one younger sister. Um, my immediate older brother served in the Navy then I served in the Army, my immediate not my immediate younger brother but a younger brother served in the army and then my baby brother served in the Marine Corps. Robert Bauman: So you had, I guess some familartity with the area. [INAUDIBLE]-- Ruben Lemos: My wife had a cousin that lived in Pasco and so we came to Pasco. And we started getting, in addition to going to CBC and working we started getting involved with the community. I was we were heavily involved in the Saint Patrick Parish council and then in later years when my daughter was in high school then we founded the Hispanic Academic Achievers program which over the years we have awarded millions of dollars of financial scholarships for Hispanic students that are graduating. We started the program in 1990 in Pasco, Gary Fields who was the Superintendent of Kennwick school district came to us the following year 1991 and asked if we would include Kennwick and then about three years later we included the Richland school district, March Chow was the Superintendent and then we included Finely and Burbank and Conell and so we’ve been quite active with that. In addition to that or before that we’ve--a couple of friend and I have founded the uh the Chicanos in Public Service and that was a Chicanos in Public Service we founded in the early seventies and basically what it was was a group of professionals professional hispanic who were available to help migrating families. In fact one of the grants that we applied for and we were we received money for was to establish the first--it was that ESL class to establish the first classes to be offered for English as Second Language and so we did that and then with my daughter being in high school I got involved a lot with the Academic Booster booster club there at Pasco High School and so we’ve been quite busy my wife and I. Robert Bauman: Yeah right and it seems alot of the involvement especially around the area of eduaction. Ruben Lemos:Yes mhm. Robert Bauman:[INAUDIBLE] I wanted to talk a little bit more about the Hipanic Academic Achievers program and you said it started in 1990. What led you and others involved in forming that to to get that program started? Ruben Lemos: What led us to get that program started was my daughter was a highschool senior she had been taking all the honors programs, all the advancement placement programs and she was ranked number-- well her and her best friend at that time, Gracy Cooper, they were co-valedictorians and so they were recognized for their accomplishments academic accomplishments but I noticed that my daughter was not recognized like a lot of the others and so um even though she had a almost a perfect 4.(0) GPA in advanced placement classes and honor classes. Um, she did not get in my opinion the recognition through scholarships and things like awards and scholarships and so I told my wife we need to do something to recognize our students and that’s how we founded HAPP Hispanic Academic Achievers in the real early spring in 1990 which is the year she graduated. And so the first year we didn’t have any money obviously toward scholarships but starting the second year I met a gentleman, a perfect really nice person by the name of Dan Frost, Dan Frost I met him and he asked how he could help us and so my wife and I had lunch with him at the Tri-City country club in Kennewick and we said well we would like to honor the students who are doing at least a 3.(0) GPA or better with a dinner and so he says well I can I can provide the dinner, I can provide you money for the dinner so we had our first banquet at the Red Lion motor in there in Pasco and that’s where Gray Field the superintendent from Kennwick attended that dinner and that is how he asked-- the Kennewick school district to be involved. And starting about following year we had maybe like a couple of two two one thousand dollars scholarship or something like that. Then for us Mr. Frost helped us immensely starting about the third year he says “Ruben I don’t mind giving you money for the dinner but I want to do something more substantial and I said then what would you like to do he says I want to award a ten thousand dollar scholarship to a person that is going to a four year institution in the state of Washington majoring in Engineering,Science or Math and that person needs to maintain at least a 3.(0) GPA of higher.” I said “okay well that’s your money and so I mean you can do whatever you want to do with your money.” So he awarded the first ten thousand dollars Frost scholarship like three years into so it must have been about 1993 1994 or something like that and he did that for about four or five years and then he increased it to fifteen thousand and then twenty thousand and so he helped a lot of the students, hispanic students in the Tri-City area. Robert Bauman: What was his uh-- Robert Frankin: Mot Motivation or Interest Robert Bauman: Motivation and also what sort of occupation did he I mean where was his-- Ruben Lemos: Dan was an attorney. Robert Bauman: Okay aha Ruben Lemos: Sue Frost his wife, well she was Sue Watkinson at the time I met her. I met her actually by accident I (h)ad a meeting in Olympia and I got out of my meeting early, I got to the airport in Seattle early and I asked is there anyway I could get it back to Pasco in an earlier flight and they said well there is an airplane that is just leaving right now and we happen to have one additional seat and so I ended up sitting next to Sue Watiknson and we started a conversation and then Sue asked if she said “Ruben do you know any Hispanic people that live in the Tri-City who are involved in education.” And I said “ Oh my wife is a teacher studying to be a principle and I’ve been involved you know like with the Pasco High Academic Boosters club” and so she said “can I put you in touch with a man from Los Angeles, his name is Dan Frost” and I said “yeah” so she said “Can you bring your wife and if you know of anybody else.” So I took over my wife and I and Frank Armijo and his sister Linda we met with Mr. Frost and that’s how we started the conversation. The reason that Dan wanted to be involved in bettering the lives, recognizing Hispanic student was because his main office was in LA ,Los Angeles, and he he had seen all the rioting and all of that that was going on and he thought that the best way to get people out of poverty was to educate (th)em. And so that is how he came to offer the Dan Frost scholarships. Robert Bauman: And how do your spell his last name? Ruben Lemos: Frost. F-R-O-S-T. Robert Bauman: Oh Frost, okay just wanna make sure we have that for the transcript yeah. Um so you mentioned it has to be] millions of dollars now that -- Ruben Lemos: Yes, we’ve awarded at least--well, I was the president of HAPP for the first about the first seventeen or eighteen years and like I said our first program was in 1990 and then I told the people that I was going to be retiring before too long so we needed to bring in some fresh blood and. But yeah he has he awarded quite a few scholarship and over the years we awarded several million dollars of scholarships. We get--we do fundraising and then we do employer contacts; the hanford employers have given us money to offer the scholarships. Some of the universities, community and technical colleges and universities in the state have also um matched like if we give them five thousand dollar scholarship for someone coming to WSU Tri-CIties sometimes they will match that or they will match part of that. Robert Bauman: Mhmm Ruben Lemos: So yeah it has become quite quite a thing and after that--in fact the very first time or one of the-- the very first time I recognized that we needed to start such a program was my wife and I because like I said she was either a principal, a part time principal, or getting to be a principal and we were invited to attend the thirteenth annual African American for Academic achi--Association and we went to that and I told my wife I says “you know, it’s a shame that we don’t have something like this to recognize our hispanic students” and that’s how we--this thing kinda formulated the HAPP. Robert Bauman: So, in with those millions of dollars, several hundred students I am guessing-- Ruben Lemos: Yeah, we recognized um for about the first twenty five years I think it was we were recognizing student in grades fourth through the twelfth grade who had at least a 3.(0) grade point average or higher. And in their last recent years, because it has gotten so there had been so many students that have were able to achieve that um they I believe that they are just recognizing like maybe middle school and olders now. Ruben Lemos: But yeah Robert Bauman: Mhmm, well Ruben Lemos: Um, there are student I mean there were there were student who in the fourth grade they would receive a certificate for being a HAPP student and they they would point to a twelfth grader that was getting a two thousand or five thousand scholarship and they said I want to be that person. And in six or eight years later they were that person so. Robert Bauman: Mhmm Ruben Lemos: Mhmm Robert Bauman: Must must be really rewarding for you and your wife to do--have known that you have played such an important part in starting this. Ruben Lemos: It has been very rewarding and challenging you know because initially when we started the program we had some people--I would get phone calls from people saying how come you were limiting to the Hispalnics why don’t you include others and I would say “well, you know like the African Americans are recognizing their students, we are recognizing our our Hispanic students now. I would be happy to help your start something for Caucasian students if your want to.” But they never did start anything. Robert Bauman: Yeah, I was going to ask you if you had experienced any resistance or-- Ruben Lemos: Oh yes. Robert Bauman:-- or hesitations--- Ruben Lemos: Yes. Robert Bauman:-- or you know either just by random individuals or by even people in education. Ruben Lemos: No, it was mostly people in the community that would complain about it and they would call me and they’d say “how come you don’t include others students, why don’t you include other students.” And I said “ Well, we started this program because we needed something for our youth” and I said “ we saw now we see for example our, some of our former students some of our Dan Frost scholars that have come back they have their PhD in electrical engineering, they have degrees in numerous numerous areas so mathematicians, we have some that are working here in Battelle electrical engineering and yeah.” Some of them finished their PhDs through WSU Tri-Cities. Robert Bauman: So wonder if we--I go back and talk about a little bit about you talked about moving here in 1968, is that-- Ruben Lemos: Yes. Robert Bauman:--right? Um, what was the area like at that time and in especially I am thinking about the Hispanic community in 1968. Ruben Lemos: Well, the Hispanic community back in nineteen late sixties, you can almost count them on one hand you know they were very few. There were a few families, most of the people lived in what they call the navy homes. Robert Bauman: Mhmm Ruben Lemos: Um, and in fact when my wife and I arrived here in Pasco we started looking around for homes, for an apartment and they said “go to the navy homes.” Well, to live in the navy homes you had to be really really low income, really low income and um even though my wife and I were obviously not even middle class types we still were not low enough. So we we rented an apartment, uhh almost across the street from the Pasco city library and it was a nice apartment, but housing was um was not easy to come by in fact we lived in Hopkins across the street from the library and one block east. Um and one evening you know because my wife and I we obviously did not have did not have money so we would just walk around the neighborhood and we saw an apartment that was for rent and I told my wife I said “it looks like somebody is renting an apartment” and she said “yeah, we should inquire and see what-- if we can take a look at it.” And so we went and rang the doorbell and a lady came out and she said “may I help you” and I says “I notice that you have an apartment for rent” and she say “ yeah” and I’m “can we see it?” [she says] “no'' I say “oh, why?” [she says] “well, you’re Hispanic” [Ruben says] “so, what does that have to do with anything” [she says] “well no, I don’t rent to Hispanics they are all drunks and they are all drug dealer and they are all..” on and on and on so I told my wife “you know what I don’t even want to talk about this anymore.” Well, that didn’t go well with me after a while I started thinking about that I said “ I’m going to file some kind of complaint with the City of Pasco” and I did and then I kept following up with my complaint and they never did anything because they lady’s son was a city attorney and so they never followed up on anything. But housing was not easy to come by and so but we managed and now we live in a nice home and yeah. Robert Bauman: Yeah um, I wonder if you can then talk about maybe ahh yeah your 1968 um and I’m doing my math right that’s like fifty plus years [LIGHT CUCKLE] Ruben Lemos: Mhmm Robert Bauman: Changes you see Rober Franklin: Or more yeah Ruben Lemos: Well-- Robert Bauman: --changes you’ve seen since then, developments in the area especially like to the Hispanic community. Ruben Lemos: Well, obviously the Tri-Cities have grown a lot they built the Columbia Center mall in--they started in 1969 I think 1970 and back then people would say “Why are they building a storage out in the middle of the desert.-- Robert Bauman: [CHUCKLES] Ruben Lemos: --who in the world is going to drive all the way out to the middle of the desert.” Well all of that has developed since. Robert Bauman: Mhmm Ruben Lemos: Housing was very inexpensive but so were wages but compared to now you know now you can, a decent home is at least five of six hundred thousand um anything less than that oftentimes you know not as nice. But yeah I have seen the Tri-Cities grow alot. Pasco I think back then it was I don’t know about twelve thousand population, Richland was about the same, Kennewick was a little bit smaller and, and then Kennwick started to grow. They used to have a JCPennies in fact my wife used to work at JCPennies in Pasco, they had a JCPennies here in Richland and one in Kennewick and when Columbia Center mall opened in ‘69 or ‘70 something like that then they closed all three of them. They had the Bonmarche here in in Richland then they opened Bonmarche which became Macy’s in Columbia Center so I’ve seen a lot of growth and obviously the increase in the Hispanic population has really grown a lot. Robert Bauman: Mhmm Ruben Lemos: Mhmm. So um when we first arrived here I was going to CBC and then I started working part-time as a clerk typist because I used to do that in the military for Northwest Rule Opportunities and then I got a job with the the Employment Security department and I was working full-time with the Employment Security department and continuing my classes at CBC, I still managed to graduate in two years. My wife started at CBC and going and working also at JCpennies and she finished in two years. I got transferred to Union Gap, I got a promotion so we moved to Union Gap from 1972 to 74 we came back and that time I managed to finish my four year degree at at Central. So then my wife, then when we came back my wife continued with her master’s degree in principle’s credentials at Washington State University and I finished or I started my masters degree at Whitworth Univerity. And so I work with Employment Security until 1977 and then I came to work in the spring of in the spring of ‘77 I came to work for the Department of Energy in the federal building and I was out here in the Hanford site until ‘87 when I went--when I started back or when I got a job opportunity at CBC and they hired me as the first director of Human Resources at CBC and they they promoted me to Vice President and I stayed there until I retired. My wife started her teaching career and moved up the ladder through being a principle and then I happened to be talking to Dave Shaw who was the Superintendent of Pasco High or Pasco School district and he asked me--my wife was a principal at Park Middle School at the time and Dave asked me if I can talk to my wife about coming back to Pasco, he needed a planning principal for Ochoa Middle School. And so I talked to her and she talked to Dave and they interviewed and so yeah she got hired on as the planning principal she was responsible for all the hiring and all the purchasing of all the equipment for the school and hiring of all the staff and teachers and then she stayed there a couple--a few years and then retired and then I retired after that. Robert Bauman: So how long did you work for CBC then. Ruben Lemos: I worked for CBC from ‘87 or ‘88 until 2005. Robert Bauman: Okay. Ruben Lemos: Yeah. Robert Bauman: And then you mentioned you worked here briefly. Ruben Lemos: After I retired I worked here at the in the Upper bound program for about six months. Yeah at a, it wasn’t anything permnant I at the the time they needed somebody to to help them out so I came out and helped them out. Robert Franklin: Mhmm Robert Bauman: So both you and your wife had had you had long careers in working in the field of education as well. Ruben Lemos: Yes, aha. Robert Bauman: Um, you mentioned earlier that um incident that you faced you know trying to rent an apartment and the discrimination um. Did you you, your wife, or family experience other things like that umm early on or any other point during your time in the Tri-Cities? Ruben Lemos: That’s basically not really um that was basically the shocker for me you know that they were putting us all in the same boat. Like all of you are all drunks, druggies and obviously we weren’t and so ahh no that’s pretty much the discrimination that I went through but. Mhmm Robert Franklin: What were some, since you’ve been in Pasco for such a long time, what were some of the first early important Hispanic institutions in Pasco that you can remember businesses or restaurants or just things that really you would kind of point to as like part of the community, churches. Ruben Lemos: Well I know Saint Patricks, Saint Particks back in 1968 or ‘69 they had a spanish speaking priest and they offered the firs--the only spanish mass in the Tri-Cities so people from Kennwick would come to Saint Patricks and obviously people from Pasco, people from Richland would go to Saint Patricks because that was the Spanish speaking mass that they had, the only one. Obviously since then they’ve they’ve increased the number of of priests spanish speaking and have um increased the number of masses that are offered. Um my wife and I like I said we were involved with Saint Patricks we’ve been euchasristic ministers and we have um I was I was on the Parish council when we got approval when we when we built the gymnasium for example we expanded the school, Saint Patrick School, and so my wife and I have been involved in activities like that. As far as other organizations um there was like I said the um Northwest Rule Opportunities which before they used to call that Washington Citizens for Migrant Affairs um that was the org--the agency that I used to work for part-time while I was going to CBC. Um but and since then they had like the--oh there was the the Latin American club which was a group of maybe four five families that were involved in promoting the Hispanic culture ahh since then there has been other ah other um buisnesses that have come forward. Robert Franklin: Mhmm Robert Bauman: Er earlier on you ah mentioned Chicanos in Public Service, when year did that start and is that something that is still in existence. Ruben Lemos: No, it um okay. It started back in must’ve been in 1969, maybe 1970 and that was active for maybe about four or five years and then it kind of petered out. But we, the few Hispanic people that were working in state agencies um that was just myself in employment security and there may have been one or two others maybe one in Labor and indegi-- Washington State department Labor and Industries and maybe one with the Social Services. There was just very very few but um we wanted to kinda organize to see what we could do to better serve our people and one of the things like I said that we did was come up with teaching ESL. Robert Bauman: Right. Ruben Lemos: Um because some of the Hispanic people didn’t know English and so back in about ‘69 ‘70 we applied for a grant and we got funded with that grant to teach ESL. We held classes in the evening at Pasco High School and we did that for a couple winters. Ahh but then people started moving away so that kinda um Chicanos in Public Service kinda went away. Robert Bauman: Um is there, what what are some things that we haven’t asked you about [CHUCKLE] or or things you know about the Hispanic community about organizations here or even your personal history that you think would be important to share that we haven’t asked you about. Ruben Lemos: Um, one of the things that we wanted to do as part of the Hispanic and or the Chicanos in Public Service was to recruit more professionals into the area and so we were working in positions like especially like when for example when I went to work for DOE, I worked in human resources and we started recruiting brining in professionals ah like mechanical engineers, electrical engineers who these were people who were graduating from like for example the University of Texas El Paso and they were looking for employment and so we started bringing them in and that’s how some of them we still have some people here that that we recruited way back in the seventies that came and made a career here with a with Battellel or with Weston House with Rock Well International so we started bringing in --one one of the main things that we want to do is attract or invite other Hispanic people to the area and they did come up from Texas, these were professionals some of them went back but alot of them stayed here now they are retired also and living comfortably in the Tri-Cities. Robert Bauman: Yeah, anything else? Ruben Lemos: One of my, when I went to CBC, one of my the things that the President asked me to do was to see if I could increase the number of minorities on campus students but also personnel and so I did increase both students and and personnel significantly. I don’t know how many are still there or how many have left but we did recruit a lot of instructors, professors now, and um office workers and program assistants, program coordinators. That was one of my challange. Robert Franklin: You had mentioned that when you had moved here in ‘68 it was a pretty small [incomprehensible] when did that begin to change? When did you start to see a lot more Hispanics arrive you know folks arriving whether you know whether just kind of moving here or part of migration patterns or things like that. Robert Bauman: I think that that probably started maybe in the last seventies mid to late seventies because by that time there was myself and others that were working with the, they were positioning jobs that we could bring other people in. Um, my wife um by that time was a school teacher and so when job openings would come up um she would put out the word with other teachers in fact I’ll tell you an interesting story which is kinda cute my wife was reminding me about this. Ahh it must’ve been like maybe must’ve been like ‘76 ‘77 and the Pasco school--my wife was working and by that time they had another hispanic teacher, Dolores Cocks, and my wife was working-- they were working as teachers and they put in an announcment that they needed more bilingual teachers so Dolores told my wife “well, I know that there is another lady that just moved to the Tri-Cities she also was a teacher in Texas and she is Hispanic. I don’t know where she lives, but I know she lives somewhere in Richland and I’ll go find her” my wife said “well, how are your going to find her” she says “ well, I know that I am going to look for a license plate that says Texas in Richland-- Robert Bauman: Mhmm Ruben Lemos:--we know that she lives in Richland somewhere.” So Dolores came out my wife got a kick out of this because she says “In the evening after she got off work she went through all the apartment buildings that were, there weren’t that many first of all but the ones that were in existent and with a flashlight looking for a Texas license plate. Oh there is a Texas license plate.” And so she found out whose car that was and then she found out where this lady lived and she turned out to be an excellent . In fact she was my daughter’s kindergarten teacher. And so um so yeah we where we did everything possible to try to recruit and encourage people to apply for these positions. Robert Bauman: Mhmm Ruben Lemos: And you know like I said through the Hispanic Academic Achievers program we one of the main purposes was to motivate and encourage students to do well academically like I said my daughter was co-valedictorian for the class of 1990 at Pasco High and she went over to the University of Washington right out of high school and got her two year or four year degree and then she got her law degree and then she practiced law in in Yakima. From there she met her future husband who was at NY New York University law school, she moved to New York, got married and then both of them are living in Nashville now with our two grandkids and so he is an attorney with the U.S. government. So we wanted to encourage youth our youth to do better academically and motivate them and like I said we didn’t have much to give (th)em other than a dinner the first few years and a paper that said that they were a member of the Hispanic Academic Achievers program for that year. Robert Bauman: Mhmm Ruben Lemos: And I remember there was one year that-- in fact I think it was the very first year ah when we were recognizing the students that has a 3.(0) GPA or higher a student came up to me as we were ending the program ah and said “ Mister, will you recognize me?” I said “Well what’s your grade point average?”[Kid says] “Well, I have almost a 3.(0) I have a 2.89 or something like 2.97 or something like that.” I said “No,ah you work harder next year and we will recognize you.” And so we were trying to encourage and motivating them and he did, and that young man turned out to be a very very good citizen. Robert Bauman: Mhmm Ruben Lemos: You know, graduated from high school and went on to college and went on to his profession but the idea was to encourage and motivate students to do well academically. Robert Bauman: Mhmm Ruben Lemos: If we were gonna improve ourselves that was the way to do it and Mr. Frost, Dan Frost that was, he wanted to do the same thing he said “I want to stop all this violence that’s going in in Los Angeles and um and one way to do it is to provide some kind of incentive for our minority students to do well in school and do well academically and better themselves and better their families.” And you know I think myself like I said I came from a migrant farm working family we pick potatoes six cents a sack, we picked cotton three cents a pound and the hourly rate for working in asparagus or hoeing beets or working in the fields was a dollar and so my dad and you know wanted us to do better and yeah we still manage to get through--I still managed to get through high school even though like the time, the six weeks that we were in Idaho picking potatoes I didn’t go to school so I would enroll in school in Granger, Yakima Valley and I’d be in school two weeks to three weeks and then all of our family would move to Idaho and we would work in the fields and then it was in late october when we would enroll in school in Arizona. So between late october and the beginning of the school year I had been in school like two to three weeks at the most and so then when I went to Arizona I would had try to catch up with my classmates which was hard but I mean I wasn’t any different than all the other kids that I used to hang around with, but of course a lot of them dropped out a lot of them dropped out of high school--well they didn’t even make it to high school they dropped out of the sixth and seventh grade. Robert Bauman: You mentioned earlier that you were a family of nine children, did your siblings end up in Arizona or did they end up in different places? Ruben Lemos: Um, out of the out of all of us um I have my immediate younger brother who’s now passed he was the first one to go to college and graduate from the University of Washington with his bachelors and masters and then an older brother ahh who got his masters and he became a teacher and I got my masters and I think um my younger, I had a younger brother who’s also passed um I think he had a couple maybe two years at the University of Washington and my baby brother he had also one or two years at Central Washington. So, you know not all of us graduate from college but um we graduate from high school. Robert Bauman: Well, I want to thank you for coming and sharing your story, your family's story. Robert Franklin: Mhmm Robert Bauman: And and sharing the story of HAPP and seeing the impact that that’s had in the community really really appreciate that and coming in so thank you very much um Ruben Lemos: You’re very welcome. Robert Franklin: Yeah, thank you Ruben. Robert Bauman: Yeah, thanks Ruben really appreciate it. Ruben Lemos: You're very welcome. Robert Franklin: Good Robert Bauman: Mi nombre es Robert Bauman y estoy aquí con mi colega Robert Franklin y estamos aquí para conducir una entrevista oral de historia con el señor Rubén Lemos. La fecha de hoy es siete de junio del 2022 y esta entrevista está siendo conducida en el campo de la universidad de Washington State University en Tri-Cities. Entonces para iniciar señor Lemos podría decir y deletrear su primer nombre y apellido para nosotros. Rubén Lemos: Rubén Lemos. R-U-B-E-N y apellido L-E-M-O-S. Bauman: Grandioso, muchas gracias. Bueno primero gracias por venir aquí hoy y hablar con nosotros. Me pregunto si podemos empezar la entrevista con usted hablando un poco sobre usted, su familia, cuando usted y su familia vinieron a Tri-Cities, necesitamos esa historia. Lemos: Bueno mi historia es de donde vengo de una familia inmigrante trabajadora del campo. Yo nací en Texas, Edinburg Texas y en 1952 mi familia inmigro al estado de Washington y por los próximos diez años estuvimos en un ciclo de inmigración por todo Washington, Idaho, Oregón, Arizona, California y Texas y lo hicimos por diez años. 1961 creo que fue el último año que migramos y vine a Tri-Cities, vine a Pasco después de salir de ejército, fui reclutado durante la era de Vietnam, 1966 serví a mi país orgullosamente y lo sigo haciendo. Cuando me estaba preparando para salir del ejército, me entere de un programa que era ofrecido al personal militar, si atendías a la universidad podrías ser liberado noventa días antes de tu fecha de separación. Entonces en eso tiempo aplique al Columbia Basin College así que mi esposa y yo vinimos a Pasco en 1968 e hice mis dos años aquí en CBC y dos años adicionales en Central Washington, me gradué con una licenciatura de Central Washington y luego hice mi licenciatura de maestría en la universidad de Whitworth. Mientras tanto mi esposa estaba justo detrás de mí, ella hiso sus dos años en CBC y ella se graduó de Central Washington también, dos años después tuvo su academia, sus credenciales de directora a través de Washington State University en Pullman y hemos estado aquí desde entonces, desde 1968. Robert Franklin: ¿Que le hiso elegir Pasco y CBC? Lemos: Pasco porque CBC estaba aquí, y CBC porque era la única universidad de la comunidad de la que sabia. Sabia sobre Yakima Valley Community College, pero pensé que para nosotros sería un mejor ajuste acá en Tri-Cities. Crecí en el valle de Yakima y me gradué en la preparatoria de Granger y después decidí mudarme acá a Pasco, justo después del ejército. Hice mi entrenamiento básico en el fuerte Louis, mi entrenamiento avanzado de infantería en el fuerte de Tigerland Polk, Louisiana y luego terminé trabajando en personal en el fuerte Sam Huston en Texas antes de salir. Bauman: Ahora, volviendo a su familia inmigrando cada año, ¿usted trabajo en la región? Lemos: Si, cosechamos cada tipo de cultivo que te puedas imaginar en el área del valle de Yakima, papas, cada tipo de fruta. Entonces tiempo atrás en los sesenta no permitían mucha agente hispana, para empezar, no había muchos de nosotros, pero aparte no nos permitían trabajar, piscando manzanas, no fue hasta el final de los sesenta que por fin empezaron a permitirle a los hispanos ir a los campos de manzana. Pero cosechábamos ciruelas, manzanas, cerezas, cortábamos espárragos cada mañana por diez años antes de ir a la escuela y luego de aquí íbamos a la montaña Vermon de Washington al norte de Seattle a cortar fresas, una vez que la temporada de fresa terminaba íbamos al sur de Puyallup a cortar frambuesas y de ahí íbamos al sur hacia Salem, Oregón a cortar ejotes y pepinos y después volvíamos aquí a cortar papas y después el ciclo entero iniciaba de nuevo. Íbamos a Idaho a cortar papas, y después de ahí íbamos a Arizona a cortar algodón y completábamos el circulo de la migración. Bauman: ¿Había muchas familias en ese entonces que venían de Texas a través del área? Lemos: Había muchas en el área al principio de los cincuenta porque en 1951 hubo una gran helada así que mi papa no pudo conseguir trabajo cortando cítricos, donde sea se congelo y entonces ese fue el año que el decidió que deberíamos venir hacia el norte. Bauman: ¿Y cómo era la situación de hospedaje para los trabajadores migrantes en ese tiempo, como era eso? Lemos: Bueno, la situación de hospedaje era muy mala, mi papa pagaba $ 1.50 por semana por la cabaña en la que nos quedábamos, por supuesto no tenía drenaje adentro de la casa, solo un foco a la vista. No teníamos plomería adentro y teníamos regaderas y baños comunes y entonces cuando nos bañábamos caminábamos hacia ellos. Era creo, de hecho, era una base militar anteriormente, no bases, pero campos y entonces cuando se decidieron de eso las empezaron a rentar a los trabajadores migrantes. Entonces aquí en el estado de Washington vivimos en Crewport, Crewport era básicamente donde muchos migrantes vivían y como dije mi papa pagaba $1.50 por semana para que nosotros viviéramos ahí, lo mismo ocurría en Arizona, vivíamos al sur de Phoenix en un campo migrante y era más o menos lo mismo $1.50 por semana que mi papa pagaba por eso. Vengo de una familia de nueve niños más un bebe que murió al nacer, pero tenía tres hermanos mayores y tres hermanos menores, yo era el hijo de en medio, una hermana mayor y una hermana menor. Mi hermano inmediato mayor sirvió en la marina y luego yo serví en el ejército, mi inmediato, no mi hermano menor inmediato, pero un hermano menor sirvió en el ejército y luego mi hermano bebe sirvió en el cuerpo de la marina. Bauman: Entonces tuviste, supongo una familiaridad en el área. Lemos: Mi esposan tenía primo que vivía en Pasco y entonces vinimos a Pasco y empezamos, aparte de ir a CBC y trabajar, empezamos a envolvernos en la comunidad. Estaba, estábamos muy envueltos en el consejo parroquial de San Patricio y años más tarde cuando mi hija estaba en la preparatoria, entonces fundamos el programa de Hispanic Academic Achievers el cual durante años a premiado millones de dólares a becas financieras para estudiantes hispanos que se van a graduar. Empezamos el programa en 1990 en Pasco, Gary Fields que era el superintendente del distrito escolar de Kennewick vino a nosotros el año siguiente, 1991 y pregunto si pudiéramos incluir a Kennewick y luego alrededor de tres años después incluimos el distrito escolar de Richland, March Chow era la superintendente y luego incluimos a Finley y Burbank y Conell y hemos estado muy activos con eso. Aparte de eso, o antes de eso hemos, con un par de amigos y yo hemos fundado el Chicano Public Service y ese era el servicio público chicano que fundamos al principio de los setenta y básicamente lo que era, era un grupo de profesionales hispanos que estaban disponibles a ayudar familias migrantes. De hecho, uno de los fondos para los que aplicamos y recibíamos dinero era para establecer el primer, era la clase de ESL, para establecer que las primeras clases fueran ofrecidas en inglés como segundo idioma y entonces hicimos eso. Entonces cuando mi hija empezó la preparatoria me envolví mucho con el club de Academic Booster ahí en la preparatoria de Pasco, así que hemos estado muy ocupados mi esposa y yo. Bauman: Si, claro y parece que hay mucha involucración con la educación. Lemos: Si. Bauman: Quería hablar un poco más sobre el programa de Hispanic Academic Achievers y usted dijo que inicio en 1990. ¿Que lo llevo a usted y otros a involucrarse en crear eso e iniciar el programa? Lemos: Lo que nos llevó a empezar el programa fue mi hija, estaba en la preparatoria y estaba recibiendo honores en todos los programas, en todos los programas avanzados, ella estaba arriba en el rango, bueno ella y su mejor amiga en eso tiempo, Gracy Cooper, ellas eran las estudiantes con las calificaciones más altas y eran reconocidas por sus logros académicos, pero note que mi hija no era reconocida mucho como los otros, entonces incluso aunque tenía casi un promedio de 4.0 en clases de colocación avanzada y clases de honores. Ella no recibió según mi opinión el reconocimiento a través de becas y cosas como reconocimientos y becas, así que le dije a mi esposa que necesitábamos hacer algo para reconocer a nuestros estudiantes y fue así como fundamos la HAAP, Hispanic Academic Achievers Program al principio de la primavera en 1990 que fue el ano en el que ella se graduó. Por el primer año no tuvimos dinero obviamente para las becas, pero el segundo ano conocí a un caballero, un perfecto, muy amable persona con el nombre de Dan Frost. Dan Frost, lo conocí y el pregunto que como podía ayudarnos y entonces mi esposa y yo tuvimos un almuerzo con él en el club campestre Tri-City en Kennewick y dijimos que nos gustaría honorar los estudiantes que consiguen por lo menos un promedio de 3.0 o más con una cena y él dijo que podía proveer la cena, puedo proveer el dinero para la cena, así que tuvimos nuestro primer banquete en el hotel Red Lion en Pasco y fue donde Gray Field el superintendente de Kennewick asistió a la cena y así fue como pregunto que si el distrito escolar de kennewick podía ser incluido. Empezando el siguiente ano teníamos un par de becas de mil dólares o algo así. Entonces el señor Frost nos ayudó inmensamente alrededor del tercer año, él dijo “Rubén no me importa darte dinero para la cena, pero quiero hacer algo más substancial” y le pregunte que le gustaría hacer, y dijo “Quiero dar un premio de diez mil dólares en beca a una persona que va a una institución de cuatro años en el estado de Washington que haga su especialidad en ingeniería, ciencia, o matemáticas y esa persona tiene que mantener por lo menos un promedio de 3.0 o más” y le dije “Bien, ese es su dinero y puede hacer lo que quiera con su dinero” entonces premiamos los primeros diez mil dólares de la beca de Frost y como tres años en eso, debió ser 1993, 1994 o algo así y lo hiso por más o menos cuatro o cinco años y luego la aumento a quince mil y luego a veinte mil y aso ayudó a muchos estudiantes, estudiantes hispanos en el área de Tri-Cities. Bauman: ¿Que era su? Franklin: Motivación o su interés. Bauman: Motivación y también que tipo de ocupación tiene el, me refiero donde… Lemos: Dan es un abogado. Bauman: Bien. Lemos: Sue Frost su esposa, bueno ella era Sue Watkinson al momento que yo la conocí. De hecho la conocí por accidente, tuve una junta en Olympia y Sali temprano de la junta, llego al aeropuerto de Seattle temprano y pregunto si hay algún modo que pueda volver a Pasco en un vuelo más temprano y me dicen que había un vuelo que estaba saliendo justo en ese momento y que tenían un asiento disponible así que termine sentándome al lado de Sue Watkinson y empezamos una conversación y Sue me pregunto, ella dijo “Rubén conoces gente hispana que viva en Tri-Cities que este involucrada con la educación” y le dije “ Mi esposa es maestra estudiando para ser directora y yo he estado involucrado con el club de Pasco High Academic Booster” y entonces ella dijo “Te puedo poner en contacto con un hombre de Los Ángeles, su nombre es Dan Frost” y le dije “Claro” entonces ella dijo “Puedes traer a tu esposa y si conoces a alguien más” así que lleve a mi esposa y yo y a Frank Armijo y su hermana Linda, conocimos al señor Frost y fue así que iniciamos la conversación. La razón por la que Dan quería involucrarse en mejorar las vidas, reconociendo estudiantes hispanos fue porque su oficina principal estaba en L. A. Los Ángeles y había visto todos los disturbios y todo lo que pasaba y pensó que el mejor modo de ayudar a la gente a salir de la pobreza era educándolos y fue así como vino a ofrecer las becas de Dan Frost. Bauman: ¿Y deletreas su apellido? Lemos: Frost, F-R-O-S-T. Bauman: O Frost, bien solo quería asegurar que lo tenemos para la transcripción. Entonces usted menciono que tiene que ser millones de dólares para ahora. Lemos: Si, hemos premiado por lo menos, bueno fui el presidente de HAAP por los primeros diecisiete o dieciocho años y como dije nuestro primer programa fue en 1990 y luego le dije a la gente que me retiraría pronto y teníamos que traer sangre fresca. Hacemos recaudación de fondos y contactamos empleadores, los empleadores de Hanford nos han dado dinero para ofrecer becas, algunas de las universidades, universidades comunitarias y técnicas y universidades en el estado también nos han igualado como si damos cinco mil dólares en beca para alguien que va a WSU Tri-Cities a veces les igualan eso o parte de eso. Bauman: Hum. Lemos: Si, se ha vuelto cierta cosa y después de eso, de hecho la primerita vez o una de las primeras veces que reconocí que necesitábamos un programan así, fuimos mi esposa y yo porque como dije ella era la directora, directora de medio tiempo o iba a ser directora y fuimos invitados a participar en la treceava anual African American for Academic Association y fuimos a eso y le dije a mi esposa “Sabes es una pena que no tenemos algo similar a esto que reconozca a nuestros estudiantes hispanos” y fue así como formulamos el HAAP. Bauman: Entonces, con esos millones de dólares, algunos cientos de estudiantes me imagino. Lemos: Si, reconocimos por alrededor de los primeros veinticinco años, creo que fueron, que reconocimos a estudiantes de cuarto grado al grado doce que tenían por lo menos 3.0 de promedio o más y en los últimos años recientes creo que porque había tantos estudiantes que podían conseguir esto que creo que solo reconocen como a los de secundaria y mayores ahora. Pero sí. Bauman: Hum, bueno. Lemos: Hum, había estudiantes, me refiero había estudiantes en cuarto grado que recibirían un certificado por ser estudiante de HAAP y nombraban a un estudiante de doceavo grado que recibía una beca de dos mil o cinco mil dólares y decían quiero ser esa persona y en seis u ocho años después ellos eran esa persona. Bauman: Debe ser muy recompensante para usted y su esposa hacerlo, saber que han jugado un rol importante para iniciar esto. Lemos: Ha sido muy recompensante y desafiante sabes porque inicialmente cuando iniciamos el programa teníamos algo de gente. Recibía llamadas de gente diciendo que como lo podía limitar a gente hispana que, porque no incluía a otros y les decía “Bueno, ustedes saben cómo los africanos americanos están reconociendo a sus estudiantes, ahora nosotros reconocemos a nuestros estudiantes hispanos, estaría contento de iniciar algo para los estudiantes caucásicos si quieren” pero nunca iniciaron nada. Bauman: Si, le iba preguntar si experimento alguna resistencia. Lemos: O sí. Bauman: O vacilaciones. Lemos: Si. Bauman: O sabes solo por individuos al azar o personas en la educación. Lemos: No, era mayormente gente en la comunidad la que se quejaba al respecto y me llamaban y decían “Como es que no incluyes otros estudiantes, porque no incluyes otros estudiantes” y yo les decía “Bueno iniciamos este programa porque necesitábamos algo para nuestra juventud” y dije que vemos esto ahora, como por ejemplo nuestros estudiantes anteriores, algunos de nuestros recipientes de Dan Frost han vuelto con su doctorado en ingeniería eléctrica, tienen licenciaturas en numerosas áreas, matemáticos, tenemos algunos trabajando aquí en ingeniería electrónica en Battelle y si algunos han terminado sus doctorados a través de WSU Tri-Cities. Bauman: Entonces, me pregunto si rebobinamos y hablamos un poco, sobre cuando hablaste que te mudaste aquí en 1968, es … Lemos: Si. Bauman: Cierto, hum como era el área en ese entonces y especialmente la comunidad hispana en 1968. Lemos: Bueno, la comunidad hispana a finales de los sesenta, casi podías contarlos con una mano, sabes eran muy pocos. Había pocas familias, la mayoría vivían en lo que llamaban las casas de la marina. Bauman: Hum. Lemos: Hum de hecho cuando mi esposa y yo llegamos aquí a Pasco empezamos a buscar alrededor por casas, apartamentos y nos decían “Vallan a las casas de la marina” bueno para vivir en las casas de la marina tenías que ser de ingresos realmente bajos, tan bajo el ingreso, aunque yo y mi esposa no éramos obviamente de clase media aún no éramos lo suficientemente bajos. Así que rentamos un apartamento, casi cruzando la calle de la librería de la ciudad Pasco y era un apartamento lindo, pero casa no era fácil de encontrar, de hecho, vivimos en Hopkins en frente de la librería y una cuadra al este. Una tarde, sabes porque mi esposa y yo obviamente no teníamos dinero, solo caminábamos en el vecindario y vimos un apartamento que estaba en renta y le dije a mi esposa “Parece que alguien renta un apartamento” y ella dijo “Si, deberíamos preguntar y ver si lo podemos ver” y fuimos y tocamos el timbre y una mujer salió y dijo “Los puedo ayudar” y le dije “Me di cuenta que renta un apartamento” y ella dijo “Si” y le dije “lo podemos ver” y ella dijo “No” y le pregunte que porque y ella nos dijo “Bueno, son hispanos” y le dije que eso que tenía que ver con esto y ella dijo “Bueno no, no le rento a hispanos, todos son borrachos, y todos son narcotraficantes y todos son..” y siguió y siguió y le dije a mi esposa “Sabes que ni siquiera quiero hablar sobre esto” bueno eso no fue bien y después de un tiempo empecé a pensar al respecto y dije que pondría algún tipo de queja con la ciudad de Pasco y lo hice y luego le di seguimiento a mi queja y ellos nunca hicieron nada porque el hijo de mujer era abogado para la ciudad y entonces nunca le dieron seguimiento a nada. Pero alojamiento no era fácil de conseguir, pero lo manejamos y ahora vivimos en una linda casa. Bauman: Si, me pregunto si podría hablar tal vez sobre su 1968 y si mis matemáticas no me fallan son como más de cincuenta años. Lemos: Hum. Bauman: Cambios que ha visto. Franklin: O más. Lemos: Bueno. Bauman: Cambios que ha visto desde entonces, desarrollos en el área específicamente como en la comunidad hispana. Lemos: Bueno, obviamente Tri-Cities ha crecido mucho, construyeron el centro comercial Columbia y lo iniciaron en 1969, creo que era 1970 y entonces la gente decía “Porque construyen una unidad de almacenamiento en medio del desierto”. Bauman: (Se ríe). Lemos: Quien en este mundo va a manejar hasta allá a la mitad del desierto, bueno todo eso se ha desarrollado desde entonces. Bauman: Hum. Lemos: El hospedaje no era caro, pero los salarios tampoco eran buenos comparados con ahora tú sabes, ahora puedes, una casa decente esta por lo menos cinco o seiscientos mil, cualquier cosa más barata que eso no es tan linda. Pero si he visto los Tri-Cities crecer mucho. Pasco creo en aquel entonces eran doce mil en población, Richland era más o menos lo mismo, Kennewick era un poco más pequeño y luego Kennewick comenzó a crecer. Solían tener a JCPenney, de hecho, mi esposa solía trabajar en la JCPenney en Pasco, tenían JCPennies aquí en Richland y una en Kennewick y cuando el Columbia Center Mall abrió en el 69 o 70 o por ahí entonces cerraron las tres. Tenían Bonmarche aquí en Richland entonces abrieron Bonmarche lo que se volvió Macy’s en el Columbia center, entonces he visto mucho crecimiento y obviamente el aumento de la población hispana que ha crecido mucho. Bauman: Hum. Lemos: Entonces cuando recien llegamos aquí yo iba a CBC y luego empecé a trabajar medio tiempo como mecanógrafo porque solía hacerlo en el ejército para Northwest Rule Opportunities y entonces conseguí trabajo con el departamento de seguridad de empleo y trabajaba tiempo completo con el departamento de seguridad de empleo y continuaba mis clases en CBC, aun logre graduarme en dos años. Mi esposa empezó a ir a CBC y trabajaba en también en JCPenney y termino en dos años. Me transferí a Union Gap, me dieron una promoción así que nos mudamos a Union Gap de 1972 al 74, volvimos y en ese entonces logre terminar mi licenciatura de cuatro años en Central, entonces mi esposa, volvimos y mi esposa continuo con su maestría en credenciales de directora en la Washington State University y yo termine o inicie mi licenciatura en maestría en la universidad de Whitworth, así que trabaje con seguridad de empleo hasta 1977 y luego vine a trabajar en la primavera del 77 vine a trabajar para el departamento de energía en el edificio federal y estuve ahí en el sitio de Hanford hasta el 87 cuando fui, cuando inicie de nuevo, tuve la oportunidad de un trabajo en CBC y me contrataron como el primer director de recursos humanos en CBC y me ascendieron a vicepresidente y me quede ahí hasta que me retire. Mi esposa comenzó con su carrera de enseñar y subió la escalera de ser la directora y luego paso que yo hablaba con Dave Shaw quien era el superintendente de la Pasco High o el distrito escolar de Pasco y el me pregunto, mi esposa era la directora en la escuela secundaria Park en ese tiempo y Dave me pregunto si podía hablar con mi esposa sobre volver a Pasco, el necesitaba un director para planear sobre la escuela secundaria Ochoa. Asique hable con ella y ella hablo con Dave y se entrevistaron y si la contrataron como la directora planeadora y era responsable por las contrataciones y todas las compras para todo el equipo para la escuela y de contratar a todo el personal y maestros y luego se quedó por un par de años, algunos años y luego se retiró y luego yo me retire después de eso. Bauman: ¿Entonces por cuanto tiempo trabajo para CBC? Lemos: Trabaje para CBC desde el 87 o 88 hasta 2005. Bauman: Ok. Lemos: Si. Bauman: Y menciono que trabajo ahí por poco tiempo. Lemos: Después que me retire trabaje aquí en el programa de Upper Bond por unos seis meses. Si no fue nada permanente, ellos necesitaban alguien que les ayudara así que vine y les ayude. Franklin: Hum. Bauman: Entonces ambos, usted y su esposa tuvieron carreras largas de trabajo en el campo de la educación igual. Lemos: Si. Bauman: Hum, usted menciono antes un incidente donde encaro tú sabes al tratar de rentar un apartamento y la discriminación. Usted o su esposa o familia experimentaron otras cosas como esas antes o en cualquier otro punto durante su tiempo en Tri-Cities. Lemos: Eso básicamente, fue básicamente un choque para mi sabes, que nos ponían a todos en el mismo bote. Como todos ustedes son unos borrachos, drogadictos y obviamente no lo éramos y esa fue la discriminación por la que yo pase. Franklin: Cuales fueron algunas ya que ha estado tanto tiempo en Pasco, cuales fueron algunas de las primeras importantes instituciones hispanas en Pasco de las que se puede acordar, negocios, restaurantes o solo cosas que para ti serian parte de la comunidad, iglesias. Lemos: Bueno se de San Patricio, San Patricio en 1968 o 69 tenían un padre que hablaba español y eran los únicos que ofrecían misa en español en Tri-Cities, así que gente de Kennewick venía a San Patricio y obviamente gente de Pasco, gente de Richland iban a San Patricio porque ese era el lugar con la misa en español, el único. Obviamente desde entonces han aumentado la cantidad de padres que hablan español y han aumentado el número de misas que ofrecen. Mi esposa y yo como dije estábamos envueltos en la San Patricio, hemos sido ministros eucarísticos y yo estaba en el consejo parroquial cuando fue aprobado la construcción del gimnasio, expandimos la escuela, la escuela de San Patricio. Así que mi esposa y yo hemos estados involucrados en actividades como esas, en tanto a otras organizaciones como dije estaba Northwest Rule Opportunities que solía ser llamada Washington Citizens para asuntos migrantes y esa era la agencia para la que solía trabajar medio tiempo mientras iba a CBC. Pero desde entonces tenían, había el club de Latin American que era un grupo de tal vez cuatro, cinco familias que estaban involucradas en promover la cultura hispana, desde entonces ha habido otros negocios que tomado un paso adelante. Franklin: Hum. Bauman: Antes usted menciono Chicanos en el servicio público, en que ano empezó eso y es algo que aún existe. Lemos: No, empezó, debió ser en 1969 tal vez 1970 y estuvo activa por alrededor de cuatro o cinco años y luego desapareció, pero nosotros los pocos hispanos que trabajábamos en las agencias estatales, era solo yo en seguridad de empleo y había uno o dos otros tal vez en labor e indige… Washington State Labor and Industries y tal vez uno en servicios sociales. Había muy pocos, queríamos organizar para ver lo que podíamos hacer mejor para servir a nuestra gente y una de las cosas como mencione fue ensenar ESL. Bauman: Cierto. Lemos: hum porque algunos de la gente hispana no sabían ingles entonces alrededor del 69 o 70 aplicamos para una concesión y usamos los fondos para de ese premio para enseñar ESL. Teníamos clases por la tarde en la escuela preparatoria de Pasco e hicimos eso por un par de inviernos, pero entonces la gente empezó a mudarse, así que los chicanos en servicio público se fueron. Bauman: Hay, cuales son algunas de las cosas de las cuales no le hemos preguntado o cosas que sepa sobre la comunidad hispana u organizaciones aquí o incluso su historia personal que piensa que pudiera ser importante en compartir que no le hemos preguntado. Lemos: Hum una de las cosas que queríamos hacer como parte de la comunidad hispana o los chicanos en el servicio público fue reclutar más profesionales en el área. Estábamos trabajando en posiciones como especialmente cuando por ejemplo cuando fui a trabajar en DOE. Trabaje en recursos humanos y empezamos a reclutar en traer profesionales como ingenieros mecánicos, ingenieros electricistas. Esta gente se estaba graduando como por ejemplo la Universidad de Texas, El Paso y ellos estaban buscando trabajo, así que empezamos a traerlos aquí y es así como algunos de ellos, aún tenemos unos de ellos aquí de los que reclutamos muy atrás en los setenta que vinieron e hicieron una carrera aquí en Battelle o con Weston House, con Rock Well International. Empezamos a traerlos aquí, una de las cosas principales que queríamos era atraer o invitar otros hispanos al área y vinieron desde Texas. Estos eran profesionales algunos de ellos volvieron, pero muchos se quedaron aquí, ahora ya están retirados también y viven cómodamente en Tri-Cities. Bauman: ¿Si, cualquier otra cosa? Lemos: Uno de mí, cuando fui a CBC, una de las cosas que mi presidente me pidió que hiciera fue aumentar el número de las minorías en los estudiantes en el campo, pero también el personal y lo hice aumente ambos significativamente, los estudiantes y el personal. No sé cuántos siguen aun aquí o cuantos se han ido, pero si reclutamos a muchos instructores, profesores ahora y trabajadores de oficina y asistentes de programas, coordinadores de programas. Ese fue uno de mis desafíos. Franklin: Había mencionado que cuando se mudó aquí en el 68 era muy pequeño. ¿Cuándo empezó a cambiar? Cuando empezó a ver a muchos más hispanos llegar. ¿Conoce a algunos que llegaron ya fuera por solo por mudarse o como parte de patrones de migración o cosas así? Lemos: Creo que eso probablemente inicio a finales de los setenta, principio o finales de los setenta porque para ese entonces yo y otros estábamos trabajando con él, estaban posicionando trabajos que podíamos traer a otra gente. Mi esposa para ese tiempo era maestra de la escuela así que cuando se abría una posición ella regaba la palabra con otros maestros, de hecho, te diré una historia interesante que es bonita, mi esposa me lo estaba recordando. Debió ser como tal vez fue en el 76 o 77y la escuela de Pasco mi esposa estaba trabajando y en ese entonces tenían otra maestra hispana, Dolores Cocks y mi esposa estaba trabajando. Ellas trabajaban como maestras y pusieron el anuncio que necesitaban más maestros bilingües así que Dolores le dijo a mi esposa “Bueno, se de otra mujer que se acaba de mudar a Tri-Cities y también era maestra en Texas y es hispana. No sé dónde vive, pero sé que vive en algún lugar de Richland e iré a buscarla” mi esposa le dijo “Bueno, como la vas a encontrar” ella le dijo “Bueno sé que voy a buscar por su matrícula vehicular que diga Texas en Richland”. Bauman: Hum. Lemos: “Sabemos que vive en algún lugar de Richland”. Así que Dolores salió, mi esposa se divertía con esto porque ella dijo “En la tarde después que salió del trabajo fue por todos los edificios de departamentos que estuvieran, no había muchos para empezar, pero en los que había y con una lampara busco la matrícula de Texas. O había una matrícula de Texas”. Entonces ella encontró de quien era el carro y luego encontró donde esta mujer vivía y resulto ser excelente. De hecho, era la maestra de preescolar de mi hija y si hicimos todo lo posible para intentar reclutar y alentar a la gente a que aplicara a estas posiciones. Bauman: Hum. Lemos: Y tú sabes cómo dije a través del programa de Hispanic Academic Achievers uno de los propósitos principales era motivar y alentar a los estudiantes a hacer un buen desempeño académicamente, como le dije mi hija fue co-valecditoria para la clase de 1990 en la preparatoria de Pasco y fue a la universidad de Washington justo al salir de la preparatoria y obtuvo su título de dos años o título de cuatro años y entonces obtuvo su título en leyes y práctico leyes en Yakima. De ahí conoció a su futuro esposo quien estaba en NY en la universidad New York de leyes. Ella se mudó a Nueva York, se casó y entonces ambos ahora viven en Nashville con nuestros dos nietos y él es abogado con el gobierno de Estados Unidos. Queríamos alentar a nuestra juventud a hacer mejor académicamente y motivarlos. Como cuando dije que no teníamos mucho para darles aparte de una cena por los primeros años y un papel que decía que eran miembros del programa de Hispanic Academic Achievers por ese año. Bauman: Hum. Lemos: Me acuerdo que hubo un año, de hecho pienso que fue el primer año cuando estábamos reconociendo a los estudiantes que tenían 3.0 GPA o más alto un estudiante vino a mi cuando íbamos acabando el programa y dijo “Señor, me reconocería?” y le dije “Bueno estaba tu calificación en punto” y el niño me dijo “Bueno, tengo casi 3.0, tengo 2.89 o algo así como 2.97 o algo así” le dije “No, trabaja más duro el próximo año y te reconoceremos” así estábamos intentando alentarlos y motivarlos y así lo hizo y ese joven hombre se convirtió en muy buen ciudadano. Bauman: Hum. Lemos: Sabes, graduarse de la preparatoria e ir a la universidad y seguir su profesión, pero la idea era alentar y motivar estudiantes a hacer un buen desempeño académicamente. Bauman: Hum. Lemos: Si nos íbamos a mejorar a nosotros mismos ese era el modo de hacerlo y el señor Frost, Dan Frost él quería lo mismo y dijo “Quiero parar toda esta violencia que sucede en Los Ángeles y un modo de hacerlo es proveer un incentivo para los estudiantes de minoría a hacer bien en la escuela y académicamente y mejorarse a sí mismos y mejorar sus familias” y sabes pienso como dije vengo de una familia emigrante trabajadora de campo, cortábamos papas a seis centavos el costal, cortamos algodón por tres centavos la libra y la tarifa por hora por trabajar en el espárragos o azadonando la remolacha o trabajando en los campos era un dólar así que mi papa, sabes quería que nosotros hiciéramos mejor y si conseguimos pasar por eso. Aun así, conseguí pasar la preparatoria en un tiempo así, las seis semanas que estábamos en Idaho cosechando papas no iba a la escuela, me inscribía en la escuela de Granger, Yakima Valley y estaba en la escuela de dos a tres semanas y luego toda nuestra familia se mudaba a Idaho y trabajábamos en los campos y era a finales de octubre cuando nos inscribíamos en la escuela en Arizona. Yo intentaba alcanzar a mis compañeros de clase que era muy difícil, pero digo no era nada diferente a los otros niños con los que me juntaba, pero por supuesto muchos se salían en el sexto o séptimo grado. Bauman: Menciono antes que usted era de una familia de nueve hijos. ¿Alguno de sus hermanos termino en Arizona o terminaron en diferentes lugares? Lemos: Hum, de todos nosotros tengo a mi hermano inmediato menor que ya murió, él fue el primero en ir a la universidad y graduarse de la universidad de Washington con su licenciatura y maestría y luego un hermano mayor que obtuvo su maestría y se volvió maestro y yo obtuve mi maestría y creo que mi menor, tenía un hermano menor que también murió, creo que tenía un par tal vez dos años en la universidad de Washington y mi hermano bebe también tenía uno o dos años en Central Washington. Sabes no todos nos graduamos de la universidad, pero si nos graduamos de la preparatoria. Bauman: Bueno, quiero agradecerle por venir y compartir su historia y la historia de su familia. Bauman: Y por compartir la historia de HAPP y ver el impacto que ha tenido en esta comunidad, de verdad lo apreciamos y por venir, muchas gracias. Lemos: De nada. Franklin: Si, gracias, Rubén. Bauman: Si, gracias, Rubén realmente lo apreciamos. Lemos: De nada. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:51:12 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Ruben Lemos Subject The topic of the resource Oral History; Latin American; Hanford Site; Richland, WA, USA Description An account of the resource Ruben Lemos was born in Edinburg, Texas, to a large Mexican American migrant farmworking family that traveled across the western United States harvesting crops throughout the 1950s and early 1960s. After serving in the U.S. Army during the Vietnam era, he settled in Pasco, Washington, in 1968 to pursue higher education under a veteran college program. Lemos earned degrees from Columbia Basin College, Central Washington University, and a master’s from Whitworth University, while his wife also became an educator and principal. Deeply committed to public service and education, he co-founded “Chicanos in Public Service” in the early 1970s to support migrant families and later, in 1990, helped establish the Hispanic Academic Achievers Program (HAAP), which has since awarded millions in scholarships to Hispanic students in the Tri-Cities region. Lemos built a long career in education and administration, serving as Columbia Basin College’s first Director of Human Resources and later Vice President. A community leader and advocate for equity, Lemos’s lifelong work has expanded educational access and opportunity for generations of Latino students in Washington State. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 7, 2022 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part, or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Language A language of the resource English; Spanish https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F7963866badf89854128aa57d17596b3b.docx d83355a5bef55182a51bb951eef79037 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hanford History Project Finding Aids Description An account of the resource Finding aids for archive collections held by the Hanford History Project at WSU Tri-Cities. The Hanford History Project collections generally relate to Hanford, but encompassing material outside of the Department of Energy Hanford Collection scope. This focus includes the town of Richland, pre-1943 and post-1990 Hanford Site history, and materials relating to Hanford not produced on the Hanford Site during the Manhattan Project and Cold War. See list of finding aids for specific collections. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection (Hanford-White Bluffs Pioneer Association) Description An account of the resource This collection consists of documents pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. There are numerous correspondences that give an intimate look into the thoughts and feelings of the residents who were forced to sell their land; and where they ended up years later. There are land appraisals from the government documenting how much each tract of land was worth. Also included are several maps that give a more in depth look at who owned each plot of land, and where it was located in respect to where the town was. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford-White Bluffs Pioneer Association Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F97490d9e79c8febc2de1b17e5e26f8c8.jpg 07eda7b2596d03a375bf7346cd2e54f2 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F0081049bc8617dc74d91077007529331.mp4 289c09266dfd9d74741cd3dcbd18f45b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Bill Decker Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Bill Decker Description An account of the resource An interview with Bill Decker conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F6955c537970dc3aa5b0acd11fa6b0624.jpg 2755805dc6daaea81178c05e12fd3c0b https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F642abc3557e1ed1079901d924947b4f3.mp4 8ac6411faddd4405475ea9b0a6ed6b2b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Dale Denham Description An account of the resource An interview with Dale Denham conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F765994dd921c91eb053787d613d46dc8.jpg 16a97e6dcda82388432112b119202e26 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fe7571cdcd4734f62fb4055782c2a8ebd.mp4 bafcb78950404349c3e160f0d590ce45 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Bill Kennedy Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Bill Kennedy Description An account of the resource An interview with Bill Kennedy conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F6d1399b27916dd5ec2646fdea94cfdf0.jpg 4d18af5d2a912b3c9382f4de8cd59003 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F84b51170a0a057f293a80eb6a4ea3769.mp4 86d389ba8c63a7491cf4de7dd24ce2b9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed C.J. Mitchell Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with CJ Mitchell Description An account of the resource An interview with CJ Mitchell conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fec967f4d78f4f451955c140895f5b7e2.jpg 3a08b04cf344b9cf90ac3214ae236de0 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fea927b6485455a4852b0ca42cb552440.mp4 6d91626745c8df0071c79d33c8ec3fcc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed George Greger Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with George Greger Description An account of the resource An interview with George Greger conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F752985ef89ddfb05340c9c61880e3ced.jpg bcd5fbfbf8b6881935c4d8740e87e45a https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fd3a0d5dae4362573ee96fac2d26b8cf2.mp4 2408e3bcb2d9670ad5c1555f3b4a7da3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Chuck Elderkin Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Chuck Elderkin Description An account of the resource An interview with Chuck Elderkin conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fddffc58635cc7016df42ace81212991a.jpg f739ce8953a137171255777099492201 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F93ac8f3560c4f5a1c325fb10d359aa2e.mp4 d06bdcebfb6b9c077c801860cf99b824 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Larry Cadwell Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Larry Cadwell Description An account of the resource An interview with Larry Cadwell conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F4b3aa15b538860c7f59b7c10347f2eb0.jpg 79472a5b899296e075da2258adef590c https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ffafe73d0113f10e9dd2ba4567a2f4210.mp4 a79f64e15bc6eda1942c6625971cdc2d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Dave Ottley Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Dave Ottley Description An account of the resource An interview with Dave Ottley conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F6ec3e8f4ece16fe2f8e90a40e794f465.jpg 5cf3e70b4428b5caeafb4070bcbe656e https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F01546f5dc61b7dd087c005e7be022894.mp4 4c412857203994da1f60ff4e6cffcafa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Cecil Drotts Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Cecil Drotts Description An account of the resource An interview with Cecil Drotts conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F3a2b5f7ec27956c1226d34a3d8ec2791.jpg 8a9c4ac345fed2216eec9ad2bd5ab99a https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F6fea084811862488e4e8cc81a09c98a1.mp4 9e0a947bd9a2c175e5f8ec125edca10a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Don Bihl Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Don Bihl Description An account of the resource An interview with Don Bihl conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fe010761b47ac7cc54f579735db5c770a.jpg 2f425c361102f419df01cfc683b2a3f6 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F2548701e4c6492a286ec7c7c33ee0640.mp4 3e9fb1701f202198c16a0255163944b6 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed David Hess Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with David Hess Description An account of the resource An interview with David Hess conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F1bdee6527964e6e504429b8a3fb3c4e2.jpg 0e1d43357bd9268e8223fea3cb56af6b https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F2d0ee5d0ec221220c2ec9eadc8d68c1d.mp4 fb2e0b2309c5d043c13e3b3108643540 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Marv Smith Description An account of the resource An interview with Marv Smith conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F16450808db71ebd15ff4719aa6166c13.jpg 5d674811c65a8a6774d6ad3f0d6732a8 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ff798812af5c01fa8ae4b5e77009e7866.mp4 1f2059d9037ef1939104d60bc7095846 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Jack Cline Description An account of the resource An interview with Jack Cline conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F6728e02b345beccd4eb7557299128682.jpg 4831b26e1991b658b856e435ac2cc04f https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fcb200b6bdd2f570456b129758b5fce90.mp4 2f6e8c505ddbeb2ded71195d822875bb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Jack Fix Description An account of the resource An interview with Jack Fix conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F160f57694fbb3da57edbf85bf116add8.jpg baf97352530f42b8edc8966b865e0b3e https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fdef8e3247e523a68f08cd0780b3a80a8.mp4 db092048b58d3687019f885c2f45567e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Gene Schreckhise Description An account of the resource An interview with Gene Schreckhise conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F62d9a8436aa68d523231a11c1fd12550.jpg cf654522f54074b7e9a73043a1991e80 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fdef6f13f1b87c38a2583f8f2fa20db09.mp4 88d26c6ec37bd9e2ea23d63fb95e1ccd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Carl Corbit Description An account of the resource An interview with Carl Corbit conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F45444ea0142e2dc0ec92d67b2abc7a3d.jpg b9a583fd12524f3367b63c40dbbb4d3b https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fd8c3701adc70e39ed8e42e917f4555dc.mp4 0dd337652ce77439fb7e1b45ee365fe6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Gene Carbaugh Description An account of the resource An interview with Gene Carbaugh conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F136b57b49802c62e334499fb23250059.jpg a73bc7c6ab1251eb09868a60b00e43d3 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F8832d07538c7cedca9e98754d3d6d5f5.mp4 31f99181e731a987de313d7dc5528804 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Lyle Wilhimi Description An account of the resource An interview with Lyle Wilhimi conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fc538f9cddd2fe35226bc7f90e5fa53c7.jpg e34dce850b70eb7cdc4fdb568455d93d https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F68879a00eec05785241baab005775d87.mp4 b47600b1f0b114df663c92fb3fa1c3d0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Robert Scherpelz Description An account of the resource An interview with Robert Scherpelz conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F2d12e511c0f98a1b679e62e5b732df6f.jpg a25b3c33a6df6a53d897a963aef6d585 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F6b9f5558f656637cb3b93737c55c1a03.mp4 4027a5553d6ebc76f09062dc2ec2eab2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Vicki Berndt Description An account of the resource An interview with Vicki Berndt conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F73ed6904e8bdb10d60adbbd8b53d5126.jpg 2ace5ce7188e14cf6751f6d03687db79 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fd390e5346e92760d98ca808d5f292871.mp4 bf113e7981c42640a50f5a2e54a92080 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Tony Adaline Description An account of the resource An interview with Tony Adaline conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fa04663b210fdfb1278673dce9cbdf72d.jpg 1f9da566f5bb72a143e3f26220eecc63 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ff8b069635fc42200e42972b2f1f49653.mp4 2c822e2349653b920084093d7e02b9c9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Matt Lardy Description An account of the resource An interview with Matt Lardy conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fbdb57e3dde017cbadd86868b92a0470b.jpg 9237d328797326bdef996fbdcd9744a0 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F53e87e2e7c39cdc09f0dd01015dde2d3.mp4 20b1d5b96c767eca2a539e427c62a42f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Ted Poston Description An account of the resource An interview with Ted Poston conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F15c0c1471a0b29d2fd8063e13b1816b3.jpg b0d99ba52ee6be7de7282e29ce7b86d7 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F027104bf25ad44bc778e4964058b35c1.mp4 3512d866ed13b9fbe343f9f8692d0364 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with William Pennell Description An account of the resource An interview with William Pennell conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F3c6536134e23b49c4d123c5d5f5fec82.jpg 2ac6d2164a282e80110a4f394a33c1ed https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F428e2a8933e60283aeab84d6169c1e86.mp4 80337064f89893720ccda5ac421cb3bc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Walter Wilson Description An account of the resource An interview with Walter Wilson conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F7e463ce61507106df8bccff30a3efaf7.jpg 60df77db663d1fd6738da6e5b17ccd3d https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fb5925324ee62156330e030ffebe83482.mp4 938cb7e10e59a093fc99433024b1d210 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Ed Tupin Description An account of the resource An interview with Ed Tupin conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F7d0cc48e35c1699bf3e2ceb5504081e6.jpg 267ef4f8ad23eb01b28ca54bbcf5fb3a https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F8bdd191b516948b8551df906cb3e95b8.mp4 63d203336c6e92d208527e36058af974 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with William Tyler Description An account of the resource An interview with William Tyler conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fbe017a467d7ab32dc0d5db80712a8f57.jpg 1337fd559f6af6ee8c63ef8a01ed0104 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F7d248f55af196ae30b8c63e48a7a14f4.mp4 eccb246ba5acd6dc92f3d1b17b41ba52 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Ned Wogman Description An account of the resource An interview with Ned Wogman conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F86f4b8ef9b4f5b6c6aac3ba5f2435bdd.jpg 93aa1b2083ed7a999121244510383aec https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ff6c5567a91e58d2928cdcf7bcda4637d.mp4 93cc7bae99c98893e487e90a63f6afb4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Terri Aldridge Description An account of the resource An interview with Terri Aldridge conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ff98c16ca3e81eec79d4de278d394d717.jpg 750ec2ddf7b8fc9ea3033e0678630c5c https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fb4f533ace02f0c661ea46bbf9868ad00.mp4 08f5360560e7df16a4176fc6a54b87c1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Elsa & Trudy Description An account of the resource An interview with Elsa & Trudy conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F712db5c75473a99e3dbf4664f6f10242.jpg f9aba4c53b6f6ba762f9e423cfcb49df https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fd045615a1d2760d5c969f0523b0cb44a.mp4 79ba2bc7213c3768ca0e9682f30654ea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Sydney Proter Description An account of the resource An interview with Sydney Proter conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fc30dd86cc5da96b5f7ade08ffac61fba.jpg 52f1b411e04e6f5720a642dfe6518f9c https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F73a2751762ddec149c67aa731b479a52.mp4 64a165fc137c2ff8c37fbe7419ffc0f9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Nels Laulainen Description An account of the resource An interview with Nels Laulainen conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F90072178ee6b49b5e9c83f30c844deb0.jpg 8d62a270c356906317128fa63f1addd0 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F19face321b6a5a994b924907867a49ba.mp4 786da99811d619349f380dda595f52c7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Jim Hyde Description An account of the resource An interview with Jim Hyde conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F0947cae6a7d6609fec1e5e21f597a9cb.jpg dce8044a4891ddf45ecb9276ae2b2cb4 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F2947228d76de1ce10b7fee1cad64e58f.mp4 9131434818e028c2feb68becda2e961b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Jean Smith Description An account of the resource An interview with Jean Smith conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F5d60f621ed71bb8fb9e36eb4f96e1bf3.jpg 4980023d65b093fc859ac27e01d16ac6 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fac378445f5aac9e3cbc9cb3473271efd.mp4 58d8f0045fb60ea72283768a50fb0a8d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Ben Ramsville Description An account of the resource An interview with Ben Ramsville conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F3bebc045a8bd6bdc41a719fa2a4b4074.jpg 60cd087454284e4610b20063deeb5a15 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F2a01093d368bb8cae02897f4e95055d6.mp4 3724148ed703998256c4e9b8061ee708 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Ken Grasper Description An account of the resource An interview with Ken Grasper conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F1d086a615405a7341a9786d90015bd6d.jpg 599fc65d890bc12c1afe56b2b4e71073 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fe93b15506524f144d3afa0feaf5260b2.mp4 41a97d54f81183f032ef829b5377fb24 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Bill & Doris Johnson Description An account of the resource An interview with Bill & Doris Johnson conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ff96ed6d9b3f0ce6bd6cac0d4aaa1b68f.jpg f07992e68b76fec2ccb1dee1159c9259 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F2993555fabccb3996c2c716b3c2b2580.mp4 5c76e733231da3ee30aa1272ed65b597 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Gary Boothe Description An account of the resource An interview with Gary Boothe conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F299336f621f7bfdaef0ca3c2ddfe3852.jpg f2df9b985329a240d244eccbee548344 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F886b5308a25a12ac21d9f55dd2724627.mp4 5c878b6eaf5ec93b4a5a0bfd7e335c07 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Ron Kathren Description An account of the resource An interview with Ron Kathren conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fb0d2b19efffa0ad88d63d3130754f212.jpg 19b5e159a69cc04990dfaf86d4785ae1 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F7bcee5a245334ba4142d1d3a6e69a18d.mp4 0c0f1ca7bc8d257afecff27f9cf439cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parker Foundation Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear science; Richland, Wa.; Hanford, Wa.; Parker, Herbert, 1910-1984 Description An account of the resource "The Herbert M. Parker Foundation collects valuable personal perspectives from key individuals who worked in radiological and environmental protection at the Hanford site in the early years of its development. Since 2004, student interns have recorded interviews from health physics and related science professionals. These historically valuable interviews document their personal experiences, observations, contributions and ideas. Several of the distinguished professionals who have spoken at the Annual Herbert M. Parker Lecture are also included. The videotaped interviews and accompanying biographical sketches will be made accessible to the public." See https://tricities.wsu.edu/parkerfoundation/ParkerHistory Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Bob Colley Description An account of the resource An interview with Bob Colley conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fe1768de8516a52b7e20b8e45bdb4d613.jpg 4d83b8f8dc97c67c77cf6f21007a7a40 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fc0acdc7ca985d26fc0e3d24167099d25.mp4 1690cbdbbd45312650d1460ac10e60fa Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Richard Jaquish Description An account of the resource An interview with Richard Jaquish conducted by the Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Herbert M. Parker Foundation at Washington State University Tri-Cities