95 50 4772 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fadbaa8bfe004043c3d7286360f6ab9e9.tif df7f65379ada6a0a3fcfcebea3bef4bf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 303-F Store House Subject The topic of the resource STORAGE FACILITIES Description An account of the resource Photo is looking northeast at the 303-F Store House. P-1259 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.484 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F58124f3ef3b78ccb042ad14ef9fc1e9f.tif d3be7a5f677202e88d5b6a50fa626685 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 313 Fabrication Shop Subject The topic of the resource MACHINE SHOPS Description An account of the resource Photo is looking southeast at the 313 Fabrication Shop. P-1260 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.485 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F21eca0eec079c4f12aad36f6e4da3522.tif 4f3b9150cdf22a5b7110156a292c3533 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 351-B Substation Subject The topic of the resource Industrial Facilities --SUBSTATION Description An account of the resource Photo is looking northwest at the 351-B Substation. P-1261 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.486 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F3201777ccc64a26db0b672c25d3dc0ea.tif fbb630ceae0a125ab3eb8c5dfdff0e29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 305 Building Subject The topic of the resource Industrial Facilities --NUCLEAR PHYSICS T&E --REACTOR Description An account of the resource Photo is looking southeast at the 305 Building. P-1262 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.487 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Faffbb0d85fc915d90cc4320fda5fd991.tif 7a7b27a07097239344f7e580d6893882 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 301 Building Subject The topic of the resource STORAGE FACILITIES Description An account of the resource Photo is looking northwest at the 301 building. P-1263 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.488 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fb9ce8616bd8a8716e947f60210bb0305.tif ba90b2a9e6524b0fef6674ae8de470c5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 314 Building Subject The topic of the resource Industrial Facilities --EXTRUSION PRESS Description An account of the resource Photo is looking southeast at the excavated site for the 314 building. P-1264 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.489 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F8e1d4a486822b9b3c5da6f11f1f2708d.tif 0579e089da1ad75a62e9cd9969e56feb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3734 Cylinder Storage Subject The topic of the resource STORAGE FACILITIES Description An account of the resource Photo is looking northwest at the well ventilated 3734 Cylinder Storage building. P-1265 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fd52b0e746689084210a2b14fd29914b0.tif 047750ffe0ebda71b5b8dfe62007bc9c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3722 Area Shop Subject The topic of the resource MACHINE SHOPS Description An account of the resource Photo is looking northeast at the 3722 Area Shop having it's roofing installed. P-1266 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.491 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F00d8aaa134b0dcdaa8e08606a6b49a92.tif 21d43d6b8a5b5750a2c1480fa8171cef Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3713 Store Room Subject The topic of the resource STORAGE FACILITIES Description An account of the resource Photo is looking at 3713 Store Room from a northeast perspective. P-1267 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.492 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F7077c7a2785e1d125e9e63f091c7c3f7.tif 2e5848e4710bddbcb10a850daafd5704 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3707 Change House Subject The topic of the resource FACILITIES --LOCKER ROOMS Description An account of the resource Photo is looking Southeast at the 3707 Change House. Patrol Headquarters 300 Area. P-1268 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.493 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F077310f69ff564b5701f124fe6c16ef2.tif a45ed15167f2a6997ccaf54ffef5821a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3719 First Aid Subject The topic of the resource HEALTH CARE FACILITIES --FIRST AID Description An account of the resource Photo is looking northwest of the 3719 First Aid building. P-1269 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.494 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F821aa01cfc10d4fd26be760bc7e592b2.tif 425edf6f56e6b1a20fa543be8ad45340 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3706 Laboratory Subject The topic of the resource FACILITIES --LABORATORIES Description An account of the resource Photograph is looking at southwest at the 3706 Laboratory. P-1270 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.495 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fd73859abcdbe5ddc395d55bf2ad95976.tif 4014c059671d7624e82a487eae54a394 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3706 Laboratory Subject The topic of the resource FACILITIES --LABORATORIES Description An account of the resource Photo is looking northwest at the 3706 laboratory. P-1271 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.496 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fed585dacab91dc42441de6e6a88de34a.tif f86657771e151e81b6b9d50ef0c5add0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3707-B Change House Subject The topic of the resource CONSTRUCTION --FACILITIES --LOCKER ROOMS Description An account of the resource Photo is looking northeast at the 3707-B Change House. P-1272 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.497 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F9f63fa9862fd2be4e302fa2a8742de06.tif 35a90a7094f5e72ee5da1fa8a6114ed5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3902 Water Tank Subject The topic of the resource WATER TOWER Description An account of the resource Photo is looking northeast at the 3902 water tank. P-1273 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.498 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F4f497dc539fe3d7e901c058600ffd047.tif d6430651a7f9eb6263571ee26a8369a1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3701 Gate House Subject The topic of the resource CONSTRUCTION --GATEHOUSE Description An account of the resource Photo is looking east at the 3701 Gate House. P-1274 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.499 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F1dcea7ef8aae372eb7f5655aa28ef8f3.tif 989de11636f7d5729d156cb8a4b2c768 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 181-D River Pump House Subject The topic of the resource CONSTRUCTION --Industrial Facilities --PUMPHOUSE Description An account of the resource Photo is looking northeast at the excavation and construction of the 181-D River Pump House. P-1284 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.500 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F8244904f03285c5fa5c9a2bc114cdc4c.tif c689ba2ece481c2d5257b9fa7a08d0dc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 101 Building Subject The topic of the resource CONSTRUCTION --SITE --MACHINE SHOPS Description An account of the resource Phot is looking northeast at the 101 building. P-1285 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.501 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ffa383985ce3800b97dd58b4af67c656f.tif f3d888096468fb913b0ff676d9ddc163 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 105-B Building Subject The topic of the resource CONSTRUCTION --Industrial Facilities --REACTOR Description An account of the resource Photo is looking south at the 105-B building under construction. P-1286 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 31, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.502 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F1931c082663c8d7124f979b6e4854020.tif 5ef3509e94fc16d6ec12ffb28baac650 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1720-F Patrol Headquarters Subject The topic of the resource CONSTRUCTION --FACILITIES --POLICE STATIONS Description An account of the resource Photo is looking southwest at the building 1720-F Patrol Headquarters. P-1304 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 1, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.503 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F6985d2009a7bbd6d9b0d92f9af413464.tif a5df75bf73d6bbab0156db12914e7f89 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 181-F River Pump House Subject The topic of the resource CONSTRUCTION --Excavations --Industrial Facilities --PUMPHOUSE Description An account of the resource Photo is looking east at the excavation process for the 181-F River Pump House. P-1305 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 1, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F497ae7bed4928172f7c619b75aae973e.tif d501cd10290493313134efd79c0571dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 291-E Building Subject The topic of the resource CONSTRUCTION --Industrial Facilities --EXHAUSTER BUILDINGS Description An account of the resource Photo is looking northeast at he 291_EBuilding. P-1309 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 2, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.506 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F0f06fcc467dcfbe986379117fcd4edbb.tif 3c1d0de3bf8ff7df82c95fe4e77c636d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 182-F Reservoir Subject The topic of the resource CONSTRUCTION --Industrial Facilities --PUMPHOUSE Description An account of the resource Photo is looking northeast at the excavation for the 182-F Reservoir and Pump House. P-1306 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 1, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.505 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fd6f7dd665e39e699d132690b72eac76e.tif da65a3d32833202d4acea53716623f1c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 272-E Area Shop Subject The topic of the resource CONSTRUCTION --FACILITIES --MACHINE SHOPS Description An account of the resource Photo is looking northwest at the steel framing for the 272-E Area Shop. P-1310 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 2, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.507 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fb3f75ec4a51e3b525f95154f0b028f5d.tif b9bad4f469a456a6849351c3cc8d404e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 273-E Heat Treatment Subject The topic of the resource CONSTRUCTION --FACILITIES --MACHINE SHOPS Description An account of the resource Photo is looking northeast at the steel framing for the 273-E Heat Treatment. P-1311 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 2, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.508 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F715c4f688abb6f909debac7d1e570d1b.tif 1210de19be73403acc9bfc44c5e90605 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2902-E Elevated Tank Subject The topic of the resource CONSTRUCTION --Excavations --Foundations Description An account of the resource Foundation excavation looking southeast at the site of 2902-E Elevated Tank. P-1312 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 2, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.509 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F7de8ae95e6b2c61921cdd5e081edb84a.tif 82efdb239c535457eb829640fa8fef0a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2902-C Elevated Tank Subject The topic of the resource CONSTRUCTION --Excavations --Foundations Description An account of the resource Foundation excavation looking southeast at the site for the 2902-C Elevated Tank. P-1313 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 2, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.510 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F2cd0080cff27bca8c140ad700a06cd20.tif cfb1029edea11ceecf543b37b55a7899 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource TC-6 Railroad west of 221-C Subject The topic of the resource RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION & MAINTENANCE Description An account of the resource Photo is looking northeast at the excavation for the TC-6 Railroad west of 221-C. P-1314 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 2, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.511 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F3ead6449d7b7ebd33ffcd5143b3c1998.tif 63b1600ffe64ea986de7f9b670030659 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource TC-7 Main Water Line Subject The topic of the resource CONSTRUCTION --PIPES (CONDUITS) Description An account of the resource Photo is looking north at the TC-7 Main Water Line in the 200 East Area. P-1315 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 2, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F2fd534853fb5ae034ae483db0f875f16.pdf 2737a3e0e72567a10fc9effdf7d3d0d3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Architecture 542: Issues in Architecture Subject The topic of the resource Student work; Interdisciplinary study Description An account of the resource In Spring of 2024 Robert Franklin (History) and Phil Gruen (SDC) co-taught Architecture 542: Issues in Architecture as a Pullman graduate course. The students, 21 Architecture and 2 History, worked on a variety of projects, some historical and some contemporary, focused on the racial history of the East Pasco Community. Some of these projects support a grant with the National Park Service, "Digital Asset Management and Community Engagement to Enhance Understanding of Public Resources" with Robert Franklin as Principal Investigator. These grant-sponsored projects, when finalized, will be hosted on the National Park Service's Manhattan Project National Historical Park website and apps. A selection of these in-progress projects and assets created by the students is hosted in this collection. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Eastside Market Description An account of the resource One of four design projects imagining a future resource in East Pasco Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jaclyn Allen, Rae Hendricks, Gracie Priddy https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F3c4e9d082bc179c5868cdbdbe1ff83fd.pdf fa55c0f51dc52b2d09facbd4459ce31e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Architecture 542: Issues in Architecture Subject The topic of the resource Student work; Interdisciplinary study Description An account of the resource In Spring of 2024 Robert Franklin (History) and Phil Gruen (SDC) co-taught Architecture 542: Issues in Architecture as a Pullman graduate course. The students, 21 Architecture and 2 History, worked on a variety of projects, some historical and some contemporary, focused on the racial history of the East Pasco Community. Some of these projects support a grant with the National Park Service, "Digital Asset Management and Community Engagement to Enhance Understanding of Public Resources" with Robert Franklin as Principal Investigator. These grant-sponsored projects, when finalized, will be hosted on the National Park Service's Manhattan Project National Historical Park website and apps. A selection of these in-progress projects and assets created by the students is hosted in this collection. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource East Pasco Sports Complex Description An account of the resource One of four student design projects imagining a future resource in East Pasco Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource John Sefuentes, John Brown, Fletcher Steele (J2F) https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ff25aa8fce73cc4ce8d248deb19982965.pdf 7c87c7ea26346fd851a733756119f967 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Architecture 542: Issues in Architecture Subject The topic of the resource Student work; Interdisciplinary study Description An account of the resource In Spring of 2024 Robert Franklin (History) and Phil Gruen (SDC) co-taught Architecture 542: Issues in Architecture as a Pullman graduate course. The students, 21 Architecture and 2 History, worked on a variety of projects, some historical and some contemporary, focused on the racial history of the East Pasco Community. Some of these projects support a grant with the National Park Service, "Digital Asset Management and Community Engagement to Enhance Understanding of Public Resources" with Robert Franklin as Principal Investigator. These grant-sponsored projects, when finalized, will be hosted on the National Park Service's Manhattan Project National Historical Park website and apps. A selection of these in-progress projects and assets created by the students is hosted in this collection. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Connectivity Commons Description An account of the resource One of four student design projects imagining a future resource in East Pasco Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mallory McKendrick, Anna Scott, and Taryn White https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F9a1ab08b98894295f29681372e54f604.pdf 7fb9cf30ef840522e865eb9f5078aa2e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Architecture 542: Issues in Architecture Subject The topic of the resource Student work; Interdisciplinary study Description An account of the resource In Spring of 2024 Robert Franklin (History) and Phil Gruen (SDC) co-taught Architecture 542: Issues in Architecture as a Pullman graduate course. The students, 21 Architecture and 2 History, worked on a variety of projects, some historical and some contemporary, focused on the racial history of the East Pasco Community. Some of these projects support a grant with the National Park Service, "Digital Asset Management and Community Engagement to Enhance Understanding of Public Resources" with Robert Franklin as Principal Investigator. These grant-sponsored projects, when finalized, will be hosted on the National Park Service's Manhattan Project National Historical Park website and apps. A selection of these in-progress projects and assets created by the students is hosted in this collection. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Migrant Labor Memorial Description An account of the resource One of four student design projects imagining a future resource in East Pasco Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Yuen Lei Lam, Sweta Waiba https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F6cb9430e4ddf1e434d248e1393059c5e.png 9030a4d1b416d2151ffd5f91a13e0d2d https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F011ce5d56edf9997e81d4a6bd36a550d.png 838f3b88314d1c6a98b0818e86808f62 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F4bc8ee8717e4c634d39b15f698277542.png f7d5758f1c3e616e70b7aa09e2490423 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fead56798b1bc0c143c1dd478f7ec9143.png 53a66c00fb9393e109eda94c9e0b11dd https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F6b531fa835073e801be52348d642aadf.png aa3c54c44ef3b1b9f090a17cf5fe678c https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F466e5b25c1c92d150486e3753cdbd523.png ba2477ada33a42fbc215bef965608903 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Architecture 542: Issues in Architecture Subject The topic of the resource Student work; Interdisciplinary study Description An account of the resource In Spring of 2024 Robert Franklin (History) and Phil Gruen (SDC) co-taught Architecture 542: Issues in Architecture as a Pullman graduate course. The students, 21 Architecture and 2 History, worked on a variety of projects, some historical and some contemporary, focused on the racial history of the East Pasco Community. Some of these projects support a grant with the National Park Service, "Digital Asset Management and Community Engagement to Enhance Understanding of Public Resources" with Robert Franklin as Principal Investigator. These grant-sponsored projects, when finalized, will be hosted on the National Park Service's Manhattan Project National Historical Park website and apps. A selection of these in-progress projects and assets created by the students is hosted in this collection. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Walking Tour Sketches Description An account of the resource Hand-drawn sketches of sites on the East Pasco Walking Tour, currently under construction for the National Park Service Manhattan Project National Historical Park app. Estimated date of public availability is FY2027. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anthony Noble https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F2f895529cc0483ddac8b9d92ce101f14.docx 495eec0426ae9cc91147d701d67f2527 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ff1ee01b392adf2fdd667ae1ebca1250d.docx 5c839003fdf01cf1719a3bfed8bb0981 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F7733c8ed7cbfa0b6cada88b98e938bef.docx 46e6de934e18a09b605aefde1bef7602 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F918d84d9591a1c1d30190eeb94bbad07.docx ffe0a7f850861a45caafa1dade012b03 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ff62d506bed8b6a87f5efb6eeb8033078.docx b3964f7ee6d8b68766a639d13b5cf967 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Architecture 542: Issues in Architecture Subject The topic of the resource Student work; Interdisciplinary study Description An account of the resource In Spring of 2024 Robert Franklin (History) and Phil Gruen (SDC) co-taught Architecture 542: Issues in Architecture as a Pullman graduate course. The students, 21 Architecture and 2 History, worked on a variety of projects, some historical and some contemporary, focused on the racial history of the East Pasco Community. Some of these projects support a grant with the National Park Service, "Digital Asset Management and Community Engagement to Enhance Understanding of Public Resources" with Robert Franklin as Principal Investigator. These grant-sponsored projects, when finalized, will be hosted on the National Park Service's Manhattan Project National Historical Park website and apps. A selection of these in-progress projects and assets created by the students is hosted in this collection. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People, Places, and Stories Essays Description An account of the resource Student-written essays on different "People, Places, and Stories" important to the Black history of the Tri-Cities. These essays are in final draft format and will undergo further editing before submittal to the National Park Service. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jean Baker, Berid Davis, Alison Fellman, Erika Gursli Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Documenting African American Migration, Segregation, and Civil Rights History at Manhattan Project National Historical Park (MAPR), Hanford Subject The topic of the resource African Americans; Oral History Description An account of the resource A National Park Service funded project to document the history of African American contributions to Hanford and the surrounding communities. This project was conducted through the Pacific Northwest Cooperative Ecosystems Unit, Task Agreement P17AC01288 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Park Service Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 9/1/2017-9/1/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource For permission to publish or for more information contact the Hanford History Project. Relation A related resource RG2D_4D AACCES Oral History Project Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG2_8 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Franklin Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Rindetta Stewart Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound Robert Franklin: My name is Robert Franklin and I’m conducting an oral history with Rindetta Stewart on July 9th 2024. The interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University Tri-Cities. I will be talking with Rindetta about her experiences living in the Tri-Cities, and for the record, can you state and spell your full legal name for us. Rindetta Stewart: R-I-N-D-E-T-T-A. Middle name, D-E-L-A-N-C-Y. Last name, Stewart, S-T-E-W-A-R-T. Franklin: Great. Quick background before we get started, did you ever work at the Hanford site? Stewart: Yes I did. Franklin: Okay. Stewart: For Battelle Northwest. Franklin: Okay, great. Let’s start before that. Where in—the story of your life beforehand—where in and when were you born, and where did you live before coming to Tri-Cities? Stewart: I lived in Yakima before coming to the Tri-Cities. But if you want to know where I was born, I was born in Altheimer, AL- T-H-E-I-M-E-R, Arkansas. And I’m a child of parents who were part of the Great Southern Migration from the South to the North. Franklin: And where did your parents migrate to? Stewart: My parents migrated from Arkansas to Tacoma, and from Tacoma my mother worked at Hanford. Prior to her working at Hanford, her father worked at Hanford when they were building buildings at Hanford to get ready to build the atomic energy bomb. Franklin: So this was during the Manhattan Project? Stewart: Yes— Franklin: They were a part of the World War II migration. Stewart: Yes. He was recruited by DuPont to come out west, and so he came to Hanford and worked there. Franklin: What do you know if anything about his job and his work experience at the Hanford site? Stewart: He was like a construction worker. At that particular time, there were hardly any grocery stores or department stores and so they would have to travel into Pasco for their supplies. But he also earned money on the side by doing laundry for the workers and cooking, he was a great cook. So he made extra money and with the extra money, he would send it back to Arkansas to my grandmother so she could build a brand new home. Franklin: And this is your mothers, fathers? Stewart: Fathers, yes. Franklin: What did your mother do at Hanford? Stewart: My mother worked with my grandfather, and I'm not exactly sure what she did. I don’t know if she helped with the cooking or whatever, but she was there for a while. When she first came from Arkansas she stayed in Tacoma and he decided—or she decided that going to Hanford they would make more money than living in Tacoma because DuPont was paying a fairly decent wage at that time. Franklin: Yes. They were forced to pay equal wages to whites and blacks for the same work. Stewart: Right. Franklin: Do you know how long they stayed at Hanford? Stewart: My grandfather I believe was there from 1942 until the early 50s. Yes. He decided not to live here because he would have a large family to bring. And once people who had been recruited by DuPont had finished the jobs they’d been recruited for, they used to call it the wind that would blow them into East Pasco. And that became the segregated part from living in Hanford, to go to East Pasco. That’s how East Pasco was formulated, basically out of workers who had been brought south to help build Hanford. Franklin: Right. Black workers. Stewart: Black workers, yes. Franklin: Right. Did your grandfather ever talk about the racial environment of Hanford or the Tri-Cities? Stewart: No, he did not. I believe that was because he was born and reared in the south. That was not a thing you can approach white people about in the South. And so when he came north, he would work with white people or do what he had to do, but he did not talk about it. But my mother, my mother talked about it to the point where before she left Arkansas, she left us with her mother, my brother, and sister, and I. And when she was at Hanford and in Tacoma, she said it was a better place to live because if she stayed in the South, she would probably get killed because she was very outspoken about how she was treated as a black woman. She said she was not going to scrub and clean houses all of her life. So we stayed with my grandmother a few years. I can’t remember how many years, but when she got settled she came back and brought us north. We were in that migration. I can’t remember clearly, when we were on the train coming north, when the Pullman porter announced on the train, he said we have now crossed the Mason-Dixon line and now all of you colored’s can go eat in the dining room. It was a segregated car where you had to sit, and of course people brought food with them to sit in that segregated car. I remember crossing the Mason-Dixon Line, it was interesting and I was just about 11 years old at that time. Franklin: What a powerful, yet arbitrary force. Stewart: That’s right, that’s right. Franklin: So where did your mother bring you when you first came North? Was it to Hanford? Stewart: Yakima, Washington. Franklin: What drew your mother to Yakima? Stewart: What brought my mother to Yakima? Franklin: Yes, yeah. Stewart: She met this fine man that I call my dad and she got married. And when she got married, she came and got her children. Franklin: Okay, and he lived in Yakima? Stewart: He lived in Yakima. Franklin: What first struck you about the differences between Altheimer and Yakima when you first got there? Stewart: Altheimer was all-black. We went—I went to school to school those first few years. I started school when I was first 4 years old, I was in first grade. Because all the children that would walk past our house every morning, I wanted to know where they were going and they said they were going to school. I would cry if my mom wouldn’t let me go with them. So finally the teacher said, oh yeah send her on. So I went to the first grade in Altheimer. Then when we moved to Yakima, I went to Barge, and now it's Barge-Lincoln I believe. It was interesting because the classroom was full of white kids. They would look at us, and we would look at them. And we didn’t say anything because we had not been accustomed to doing that thing growing up in the South. While we were at Barge at that time, they would give us a goiter pill every day. Everyone had to take a goiter pill. After a while on the playground and doing double dutch jump rope, all the kids could do that. That’s how we began to mix slowly with white children. My sister had a lot of fear about being around white folks. I'm not sure where my fear came in or if it ever did. My brother was small enough where I don’t know if he was ever fearful or not, but there were things about white folks that were very different to us. Franklin: What’s the age range of your siblings? How much older or younger are they than you? Stewart: My brother passed away when he was 77 years old. My sister is now 87. And I am a little past 89. Franklin: So you are the oldest of the— Stewart: I am the eldest of all of them, but I had a sister who died before I did. Franklin: So do you remember what year you came to Yakima? Stewart: We came to Yakima in 1946. Franklin: So right after the war? Stewart: Mhm. Franklin: What did your mother and the man you call your father, what do they do and where do they work? Stewart; When we came to Yakima, my father worked in a restaurant that is on Front Street. I think that is where the mission is now, but there was a restaurant there where blacks could go and it was called The Base Hit Cafe. One of them was called The Base Hit Cafe and I can’t remember what the name of the other one was. My mother was a waitress at another restaurant for Greek gentlemen, Mr. Papantus. So they both worked on Front Street as cooks and waiters. Franklin: In the service industry? Stewart: Mhm. Franklin: Oh, I wanted to back up. What was your grandfather that worked at Hanford, what was his name? Stewart: William Robinson. Franklin: William Robinson? Stewart: Mhm. Franklin: And what was your mothers name? Stewart: Montzella, M-O-N-T-Z-E-L-L-A. Franklin: Same last name, Robinson or— Stewart: Yes. My mother was Delancy, my grandfather was Robinson. Franklin: Oh, your mothers last name was Delancy? Stewart: My mothers last name was Delancy. She and my father divorced because my father did not want to come west or whatever. There was a time when I was growing up that young people were not involved in adult conversation. [LAUGHTER]. Franklin: That still exists in some ways. Stewart: Yes it does. Franklin: You mentioned a little bit about the school. What was the racial environment like in Yakima in 1946, when you got there. What did you experience? Did you ever hear your parents talking about anything regarding the racial environment? Stewart: My mother was quick to let us know that we were in the North and if white people tried to insult us, we had a right to respond to them. And that just because what they may call you, that is not what you are. You are just as important as they are and we heard that all the time. In grade school, I had a good grade school teacher. I don’t know if she was Italian or not, but at that time we used to have our hair braided and we would wear ribbons. We call them bow ribbons because you tie the ribbon on your hair. We would go to school like that and I can remember one kid trying to dip the ribbon in the inkwell. The desk used to have inkwells on them and you had pens that you’d learn cursive writing, which is not taught anymore. In grade school, it was fine. In middle school, I went to Washington Junior High, which is now Washington Middle School. It was really a lot of racial slurs going on all the time. It was with students, it was basically students. Teachers, they would say things but it wasn’t quite a slur. It was a, “I hope you colored kids are keeping up with everybody else.” That was at Washington Middle School. I can remember we had an earthquake and I was in choir. We were standing on risers and you’d stand on the risers, and the lights were swaying forth and back. Our music teacher says, “ohh everybody sing So Well, everybody sing So Well.” I think it was Mrs. Curtis. She said, “I want you colored kids to sing just hard, like your people know how to sing, your people know how to sing.” So we went home to tell mother about that and my dad. She said “what?” and my dad said “I hope I don’t have to go to that school to talk to her.” He said “people who sing, sang, and that didn’t have to do anything with how you look.” Then from there, I went to Yakima High School, now Davis. And that was really an awful time because I was a teenager, there were not young black men in my class. You know you want to date somebody. Kids are always dating and writing little notes and stuff. It was not a lot of that going on. I had a recruiter from the Army that came to our school on certain days, trying to recruit kids when they graduated from high school. And so I was interested in that. I thought “gee, Army, that sounds good” because he had given this long speech about what you could do and what you could learn. You could go on and get a higher education with what the pay was and that sounds good. When it came my turn to be interviewed by him, he sat and went through the interview and he told me “I’m so sorry.” He said, “you could never be in the Army because we don’t have skirts long enough for you, so I have to turn you down.” Then at that time, and I think they still call them counselors in high schools, Mrs. Becar, Alma Becar—I think her picture is still hanging in the hallways at Davis. She said to me when I was getting ready to graduate, she said “you've been such a nice girl.” She called me into her office, “you’ve been such a nice girl, and you’re always clean and you smell good every day you come to school and when you graduate from high school,” she said “our farmers like smart colored girls and I’m going to get you a job when you graduate, working for the best apple growing family in the Yakima valley.” That was the kind of counseling I got in high school. Franklin: Wow what a prize. Stewart: Pardon? Franklin: I said, wow what a prize. Stewart: Yeah, that was it. My father became angry. I had a social studies teacher, Mr. Sebastian, he decided that he needed to deal with slavery. “Let’s just talk about slavery, we got somebody in here that just looks like the slaves.” He had a large family because when he wore his shoes, his toe was coming out of the top of his shoes. He said “and those slaves that didn’t want to stay in their place, we’ve got to keep those kinds of people in their place no matter how old you get, keep them in their place. These colored people will take over if you don’t keep them in their place. You see them picking cotton, see them? They’re picking cotton. They’re doing what they’re told to be doing. That’s what they ought to do.” Social studies in high school, getting ready to graduate. Franklin: Yeah. Stewart: Mhm. Mr. Sebastian. Franklin: Not surprised. Stewart: No, no. When I left high school, I went to YVC. I got a couple of scholarships from two black women's clubs and went to YVC. And I got married while I was at YVC. Franklin: Who was that to? Stewart: That was to Herb Jones. Franklin: Herb Jones. So that’s where he— Stewart: Herb Jones Sr. Mhm. Or Herbert Jones, Herbert A. Jones Sr. Franklin: How did you two come to the Tri-Cities areas? Stewart: How did I come to the Tri-Cities area? Franklin: Yeah. Stewart: When I got married, he was working for Larson's Bakery and I can’t remember the name of the drug store. You know it's a good job if you get a job as a janitor if you were black. Franklin: That’s what others have mentioned. I think Dallas Barnes called it the difference between working outside and inside. Stewart: That’s right, that’s right. Those were good jobs, if you get a job working like that. He did that for so long. Then after I had met him at YVC and he had finished course work at YVC and still working these janitorial positions, we decided because he had been in the Army and he could get GI bill money, that he would commute from Yakima to Central in Ellensburg. You know it was Central Washington State College before it became Central Washington State University. So he commuted forth and back and that was where he got his degree in Economics. Franklin: You went to school at Central as well? Stewart: Yes I did. Yes, I went to Central as well. Franklin: Did you graduate? Stewart: Graduate from Central. Franklin: What was your degree in? Stewart: Psychology and Sociology. Well I went on to graduate study, but yeah I went to Central and I worked at Central. Franklin: Did you get a graduate degree at Central as well? Stewart: No. I got a graduate degree at Pacific Lutheran University. Franklin: What was that in? Stewart: In Counseling, Psychology, and Sociology. Franklin: How did you guys end up in Tri-Cities? Stewart: We came to Tri-Cities because Hanford was paying more money than two jobs as a janitor. That’s how we got that job. And see, I— Franklin: Was that Herb's job? [21:54] Stewart: That was Herb’s. When I was married to Herb, I made the national news being the first black telephone operator for Bell telephone in the state of Washington. And I’m trying to think—David Brinkley, it was on the David Brinkley show. That was all over. My mother called me one night and she said, “sis why don’t you change your dresses, every time that’s on TV you have on the same dress.” I said “mom that’s the same story, they’re just playing it all over again.” Well it was interesting. My friends I had gone to high school with kept telling me you can get a job at the telephone company. But in the meantime on his shifting, I can work at the Del Monte Cannery where you put the fruit on the belt. Not where you can it because the woman who was the floor lady said blacks couldn’t put their hands on the fruit to can it. We can only prepare it to go down the belt to be canned. So my girlfriend said “everybody cans fruits, why can’t you can fruit?” I said “they wont let me can fruit.” That’s when I called in the Washington State Board Against Discrimination. The Washington State Board Against Discrimination came into the cannery and they made observations about how all that was being handled. They said you will either pay her what the highest person on the line that’s canning is earning or you will give her a job to can, where you put the fruit. It was interesting because a lot of my friends who were black didn’t want me to go to the State Board Against Discrimination because they felt they would lose their jobs. Franklin: There would be retaliation. Stewart: Yeah. Oh, they knew there would be retaliation because they said, “Francis will do this.” Francis was the floor lady. I said “well I don’t care what Francis does, I have nothing to do with that.” I stayed there the whole season and then my friends stayed. After canning season was over, that’s when I went to apply for Bell Telephone and got the job at Bell Telephone, but they did not want to hire me downtown. It used to be that in order to get a telephone, you would have to go sit at a desk, fill out the forms, your earnings, you name before they assign you a telephone. Then they would give you a telephone. There were no black women there, I think it was on 2nd or 3rd Street where their office used to be. They told me “no, go up to traffic” and that’s where they say, “operator, how may I help you?” So I went to traffic, “no we are not hiring.” This was my friend from Davis High School, we all went to school together. They said “they are hiring all the time, we don’t wanna be called in on double shifts. Can’t you get a babysitter?” I said “well yeah,” so I went back, “no we are not hiring.” So I called the Washington State Board Against Discrimination again and they went up. They had to hire me. Well, the first thing they said to me, “yeah we’ll hire her, but she has to take a bath everyday. We don’t want her to come in here smelling up the place. She has to take a bath everyday, shave her legs, and she has to use deodorant.” That’s what she said to me. Another one of the women that was there said “you scored 100% on the test. You’re the first person who ever came up here that got 100.” They give you names of cities and towns in the state of Washington. Nobody has ever done this before. How can they say that to you? These are friends from high school. When they told me what I had to do, well I guess I was what they would consider a bit flip. I said “you mean to tell me I had to work with people who don’t do that? Who don’t bath, shave their legs, and use deodorant?” [LAUGHTER]. And so she looked at me, “we’ll take you.” In 6 months I became a supervisor, in 6 months at Bell Telephone and that building is still on Yakima avenue. That brown brick building. I can remember my operator number as well as my name, 101. They would let me in the building, go upstairs and that’s where I say “operator, may I help you please.” Franklin: What was—what job did Herb get at Hanford that caused you to move down here? Stewart: He was in the department where they had to supply all the metal and sheet work and everything for the buildings. And I forgot what that was called. I don't remember what that was called, but that was his job. He had to make sure every building had whatever they needed. That was his job. Franklin: Do you remember roughly what year that was that you guys relocated to? Stewart: ‘63. Franklin: ‘63. Stewart: 1963. Franklin: Where did you first live when you came to the Tri-Cities? Stewart: Jadwin Avenue. Jadwin Apartments. Franklin: In Richland? Stewart: In Richland. That was segregated. Franklin: How so? Stewart: Welol, we found out all the black people who were recruited to Richland, who came to Richland to work at Hanford, and particularly people who had education from historically black colleges and universities, we were all put on one end of the apartments. And we found that out by our friend who was Robert Jackson, an attorney that had moved here from Virginia, a black man. And he had gone into the wrong building just by accident, he said he was tired. He just went in and sat down. He said he started looking around the living room and that wasn’t his house. So he said he got up and got out of there. And then he started walking through those apartments, they’re still on Jadwin. He said all the black folks were in one section. It was segregated. Franklin: That’s very interesting because you always hear when talking about race historically in the Tri-Cities, people often say that—they’ll often point out that Richland wasn’t like Kennewick or Pasco. It wasn’t explicitly segregated. Stewart: Well I think the reason that was always said is because the people they were recruiting were far more educated out of black colleges and it was hidden. It was hidden. The A houses, the B houses, the C houses, and whatever, all of that. But I think it was very hidden. Richland created East Pasco. Franklin: How so? Stewart: Well when you finish a particular job when they were building—well Hanford i'm saying. Hanford created East Pasco. When those jobs were finished and people didn’t want to go back South or wherever they came from. We always said the wind always blew the blacks over into East Pasco. That’s where they lived. [CUT?] I worked at Hanford awhile. In the summer, I worked for computer sciences for a while. Franklin: This was at Battelle? Stewart: It became a part of Battelle I think, but I worked for computer sciences. I left the telephone company. I worked for Battelle Telephone, 10 years with no absentees. That had never happened. Then I went to work for computer sciences and from computer sciences, they asked me to come work for Battelle Northwest. I went to Battelle and at that time, I don't know what the show was, but Ronald Reagan wanted to tour the Hanford site. Franklin: General Electric Theater. [31:38] Stewart: General Electric Theater. He told the man I worked for, just like we are sitting here, he said “I want to tour it, but I don’t want no nigger taking me around out here.” I heard this just as sheer as I’m sitting here today. I mean that was just like raw family, he didn’t break his horse or nothing. Franklin: Well he is not exactly a civil rights warrior. Stewart: No, no. Franklin: What was the racial temperature attitude in Richland? You mentioned an informal segregation into the Jadwin Apartments. What was the work and social environment like in Richland when you got here for you as an African American. Stewart: There wasn’t much social life. The social life really for people who wanted to dance or hear good dance music, maybe some jazz music, went to Pasco. Wallace Webster’s uncle owned a nightclub in East Pasco and that’s where people would go. But I don’t remember doing a lot of social anything in Richland. The thing I did in Richland was we had been there I guess so called early, people would always say, “if you go to Rindy and Herbs house, she cooks for everybody. Everybody who comes she‘ll cook. You’ll get a good meal.” I don't remember doing anything really socially. Franklin: How did you feel out and about? You know when you had to run errands in Richland, were there any moments that stuck out to you? [33:40] Stewart: One moment that set out to me, most times I had a lot of white girlfriends who were true civil rights workers. It's a wonder their husbands didn’t get fired. Franklin: Do you remember their names? Stewart: Norman and Shirley Miller. Franklin: We interviewed Shirley. Stewart: You did? Franklin: A few years ago and her son Andy. Stewart: Oh Andy. Andy's brother and my son are good friends. And Phyllis Bowersock and her husband, the Millers, Nyla Brouns. Franklin: I interviewed their daughter. Stewart: Oh did you? Franklin: Yes. Stewart: Okay. I can’t remember but— [34:30] Franklin: Nyla Brouns daughter gave me all of her mothers minutes from CORE. Stewart: Congress of Racial Equality. Franklin: It was super valuable for me and everybody in the books. Stewart: Congress of Racial Equality. That was Roy Innus. Stokely Carmichael was SNCC. Franklin: Yes. So you had a group of social justice minded-people. Stewart: Forever. What is so interesting is that I found out recently, my children’s great grandfather was an activist long before—maybe before we were born or when I was young, before I married Herb Jones. He was an activist wanting desegregation to take place all over the state. And that was Reverend Reed out of Spokane. Franklin: Calvary, right? Stewart: Calvary Baptist, it‘s still there. He spoke with the Supreme Justice, the black Supreme Court Justice. Franklin: Thurgood Marshall? Stewart: Thurgood Marshall and with President Kennedy to talk about how important it was to pass the Civil Rights Bill. That was a long time ago but the church is still standing. Franklin: How actively involved were you in the civil rights organizations here in the Tri-Cities. Stewart: Real active, real active. Franklin: Which one? You were in CORE and others. Stewart: SNCC and then I was a secretary for NAACP. And there was a man in Pasco, Mr. McGee, he always carried a sign about discrimination in the stores and here on the streets in Pasco. Yeah I was active, very active. Everybody that came in ate at my house. If they didn’t say the right stuff, I had to help indoctrinate them. Franklin: What were the main focuses of the Civil Rights Movement here in the Tri-Cities. Stewart: I think the main focus was equality and that was not happening even though people who had been recruited to come to the Tri-Cities were never treated equally in housing, wages, or in schools. Now Dr. Wiley, who helped to get this campus here— Franklin: Bill Wiley. Stewart: Bill Wiley and his wife Myrtle. She was a school teacher and she could talk about what happened in the schools, but those were the things. One thing I remember, having bought a bouquet of flowers. I don't know what store it was at and I paid for them. I gave the cashier the money and in her hand. Instead of giving me back change in my hand, she slammed it down on the counter. She said “there is your change.” Franklin: What were some of the specific targets of civil rights activism? What were some of the victories? Specific targets and victories that you remember. Stewart: One of the big victories was when Carl Maxey came to Pasco. There was a grocery store in Pasco where everybody black shopped at the grocery store because that was the only one there. Franklin: Is that the Eastside Market? Stewart: I think it was the Eastside Market. But they would not hire anybody black. You could shop there, but you could not work there. So what we all did—the Brouns, the Millers, and all a bunch of us that they call militants. We went one day, I think Nyla and I went one day and counted out all the grocery carts that they had. Then we went out and got that number of people who wanted to have grocery carts and we boycotted them for about 16 to 20 days. When my shift was over, I would give it to the next black person. When that person's shift was over, we would give it to the next black person. We would always put something in the basket that would not spoil, a can of tomato, beans, or whatever. We just would roll around in the market. Franklin: Make it look like you were shopping. Stewart: Yeah, we were shopping but we were boycotting. So we were doing it, Carl Maxey came out of Spokane to speak for that Franklin: What was the situation for African Americans like in Kennewick when you arrived and what— [41:55] Stewart: When I arrived in Kennewick? We were the first black family that bought and owned property in Kennewick. We paid down on the property and it went through what we offered. The offer went through and we moved into the house at 714 South Hartford, March the 22nd 1966. And two weeks after we moved in, I think two weeks, shortly after we moved in after that house our telephone wires were all cut, chopped up. We had brought a brand new Ford at that time, all the tires were cut. The Miller children, Brouns children, all the kids were playing together and just what kids do. They were in the swimming pool in Kennewick and some adults got in the pool to drown my children and all the white kids who played with my kids. It just so happened that the lifeguard, I don't remember who that was, saw what was going on, called police, and stopped all of that. We were promised cross burning. And we had a family that lived two houses from us, he taught at Kennewick High School. He resigned teaching at Kennewick High School because he said “I’m not going to teach no coons, no apes, Africans, and niggers in my classroom.” He left Kennewick High and went to Columbia Basin College to teach. I can’t remember his name. And they put a cross, a yellow X, I don't know how they got that on top of our house. It was marked where we lived by the police department. My children, when they went to Fruitland Elementary School, had to be taken to school by white police officers. I was fearful because I didn’t know if the police officers were a part of whatever else was going on with us because I just didn’t know who had done all of this. When I lived in Kennewick, I was still working for Bell Telephone, I had to go across that old wooden bridge. It was an old bridge I had to cross to go to the telephone company to Pasco. Franklin: Are you talking about the Green Bridge? Stewart: Yeah. Well, Wallace Webster and Raymond Avery used to stand there to make sure these folks who had threatened to shoot me—that lived in Kennewick. See, Kennewick was known as a sundown town and if you were black and you went to Kennewick and you weren’t out before sundown, they would beat you back across that bridge. When I worked for the telephone company, at the telephone company you had all kinds of hours, and so they were like my guards. Wally is still living. Franklin: He is actually. I interviewed him years ago and he mentioned escorting you across the bridge. Stewart: Yes, yes he did. It was horrible and a few years later while we were living on Hartford, they found a big ammunition cache buried about a half a block from our house. They had promised people that promised to come to burn us out, they were gonna burn us out. Franklin: Do you remember the sign on the Green Bridge? It was interesting because we never found any photographic evidence of it— Stewart: I wish I had it. Franklin: But I mean clearly the sentiment existed because everybody mentioned the feeling. Stewart: Yeah, yeah. There was a sign and I never had a pic—I guess if I looked at some old albums, I may have that. Franklin: The thing is I’ve never seen it. I’ve never been able to look at a photo of it. I mean it clearly exists— Stewart: Oh it did. Franklin: Because or at least the feeling that it was meant to instill, was instilled. Stewart: Oh yeah. And see, Judge Jack Tanner was one of the people that marched down Kennewick Avenue because at that time he was the NAACP president. [LAUGHTER]. Franklin: He famously called Kennewick the Birmingham of Washington. Stewart: Birmingham of the Pacific Northwest, yes he did. And I can remember sending my kids to Alberston in Kennewick to buy grapes. Well, they sent home all of the grapes that had fallen off the stems. I had to go back to the store, talk about the grapes. One woman says “that’s that melanin black woman, that’s that one that stays down there, that we don't want staying down here.” So I asked for the manager and I gave him the bag of grapes and the receipt and he said “oh it must’ve been a mistake, I’m sure it was a mistake.” There were people that lived in Pasco that would not visit us in Kennewick because they thought they would be beaten out of town if they stayed after dark. Franklin: You mentioned Wallace Webster’s uncles club. What other memories did you have of East Pasco and did you participate in any civil rights activity in East Pasco? Stewart: Oh, sure. All the three cities, wherever something was going on we participated in all of that. I cannot remember the ladies name, she had a place when Wally’s uncle closed down. We went to his joint, we could go to her place and she would have fried chicken, sweet potato pies, and she would always serve it to you in a brown paper bag and everybody sat there and ate. Someone told me she’s still alive. Franklin: Are you talking about Virginia Robinson, Virgies Chicken Shack? [48:30] Stewart: No, not Virgies. I knew Virgie. I can’t remember what her name was. We always had to go there and get fried chicken, that was her thing. And the churches were really alive in East Pasco. Ministers were involved in a lot of community activities also at that particular time. Art Fletcher lived in East Pasco, and Art left and went to DC. They were my good friends, Art and Bernice. It was just hard to put your finger on things. Mrs. Katy Barton, she worked at Bonneville Dam. Count[ing]fish that would go over the dam, or whatever they called it. She was always a good person. There were always a lot of threats but you couldn’t find out who was threatening, who was making the threats. Now in Richland, my friends and I—in those days they had those Ford station wagons with the wooden panels on the side, we could put the kids in there with a little sandwich and something to drink and all. They had these little fish ponds in the yard with this little black kid sitting with a fishing pole in the front yard. So when it got about 11 o’clock at night and the kids were awake, we would take black spray paint and go spray the little boys who were fishing black. People would wake up and wonder what was happening in their neighborhood. I can remember one time John Birchers had somebody from the South come, I can’t remember his name, but John Birchers had somebody come to Richland. I was walking the picket line—matter of fact I worked for a man who came along the picket line and looked me straight in the face and spit in my face and I kept on working for him. If you’re trained to work on the picket line, you don't respond. You don't wear loose clothing where somebody can drag you, you don't let your hair where people can drag you. You have to be ready to hold your own on the picket line. He would spit in my face and I would go back to work in his office. My desk faced him. About 2 or 3 months later, he said to me one day, “ I want to talk to you.” I said, “sure.” He said everything I done when you walked that picket line, you never said anything to me about it. I said “well I never had a job working for you on the picket line.” I stayed at Hanford long enough to see them take him out in a straight jacket. I drove him crazy. I never said anywhere—I drove him absolutely crazy. [LAUGHTER]. Franklin: I met your son Herbert, how many other children did you have? Stewart: One daughter. Sabrina, she’s a registered nurse of 43 years. She’s a University of Washington graduate. Franklin: They both grew up here. How long did you live in the Tri-Cities for? Stewart: Until, oh goodness, I wanna say 68’, 69’, somewhere out in there. Franklin: Okay and what—how come you moved on? Stewart: So that their dad can finish his college degree in Ellensburg. The Oregonian had, I don't know how to get that, but if you can get an Oregonian they had printed, again this radical woman militant me. They printed me up in the Oregonian back in the 60’s. But there is something in the Oregonian about the Jones and the Jones woman. I don't remember the year and I got things packed, I don't know where it is. Franklin: I might be able to find it online. Stewart: You may be able to. Maybe I'll give Herb that job. Franklin: That’d be great, sounds like a good job for Herb. So they spent some of their years here, right? Stewart: Oh yeah. They went to Fruitland Elementary School. Yeah, they went to Fruitland Elementary School. And my daughter, when we went to Ellensburg, was the first black student that ever graduated from Ellensburg High School. Franklin: So you stayed in Ellensburg quite a while? Stewart: Yeah. One day I needed to take Herb some of his football stuff he had forgotten. So I went to the school and these kids said, “oh hi Mrs. Jones.” I said hi. They said, “can we help?” I said, “I’m looking for Herb, do you know where Herb is?” This is the thing I shall never forget, these young kids said, “while what does he look like?” The only black kid, this big tall kid. “Well what does he look like?” And I said, “you know Herb’s tall, plays on the football team and all of that.” “Oh yeah I know who that guy is.” They went on and found him. They never asked if he was black or what he looked like, that’s what they asked. Franklin: What stands out to you? Seems like you had a really busy 5 years here in the Tri-Cities. What stands out to you in terms of accomplishments made and improving or challenging segregation in the Tri-Cities, and improving the community? Stewart: More jobs. People began to move out of some of the government housing. Some of the housing had opened up. There were more—I think there were as many white folks in the Civil Rights Movement here as there were black folks in the Civil RIghts Movement. And that made a difference because, I don't know the name of the group I organized, but once a month there were all of us who got together, black and white. We had dinner together and we would discuss children or what went on, on the job or what was going on in the city, or who was in jail or not in jail, that kind of thing. I don't remember the young lady’s name after they did not want to hire me in Pasco now at the telephone company. They did not want to hire me, but they had to hire me. There was another young lady that came and I think her name was—her last name was Daniels. She married one of the Daniels that lives in East Pasco. And she went on to Spokane to become a black judge. She had moved here I think from Alabama, but I can’t remember. After that I don't think they hired anybody else that was black to work for the telephone company. The other things—people felt more comfortable in some housing areas or in restaurants then they had before. Sometime people would go into a restaurant to order food and it was never served. The cook went off shift. The children, now my son and Stanley Miller, that’s Andy’s brother. If you could count on anybody to carry the signs, Stanley and my son Herb, they’d carry the signs about discrimination. They were in charge of those. I’m trying to think other changes. See, I still think there’s just a lot of things that people know they dont want to talk about, about fear. I often wonder what the fear is all about. I can remember having come to Pasco, Washington when I was at Central to do recruiting of high school students and the police was called on me because I was a militant black woman, they don't want me in their school. I can remember that clearly. And little did we know, that school would be named after Mrs. Virgie Robinson. Franklin: Well, is there anything else that you wanted to mention about your life here and living in the Tri-Cities or working at Hanford? Stewart: My children had a lot of good exposure to people like Stockley Carmichael, Roy Innus, Louis Lomax, and some of the greats who were civil rights people. Who would come into our home and give us a national perspective on what was going on because my husband and I were totally involved in this. People who would come to the Tri-Cities would find the Jones, they know. Go over there and she’ll cook, they know. They’ll tell you. And so I never will forget when Haley wrote his book and he sat in my living room. I don't even know if that was in the book. Alex said to us, “if you don't ever remember anything, remember that the worst thing that white folks ever did for black folks was to teach them how to read.” Franklin: When you say Haley, do you mean Alex Haley? Stewart: Alex Haley. Franklin: That did Roots, the writer? Stewart: Yeah that did Roots. He said that was the worst thing white folks ever did was to teach black folks how to read. [LAUGHTER]. We are still reading, we are still reading. But it's amazing, there’s a lot I don't understand why it's happening but I guess I understand it, but I just don't want to accept it. You would think that some things ought to be behind you. And I can remember my grandparents picking cotton in Arkansas. You know I can just remember so much, that crossing that Mason-Dixon Line. It's just so many things. Franklin: Well I just want to take this opportunity to thank you for this interview, for all of the work you’ve done. You’ve clearly left a mark. When I started this project back in 2017 with the funding from the National Park Service, but really my main community partner was AACCES, the African American Community Cultural and Education Society. And I worked really closely with Leonard, Moore, Vanessa, and Vanis Daniels. One of people—one of the names that kept coming up in interviews with Wally, Ricky Robinson, and others was Herb and Rindetta. It’s amazing to me you were only here for 5 years. And for you to say people always said to go to Herb and Rindetta, while people were saying that to me. You’ve really made an outstanding mark, and it was my pleasure to interview you today. Stewart: My pleasure to be here. God is good all the time. Thank you so, so much. Franklin: Thank you. This was really amazing. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rindeetta Stewart Inverview Subject The topic of the resource Hanford Site (Wash.) Pasco (Wash.) Richland (Wash.) Kennewick (Wash.) Yakima (Wash.) Discrimination Segregation School integration Nuclear weapons industry Civil rights Civil rights movements Migration Description An account of the resource Rindetta Stewart talks abou ther experiences living in the Tri-Cities and Yakima, the discrimination she faced there, and her involvement in Civil Rights groups and activism. <a href="https://youtu.be/e2MO8uM1c2U">View on YouTube</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 07/09/2024 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F315927dd6d5a761c4e229c46129f39f5.docx 5d1f9fdcae4f41477a6eebdbee1c6feb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hanford History Project Finding Aids Description An account of the resource Finding aids for archive collections held by the Hanford History Project at WSU Tri-Cities. The Hanford History Project collections generally relate to Hanford, but encompassing material outside of the Department of Energy Hanford Collection scope. This focus includes the town of Richland, pre-1943 and post-1990 Hanford Site history, and materials relating to Hanford not produced on the Hanford Site during the Manhattan Project and Cold War. See list of finding aids for specific collections. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dade Moeller Collection Subject The topic of the resource Review Comments; Modeling Validation; Monitoring Data; Regulatory Framework; Environmental Analyses; Incident Reports; Incident Response; Health and Safety; Public Health; Dade Moeller; Early Hanford; Manhattan Project, Scientific Discovery; Richland, WA, Tri-Cities; Hanford Publications, Nuclear Power; Description An account of the resource This collection consists of a range of documents pertaining to monitoring data, technical reports, environmental studies, official correspondence, and compliance assessments collected from Dade Moeller and Associates Inc. (now NV5). The size of the collection is 10 containers taking up 5.5 linear feet of shelf space. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dade Moeller and Associates Inc. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-2005 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This collection is open and available for research use. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG 5C Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. Three folders contain PII. These folders are marked and not available for public access. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F888cb91c69627e7ece92066ba3bf5774.docx 96a6b1055574ec3717b9bf6237071ec7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hanford History Project Finding Aids Description An account of the resource Finding aids for archive collections held by the Hanford History Project at WSU Tri-Cities. The Hanford History Project collections generally relate to Hanford, but encompassing material outside of the Department of Energy Hanford Collection scope. This focus includes the town of Richland, pre-1943 and post-1990 Hanford Site history, and materials relating to Hanford not produced on the Hanford Site during the Manhattan Project and Cold War. See list of finding aids for specific collections. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource B Reactor Museum Association (BRMA) Records Collection Subject The topic of the resource B Reactor; Hanford Site; Nuclear reactors; Manhattan Project; Tri-Party Agreement; Historic Preservation Description An account of the resource This collection consists of official organization records and various documents, artifacts and literature collected by officers of the B Reactor Museum Association during their tenure. Some of this material is published but not readily available in the library or public document system. The Collection is 36 contains taking up 20 linear feet of shelf space. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource B Reactor Museum Association (BRMA) <a href="https://b-reactor.org/">https://b-reactor.org/</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at WSU Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This collection is open and available for research use. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG 4B https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fc8a6855bb1b3e060992686d04a7bdb9e.mp4 45d6a3c82248cc29aed874f35d1f45fb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Latino/a Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Oral History Description An account of the resource An ongoing oral history project focusing on the history of the Latine/Latino community of the Tri-Cities, Washington area. Previously known as the WSU Tri-Cities Latinx Oral History Project headed by History faculty Robert Bauman and Robert Franklin. Hanford History Project made the decision in 2024 to use Latino/a instead of Latinx as the former more reflects the grammar and practical use and identification of Spanish speakers. We know that one term will not encompass all those identities. For example, Latine, a gender neutral pronoun and product of the queer Spanish community, was considered for use but we use Latino/a to reflect the prevalence of gendered pronouns in the Spanish language. However, we would like to acknowledge that the discourse around which term to use is complex and evolving. Every person has the right to use the term that captures who they are and that feels the most welcoming to them. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Language A language of the resource English; Spanish Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Bauman Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Alexia and Manuel Estrada Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound English: Robert Bauman: So there are a few things I have to say upfront just to make it sort of official. Alexia Estrada: Mm-hmm [affirmative] Robert Bauman: So I’ll do that first- Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Robert Bauman: So my name is Robert Bauman um and I am conducting oral history interview along with Climaco Ivarka who is serving as interpreter Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Robert Bauman: And we are doing the interview with Aleixa Estrada and Manuel Estrada Alexia Estrada: Mm-hmm [affirmative] Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Robert Bauman: On July 12th, 2022 Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Robert Bauman: And the interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington Satate University Tri-Cities Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Robert Bauman: And so uh another sort of official thing, Alexia can you say and spell your first and last names please Alexia Estrada: Yeah, Alexia Estrada A-L-E-X-I-A, Estrada E-S-T-R-A-D-A Robert Bauman: And then Manuel Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* (directs to manuel) Manuel Estrada: Manuel Estrada Climaco Ivarka: *continues interpretation in Spanish* Alexia Estrada: M-A-N-U-E-L E-S-T-R-A-D-A Robert Bauman: Thank you. Um so Manuel I think I will begin with you I wonder if you could talk a little bit about um as I understand from emailing Alexia you you came here from Mexico um could you talk about your life and what led you to leave there and come here. Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *questions in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: *clarifies in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] Okay so yes I am Mexican I was born in Mexico in a small town we had limited resources, I lived in poverty we had necessities and I decided to come to the United States I have returned Robert Bauman: And about how old were you when you came to the United States? Climaco Ivarka: 1977 *interprets and questions in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: Si Climaco Ivarka: Yeah first time they came in 1977 Alexia Estrada: *converses in Spanish to Manuel Estrada* Manuel Estrada: *replies to Alexia in Spanish* Alexia Estrada: *converses in Spanish to Manuel Estrada* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish to all* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] I was twenty five years old Robert Bauman: Okay um and um did you know someone already here in the United States? Ahh when you came to the U.S. did you come to meet someone or how did you how did you make it here, how did you come here? Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Alexia Estrada: At Tri-Cities Manuel Estrada: *questions for clarification in Spanish* Alexia Estrada: *attempts to clarify in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: *clarifies in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *questions for clarification in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [clarifies question to Robert Bauman] Are you ask him or the Tri-Cities. I let them know that you wanna know how he got here and then Tri-Cities Robert Bauman: Yes to the U.S. yeah first yeah Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] When I came here I didn’t know anybody I came with a friend, I started to make acquaintances and that’s how my life continued Robert Bauman: Mhmm and uh did you go somewhere before coming to the Tri-Cities somewhere else in the.. Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] Okay so we started in Los Angeles or LA then we left to Oregon we didn’t like it there so we came here to…he lived in Yakima where he arrived and lived nine years and from there he moved to the Tri-Cities and the rest of the time I’ve been living here. Robert Bauman: Mhmm. And when you were in Yakima and then Tri-Cities what sort of work were you able to find? Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* El campo El campo Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] Farm work, agricultural Robert Bauman: Mhmm. And did you have when you left Mexico did you have other family members there? Did any of your family also come at some point? Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] Yeah [inaudible] My brothers, three sons I had that were underage. With time since, they were able to come here as well. Now I have family in Mexico and here Alexia Estrada: *converses with Manuel Estrada in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Si Alexia Estrada: My dad was one of the ones Robert Bauman: One of the, aha Alexia Estrada: Yeah, one of his sons Robert Bauman: Mhmm Manuel Estrada: *confirms in Spanish* Si Robert Bauman: And when you arrived in the Tri-Cities, what was the Hispanic community like here when your first arrived here Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] There was not that many- not many Hispanics, there was one or two stores that were Mexican stores. We would call it a small town, maybe two or three police cars [inaudible].. four or resources were not available. There were not that many Hispanics but they started multiplying now we have a beautiful city Robert Bauman: Mhmm mhmm. Um and ah when you came here where did you find to live initially when you first arrived here. Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] Pasco, pasco that is where he found.. Manuel Estrada: *continues response in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] We arrive here in January first of eighty seven Alexia Estrada: *converses with Manuel Estrada in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Alexia Estrada: Okay Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] So we lived in the city with time.. Manuel Estrada: *continues response gradually in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English]... I worked like a farmer for twenty two years, nineteen years of a supervisor. The first four years were just like a regular worker. With time I was able to go to the farm and he gave me a home to stay then I retired and now I came back to the city now I live in the City Pasco. Robert Bauman: Mhmm mhmm. And then how many children, grandchildren? Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Alexia Estrada: *converses with Manuel Estrada in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds gradually in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] He says I don’t have that many three sons, grandchildren I have eighteen, and grandsons I have five Robert Bauman: Aha and are they all in the Pasco Tri-Cities area? Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] Some are in Yakima Manuel Estrada: Yakima [continues response in Spanish] Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] And others are here Robert Bauman: And do you.. have you gone back to Mexico very often to see family or Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] He says I would go often now it’s been about six years since I’ve last been Robert Bauman: Mhmm mhmm. Um okay, Alexia I am going to ask you a few questions now if that’s alright Alexia Estrada: Yeah, sounds good Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Robert Bauman: Um so how was growing up in the Tri-Cities area for you? Alexia Estrada: Yeah, ahh well it’s all I knew but it was great I it’s great I love it. I had the opportunity to grow up in a really close knit neighborhood um in pasco so I actually lived in a really diverse neighborhood. We had different religions on my street, different ethnicities and it was very intergenerational so yeah. Robert Bauman: Um and I know from talking to other people that you've been involved in community organizations and so forth. Alexia Estrada: Yeah Robert Bauman: Can you talk about some of those things you've involved in and and when and why and how you sort of got involved in those things. Alexia Estrada: Yeah I think oh there is there is [LAUGHTER] ohh let me think of where to start. Um well, I think the biggest thing I grew up going to boys and schools club so the second after school program and that opportunity really along with the church my grandpa is a pastor. I think those two combined instilled in me just the desire to serve and do service um and so when I went to college which I found my university through the after school program that took me to the university to view it; um I just came back and knew I wanted to do service so that’s how I got plugged in with community organizing and I think that’s something that is growing in Tri-Cities. Um so I’m involved with quite I don’t know just a couple of different things right now currently the pop up clinics is probably what’s taking up quite a bit of my time making sure our community gets vaccinated because of the pandemic so we are in front of Super Mex every weekend um encouraging folks to get vaxxed and making it accessible to people. Robert Bauman: Mhmm and what organizations or [inaudible] Alexia Estrada: That’s that’s through the Tri-Cities Hispanic Chamber of Commerce and then I worked for Latino Community Fund when I moved back from university um yeah and now I am with Heritage University. Robert Bauman: Okay, yeah um so you know you mentioned vaccination the pandemic COVID-19 you know studies have shown have impacted like non-white communities more heavily right.. Alexia Estrada: Mhmm. Yeah Robert Bauman: …economically, more illness, higher death rate that sort of thing; um so being involved in pop-up clinics what sort of impact have you seen on the Hispanic community here I wonder Alexia Estrada: Yeah, I think the way that our community receives information is through word of mouth and through trusted messengers and so what I have noticed that the most important thing is to really get trusted messengers out giving accurate information and I think there is a lot of stigma on folks not wanting to get vaccinated which part of it is true but I also think the accessibility piece was like number one so we intentionally had clinics on Saturdays in the afternoon and on Sundays because we knew our community was out working and that alone and the convenience of it and I’ve had folks tell me “I don’t have the stress of having to go do an appointment at Walgreens where they don’t speak Spanish and like the anxiety of it all,” “like ohh I was just going grocery shopping and you spoke to me in Spanish and we were able to get it without and appointment” and the convenience of it I think that was the biggest impact that or the biggest thing I learned was just accessibility and having trusted messengers. Robert Bauman: Mhmm yeah and you mentioned and I would assume language was… Alexia Estrada: Yeah Robert Bauman: …an important part of that right, yeah. Yeah that’s really interesting um what other um obviously so that’s been a really important issue the last couple of years Alexia Estrada: Mhmm Robert Bauman: Um what other issues do you see in the community sort of currently that you think are really important Alexia Estrada: Hmm Robert Bauman: Or ones that you've been involved in Alexia Estrada: Yeah I think one of the biggest ones is how do we educate our community on being involved in local government and I think how do we make it accessible but also how do we get knowledge out there and how do we empower folks to use their voice. Because a lot of times there is just no education, people don’t know how to fill out their ballot and maybe they are a citizen but they never filled out a ballot before and building that trust with like knowing that your vote does matter, I think that is one of the biggest issues I’ve seen. My grandpa voted recently and registered to vote [converses with Manuel Estrada in Spanish] Manuel Estrada: Yeah Alexia Estrada: Si so like just and knowing that it makes a big difference Robert Bauman: Sure Alexia Estrada: Um so I think just empowering folks to use their voice and know that their voice does matter and is heard is one of the biggest issues and then I also think that we are developing so rapidly as a city and my biggest fear is that folks are going to be left out and cooked out--kicked out of their spaces and their homes. I live in East Pasco and we currently have the Amazon buildings going up.. Robert Bauman: Yup, right Alexia Estrada: ..Those warehouses and I need to get more information on it myself but we’ve been told that that side is industrial and that’s zoned industrial so that’s why folks are able to build there and we don’t have anywhere else to go but when we look at the history of Tri-Cities we know that side was industrial because certain people lived on that side of the city. And so there is a trailer park right next to those Amazon warehouses that’s getting built and I am very curious to see in the next few years how we are going to work to protect the people that live there who have had that home for years and years. And so I think as we build and develop as a city how are we taking care of those in our community who have been here and keep room for them Robert Bauman: Right, so housing and as you mentioned also the ah politics right elections and um it sounds like you have been involved in all of those um sort of issues. Um so was it sort of growing up in the community and you said the boys and girls club and then that kind of led sounds like led to your involvement something.. Alexia Estrada: Yeah, I think.. Robert Bauman: Somethings in college anything I mean or combination of Alexia Estrada: A combination of everything, I think I just got really blessed like I have a lot of great mentors a lot of people I have poured into my life from. Miss Conner I don’t know if you are going to interview her. You should; Sabiha Khan, she was my high school teacher at Kamiakin and she influenced my life a ton she’s a mover and shaker here in the Tri-Cities. Um my boys and girls club mentor just people have continued to pour into my life and I am very grateful so I think; when I went to university our motto was like the motto of the university was is “Engage the Culture, Change the World” but what I learned there is that the way to change the world is to go back to your community and it happens in the small in the small spaces where people are not really paying attention that’s where the change happens so Robert Bauman: Mhmm Alexia Estrada: Moving back to Tri-Cities isn’t always something that people get excited for so [LAUGHTER] So um, it can be a hard move for a young adult um there is not much for young adults here yet so Robert Bauman: Right, yeah as you’ve been talking too I’ve been thinking about you know your grandfather’s story. Alexia Estrada: Hmm Robert Bauman: I wonder um the influence of his experiences and story… Alexia Estrada: Yeah Robert Bauman:.. What sort of influence does that have on you? Alexia Estrada: Mhmm. Well,um my grandpa here is a servant leader. I don’t think he’d call himself that, I don’t think he would call himself a community organizer either but um he’s also said he said he was a farm worker but he is also the pastor of a small church that serves um lamasomlida--like the most humble people in our community. And so uh just seeing how he shows up for other folks and the need that there are and the folks that come to his church; um that definitely influenced me and I also think holding on to stories that he shared, that my dad shared on everything that they’ve had to endure to get to where I am at now. Like I am college educated, I am able to go to city council meetings and attend and like understand what is happening and share and advocate and do all these things um because someone chose to immigrate here and work towards that for us so. Robert Bauman: Yeah so you mentioned a college education, was that something that was really emphasized a lot in your family. Were your parents able to go to college or are your first generation or what’s that? Alexia Estrada: My mom was able to go, she actually went to WSU in Pullman and I think that opened a lot of doors for me too and so there’s that and my dad was also super encouraging so um yeah. Robert Bauman: So education was-- Alexia Estrada: --Priority, yeah number one.[LAUGHTER] Robert Bauman: [LAUGHTER] Alexia Estrada: *interpret conversation in Spanish to Manuel Estrada* Manuel Estrada: Oh yeah, number one Alexia Estrada:Yeah [LAUGHTER] Robert Bauman: And so do you have brother sisters? Alexia Estrada:Yeah, I have four younger siblings Robert Bauman: Okay Alexia Estrada: We uh have a big age gap too. I’m going to be twenty five on Sunday and my little sister is ten years old--my youngest sister. So we have a few years in between us Robert Bauman: And uhh I wonder what sort of influence you're being on your-- with your younger sibling, do you think Alexia Estrada: I I am just sainly thought. I don’t know I think about that all the time. Like every generation has set up a new foundation um and my siblings are getting to grow up with a lot of different voices in the room and a lot of different opinions in the spaces and so we’ll see how they’ll navigate those and what they do with them Robert Bauman: Mhmm. Um so Alexia you know this is a university right, a lot of young people--we have a lot of “non-traditional students” but a lot of young people. What, what advice might you give a young person college age or someone that’s in college um about um like community engagement sort of things Alexia Estrada: Yeah. I would say that you are the expert. I don’t think we hear that enough as young people but you know your community, you’ve lived here, you have your own lived experiences and those are very valid and that’s your truth. And so I would say go confident in that and know that when you enter into spaces or maybe there are folks that have different experiences that are older or different generation, you also bring up a lot to the table and what you bring to the table is rich and so just being confident in that and knowing that you are the expert Robert Bauman: That’s great advice um I’m going to go back to Manuel and ask him some questions. Climaco Ivarka: *interprets question to Manuel in Spanish* Robert Bauman: Um, when you sit here next to your granddaughter and know what she has achieved in her young life so far, what sort of thoughts do you have as you see the young person she’s become and the younger generation Climaco Ivarka: *interprets question to Manuel in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] He’s very proud of her, very happy. Robert Bauman: Mhmm Manuel Estrada: *continues response in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] Her confidence, that she’s-- since she’s young. I admire her alot. She sounds funny and she always counts on me for my support in all the areas. I’m very proud of her, it’s an honor. Alexia Estrada: Gracias Abuletio Robert Bauman: Have you ever given Alexia advice of any kind and if so what sort of advice have you given her Alexia Estrada: All the time [LAUGHTER] Climaco Ivarka: *interprets question to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *questions in Spanish* Alexia Estrada: “converses with Manuel in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Alexia Estrada: Alot. Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] I would say many Manuel Estrada: *continues response in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] Lots of advice for her only benefit. Alexia Estrada: I think my grandparents they’re on Shoshone street they’re right by city hall and they both sit on the porch all the time and people come and visit them and talk to them and I- I’ve said that “that porch has heard all of the world’s conversations.” And so sometimes I would go by and I’ll see them and I’ll just drive over and go park and I’ll be like “hey, this is going on like what advice do you have for me” and I’m very surprised at how--I shouldn’t be surprised my grandpa is very wise and says a lot of things and oh “that’s really good.” And I think it’s just the importance of intergenerational relationships in our community; I think we really need that .But he gives me lots of good advice Alexia Estrada:*converses with Manuel in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *replies in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] I hope I give good advice. Manuel Estrada: *continues response in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] It’s difficult for our young generation, these times the life is very complicated, very difficult. For them there are responsibility from parents and if we have the opportunity we need to come to hand. Robert Bauman: So um Alexia as you look sort of forward a little bit, what um things would you like to see happening in the near future in the community? Alexia Estrada: Mhmm, yeah.. mmm Robert Bauman: Are there changes that you think still need to happen or that you'd like to see happen or… Alexia Estrada: Yeah, oh yeah. Um I think there is a lot of helpers and there is a lot of people at work already doing this stuff so it’s not really new but I’d love to see a um more capacity being given to it. But one of my passions that I really want to see happen here in the Tri-Cities is conversations around mental health and accessibility to that. I don’t think especially in the Latino community, I would love to see us be able to talk about and navigate conversations around dimensions more and and what is anxiety, what is depression but also what is joy and like how do we celebrate that. And I think with just how our society is set up we are all so busy working and we are all so busy trying to survive day by day um but I think those conversations really need to happen. So I’d love to see-- I would hope maybe one day I can come back and open up a community center or something where folks can come in and just receive culturally appropriate therapy and ahh I don’t know a lot of different things but I don’t think we have those conversations I see that. And I also think education on how much people's voice and vote does make a difference and why it’s important to vote for those who can’t Robert Bauman: Mhmm Alexia Estrada: Mmm, those things. Yeah Manuel Estrada: It’s fine. [CHUCKLE] Alexia Estrada:[LAUGHTER] Mhmm Robert Bauman:[CHUCKLE]. Is there anything I haven’t asked you or your grandpa Manuel or Alexia that you think would be important to talk about either about your family, story- immigration story, or community issues or anything Climaco Ivarka: *interprets question to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] Maybe yes, we come to this country, we come to work, we suffer. People say it’s the land of opportunities and it depends on our behavior what we accomplish or what we want or you lose the opportunity. In my case I worked a lot always labor work in the farm, I taught my kids to work. I wanted them to go to school get educated. They did not want to go to a school get educated now they have to learn to work, how to make a living out of it by working. And thanks alot I was able to accomplish maybe not what I wanted but I was able to get them a table of food before them. I have two sons that I am very proud of, the father of my granddaughter here he’s a very experienced worker hard worker entrepreneur. He has his businesses, he’s a good citizen; that’s satisfaction for me and I can say with honor that it was worth all my suffrage all my farming working times. I feel happy, I received the goods that was hard work for us to accomplish. I have my wife and my grandchildren who are very close to me that love me and I’m very happy. I remember through all the suffrage I had while I was working, I just want to say if someone is listening to me that it’s worth it and if god lets-gets us fly, one day we will be happy and enjoy what we. I’m very thankful for all the work that I did, I paid off at the end- it pays off at the end Manuel Estrada: Yeah Robert Bauman: Mhmm. How about you Alexia is there anything that you would like to add or anything that I haven’t asked about Alexia Estrada: Hmm I don’t know. I think just making sure you get all the voices in this room in front of this camera to share their story. I had I during one of the election years there was lot of just a lot of stuff going on and so that summer I said “you know what I am going to work in the fields ” and I want to know what it feels like and I want to be able to actually experience it. He went through all of it so I wouldn’t have to but I still chose to kind of go out there and um the people that I met in our community that work so hard to put foods on our tables, I want those stories to be heard. I got to work alongside a lady named Donyateray for weeks doing the apple [picking] and I think I learned more from here that summer that I would have learned from any other space so just making sure we get those folks here Robert Bauman: Yeah, absolutely. And so that reminds me one question that I will ask if you have other people we connect we can interview Alexia Estrada: Yeah I do actually. Yeah Robert Bauman: Absolutely, so we can talk about that afterwards Alexia Estrada: Sweet Robert Bauman: Yeah, that would be absolutely terrific. Um so I want to thank both of you very much for coming in today. Gracias, muchas gracias um really appreciate it um getting your stories hearing your stories, both of you. It’s really important we have it, the generational- Climaco Ivarka: *interprets in Spanish gradually* Alexia Estrada: Yeah Robert Bauman:- story is really really great. Alexia Estrada: We should’ve brought my dad. I was thinking about it too Robert Bauman: [LAUGHTER] We can bring him another time Alexia Estrada: Yeah I was thinking that Manuel Estrada: *comments in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually in English] Thank you for letting us having this privilege to express our stories I’m hoping that if somebody sees it it can benefit them, thank you for that for the time the opportunity that you gave us today we are here to serve in what we can Robert Bauman: Well thank you very much, muchas gracias Climaco Ivarka: *interprets in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Espanol: Dr. Bauman: Hay algunas cosas que tengo que decir antes de comenzar. Para que sea todo oficial. Marco Abarca: Hay algunas cosas que tengo que decir al inicio para hacerlo oficial. Dr. Bauman: Mi nombre es Robert Bauman. Yo estoy conduciendo una entrevista histórica oral junto con Marco Abarca quien será interprete el día de hoy. Marco: Mi nombre es Robert Bauman estoy conduciendo una entrevista oral con ustedes, junto con Marco Abarca quien será el intérprete. Dr. Bauman: Estamos conduciendo la entrevista con Alexia Estrada y Manuel Estrada Marco: La entrevista va a ser con Alexia Estrada y Manuel Estrada Dr. Bauman: El 12 de Julio del año 2022, Marco: El 12 de Julio del 2022 Bauman: Y la entrevista está siendo conducida en Washington State Tri-Cities Marco: La entrevista está conduciendo aquí en el WSU Tri-Cities Bauman: Otro requisito oficial. Alexia puedes pronunciar y escribir tu primer nombre y apellido, por favor. Alexia: Si. Alexia Estrada. A-L-E-X-I-A. Estrada, E-S-T-R-A-D-A. Bauman: Ahora, Manuel Marco: Usted puede decir su nombre Manuel: Manuel Estrada Alexia: M-A-N-U-E-L, E-S-T-R-A-D-A. Dr. Bauman: Gracias Entonces, Manuel. Creo que comenzare contigo, me pregunto si podrías platicar sobre, de lo que tengo entendido por correo electrónico con Alexia, usted llego de México. Podría contarnos sobre su vida allá y que lo llevo a irse y venir acá. Marco: Manuel voy a empezar contigo. Como nos contó tu nieta Alexia que llegaste aca de México nos podrías contar un poco de tu historia en México y como llegaste acá. Manuel: De México? Marco: Si, de México. Manuel: Pues soy mexicano y nací en un rancho y vivimos una vida normal en medio de la pobreza y muchas cosas de necesidad y todo. Salimos adelante a cierta edad, me dieron ganas de venirme a los estados unidos y me vine en el 77’, 1977 cruce para los estados unidos y desde entonces radico aquí en los estados unidos e ido a México a visitar, me estoy yendo (risas). Marco: Yes, I am Mexican. I was born in Mexico a small town, we had limited resources, we lived in poverty, we had necessities and i decided to come to the united states, i have returned. Si, soy mexicano. Yo nací en México, en un pueblo pequeño con pocos recursos, y vivimos en la pobreza con varias necesidades y decidí venirme a los estados unidos, y he regresado. Dr. Bauman: ¿Alrededor de que edad tenía cuando llego a los Estados Unidos? Marco: 1977’ dijo que vino en el 77’? Manuel: Si Marco: Si, la primera vez que llego fue en 1977. Alexia: ¿Y cuantos años tuviste? Manuel: ¿Donde? Alexia: Cuando viniste Manuel: Tenía 25 Marco: 25 años de edad Dr. Bauman: ¿Y conocía a alguien que estaba aquí en los estados unidos? ¿Cuándo se vino, vino a encontrarse con alguien? ¿O como llego, y como lo logro? Marco: ¿Cuándo llego acá a los estados unidos conocía a alguien cuando venía acá, o como llego aquí? Alexia: A Tri-Cities Manuel: A Estados Unidos o los Tri-Cities? Alexia: Los dos Marco: Aquí para empezar y luego... Primero los Estados Unidos, luego los Tri-Cities Manuel: Cuando entré a los estados unidos, me vino con un amigo, no conocía a nadie, empecé hacer amistades aquí, y así fue como recorrí mi vida Marco: Cuando entro a los estados unidos, vino con un amigo, no conocía a nadie, empezó hacer amistades aquí, y así fue como recorrió su vida Dr. Bauman: Fue algún lado antes de llegar a los Tri-Cities? Algún otro lugar Marco: Donde llego antes de llegar a los Tri-Cities? Manuel: Llegue a los angeles, tuve un tiempo pequeño en los angeles, de allí me vine a oregon, y no me gusto los angeles, no me gusto Oregon, me vine a Washington, y aquí me gusto, y aquí llegue a yakima Marco: Llego a los angeles, estuvo un tiempo pequeño en los ángeles, de allí se fue a oregon, y no le gusto los angeles, ni oregon, y se fue a Washington, y si le gusto Manuel: Allí viví nueve años, y allí me cambie para acá, y el resto lo he vivido aquí. Marco: Se mudo a Yakima, donde vivo nueve años y se mudó a los Tri-Cities Dr. Bauman : ¿Cuándo estaba en Yakima que tipo de empleo pudo encontrar? Marco: Cuando estaba en Yakima y después Tri-Cities que tipo de trabaja estaba usted haciendo? Manuel: El campo Marco: Trabajo de campo Manuel: El campo, la agricultura Bauman: ¿Cuándo se fue de México, tenía miembros de su familia? dejo familia allá? ¿Algún familiar llego en algún punto? Marco: Cuando usted dejo México, dejo familia, ¿vinieron su familia de allá para acá? ¿Como estuvo? Manuel: Si, deje a mis padres, a mis hermanos. De hecho, tres hijos pequeños que tenía. Marco: Si, dejo sus padres, sus hermanos, y tres hijos menores de edad, Manuel: Con el tiempo, lograron venirse también. Y ahora tengo familia en México y tengo familia aquí. Marco: Con el tiempo, pudieron venirse también. Y ahora tiene familia en México y aquí. Alexia: ¿Uno era mi papa verdad? Manuel: Si Alexia: Mi papa era uno de sus hijos Manuel: Si Dr. Bauman: Cuando llego a los Tri-Cities, como era la comunidad hispana cuando usted llego? Cuando primero llego Marco: ¿Cuándo llego usted aquí cómo era la comunidad hispana? Manuel: ¿Aquí? Marco: Aquí Manuel: Eran muy, muy pocos, no había casi hispanos. Había una o dos tiendas mexicanas. Era un rancho, con unas dos o tres patrullas. Todo muy pobre, se podía decir. Muy escaso, pocos hispanos, pero se fueron multiplicando y ahora tenemos una bella ciudad. Marco: Eran muy pocos, no había casi hispanos. Era un pueblo muy pequeño, con unas dos o tres patrullas. Todo muy pobre, se podía decir. Muy escaso, pocos hispanos, pero se fueron multiplicando y ahora tenemos una bella ciudad. Dr. Bauman: Cuando llego, donde encontró donde vivir, ¿al inicio cuando llego primero? Marco: ¿Cuándo llego aquí en donde llego a vivir? Manuel: A Pasco Llegue aquí el primero de enero del 87’ Marco: Llego aquí el primero de enero del 87’ Alexia: ¿Y viviste en la ciudad o en el rancho del campo? Manuel: En la ciudad Marco: Él vivió en la ciudad Alexia: Está bien Manuel: Con el tiempo, este, trabaje con un ranchero 22 anos, 18 anos de supervisor en el rancho, 4 anos como peón, con el tiempo me fui al rancho, me dio casa, llego el tiempo me retire y regrese a la ciudad, y ahora vivo en Pasco Marco: Trabaje en un rancho 22 anos, dieciocho años de supervisor, y los primeros cuatro años como trabajador regular, con tiempo me dio una casa en el rancho. Y me retire y regrese a la ciudad de Pasco, y vivo allí. Dr. Bauman: ¿Y cuantos hijos tiene? ¿Nietos? Marco: ¿Cuántos nietos o bisnietos? Alexia: ¿Cuántos hijos tienes? Manuel: Pues hijos no tengo muchos Marco: No tengo muchos hijos Manuel: Hijos, tengo tres. Pero nietos tengo dieciocho, y bisnietos nietos tengo cinco Marco: Tres hijos, dieciocho nietos, y bisnietos tengo cinco Dr. Bauman: ¿Todos están en esta región de Pasco? Manuel: No, unos están en Yakima Marco: Unos están en Yakima Manuel: En Yakima, pero otros aquí Marco: Y otros están aquí Dr. Bauman: Y usted a regresado a México? ¿Seguido? Marco: ¿Regresa a México seguido a mirar familia? Manuel: Antes iba seguido, pero ahora tengo unos seis años que no he ido Marco: Antes si, ahora tiene seis años que no ha regresado Dr.: Bauman: Está bien, Alexia ahora te voy a preguntar algunas preguntas Marco: Ahora le va a preguntar a su nieta Alexia: Si, muy bien Dr. Bauman: Como era crecer en la área de los Tri-Cities? Alexia: Si, era todo lo que conocía, pero era genial me encanto. Tuve la oportunidad de crecer en una vecindad muy cercana en Pasco. Yo vivía en una vecindad muy diversa, con diferentes religiones, etnias/raza, muy intergeneracional. Dr. Bauman: Se por mucha gente que estas muy involucrada en varias organizaciones, nos podrías contar un poco sobre eso: un poco sobre cómo, cuando, y porque te involucraste Alexia: Creo que. A ver donde comenzó, crecí atendiendo el club de niños y niñas, un programa después de la escuela, y esa oportunidad, y la iglesia, porque mi abuelo es pastor, creo que esas dos cosas combinadas inculcaron ese deseo de servir y hacer servicios. Y entonces cuando fui a colegio, y encontré mi universidad por el programa a cuál asistía después de escuela. Yo regrese y quise servir a la comunidad, y me involucre. Y creo que es algo que está creciendo en los Tri-Cities Estoy involucrada con un poco de diferentes organizaciones. Las clínicas emergentes están consumiendo mucho de mi tiempo, para asegurar que la comunidad sea vacunada por la pandemia, ahora estamos en frente de la Súper-Mex cada fin de semana alentando a la gente que se vacunen y ayudando a la gente con accesibilidad. Dr. Bauman: ¿Con cual organización es esto? Alexia: Con los hispanic commerance of chamber, y también trabaje con latino community fund cuando regrese de la universidad, y luego con Heritage University Dr. Bauman: Muy bien. Entonces, mencionaste las vacunaciones, y la pandemia COVID-19 Estadísticas han enseñado que han impactado a las comunidades latinas mucho más fuerte. Económicamente, en salud, y riesgos más altos de muerte, involucrada con las clínicas emergentes que impacto has visto en la comunidad hispana aquí Alexia: Creo, que la forma en que nuestra comunidad recibe información es de boca en boca, y mensajeros de confianza. Lo que yo he notado es poder enviar mensajeros de confianza, para poder mandarlos con la información correcta y para poder dar información precisa. Creo que también hay demasiado estigma sobre mucha gente que no quiere ser vacunados, y por parte es verdad, pero creo que la accesibilidad es número uno. Nosotros intencionalmente tuvimos las clínicas los sábados por las tardes y los domingos porque sabíamos que nuestra comunidad estaba trabajando y con solo eso ayuda. Mucha gente me ha dicho que sienten el estrés de tener que hacer una cita en Walgreens donde no hablan español. La ansiedad del proceso, han dicho que al ir de compras y les hablamos en español, y les ayudamos sin una cita. La conveniencia de todo creo que fue el impacto más grande, o lo que yo aprendí y la accesibilidad y mensajeros de confianza son importantes. Dr. Bauman: Como mencionaste, asumo que la barrera de lenguaje tuvo mucho que ver Alexia: Si. Dr. Bauman: Si, es muy interesante. ¿Que otro, obviamente ese a sido un tema bastante importante en los últimos anos. ¿Que otro problema has visto en la comunidad que son importantes, o cual es uno en el que has sido involucrada? Alexia: Si, creo que uno de los temas más grandes. Es como involucrarse con el gobierno, y creo que como hacerlo más accesible y poder agrandar el conocimiento de la gente y empoderar a la gente para usar sus voces. No hay educación o la gente no saben cómo llenar un folleto, o no sabían que tienen el derecho a votar. Saber que tu voto si importa, es uno de los temas/asunto que he visto. Mi abuelo voto recientemente. Y esta registrado para votar. Verdad, votaste Manuel: Yeah – Si. Alexia: Al saber que si se hace una diferencia grande Creo que, empoderando a la gente, para que utilicen su voz y que sepan que voz si importa y es escuchada es uno de los problemas más grandes. Y también creo que estamos desarrollándonos muy rápidamente en la ciudad, y mi mayor miedo es que la gente va a ser dejada atrás y sacada de sus espacios y hogares. Yo vivo en el este de Pasco, y actualmente tenemos los edificios de Amazon que están siendo construidos y las bodegas. Yo – necesito más información, pero nos han dicho que ese lado es industrial y es una zona industrial y por eso la gente puede construir allí y no tenemos a donde ir, pero si vemos el pasado de Pasco, se sabe que ese lado es industrial porque cierta gente vivió de ese lado y hay un parqueadero de traíllas a un lado, y me da curiosidad ver que será construido en los años que vienen, como vamos a proteger a la gente que ha vivido en esa área por años y años. Al construir y desarrollamos como una ciudad como cuidamos a esos que han estado en esta comunidad y como los mantenemos aquí. Dr. Bauman: Correcto, viviendo y como mencionaste también la política, elecciones suena que has estado involucrada en todos esos asuntos. ¿Entonces fue al crecer junto a la comunidad y el club de niños y niñas que te dirigió a involucrarte o fueron cosas de colegio? Alexia: Si. Bauman: O una combinación. Alexia: Si, una combinación de todo. Creo que fui bendecida. Tuve bastantes mentores, mucha gente ha podido... desde Ms. Conan, si la va a entrevistar, la debería entrevistar, Sevilla Con era mi maestra de la secundaria en Kamiakin y ella influencio mi vida bastante aquí en los Tri-Cities, mis mentores en el club de niños y niñas, y mucha gente que ha podida atribuir a mi vida. Estoy muy agradecida, y cuando fui a la universidad, la frase de la universidad era 'comprometer la cultura para cambiar el mundo,’ pero lo que aprendí allí era que la forma en cambiar el mundo es regresar a tu comunidad, y sucede el cambio en los espacios pequeños donde la gente no pone tanta atención y allí es donde sucede el cambio, entonces regresar a los Tri-Cities no es siempre algo que emociona a la gente. Puede ser una mudanza difícil para los jóvenes, todavía no hay demasiado para los jóvenes. Bauman: Correcto. Mientras has estado hablando, he pensado sobre la historia de tu abuelo. Me pregunto, como te ha influido su experiencia. Alexia: Si. Bueno, mi abuelo es un servidor para la gente, pero no creo que se llamaría eso ni tampoco se llamaría un organizador de la comunidad. Él también es trabajador agrícola pero también es pastor de una pequeña iglesia que le serve a lo más humilde, se refiere a la gente humilde en nuestra comunidad. Entonces al ver como él está allí para la gente y la necesidad de la gente que viene a la iglesia definitivamente me influencio y también creo que mantener sus historias. Seguir contando las historias que ha compartido, que mi papa ha compartido sobre todo que han tenido que sobresalir para llegar donde estoy ahora. Yo tengo mi educación universitaria y puede atender y participar en las juntas del consejo del pueblo, entender y compartir lo que está sucediendo y todas estas cosas porque alguien decidió emigrar aquí y trabajo duro para nosotros. Bauman: ¿Si, la educación universitaria era muy importante? ¿Pudieron tus padres asistir al colegio? ¿O eres primera generación? Alexia: Si, mi mama asistió al colegio. Mi mama fue a WSU en Pullman, y creo que eso me abrió demasiadas puertas también. Y mi papa también me estaba alentando, sí. Bauman: La educación era muy importante Alexia: Una prioridad, número uno. Bauman: Si Alexia: Verdad que la educación era muy importante Manuel: O, sí. Número uno. Alexia: Si. Bauman: ¿Entonces, tienes hermanos o hermanas? Alexia: Si. Tengo cuatro hermanos menores. Bauman: Está bien. Alexia: Si, tenemos una gran diferencia en edad también. Yo cumplo 25 el domingo y mi hermana pequeña tiene 10 años, la más pequeña. Tenemos algunos años entre nosotras. Bauman: Me pregunto, que embelleciendo has tenido en tus hermanos pequeños Alexia: Si. Yo no sé, yo pienso en eso todo el tiempo. Cada generación a creado una fundación, y mis hermanos están creciendo con diferentes voces y opiniones en todo aspecto. Tendremos que ver como navegan y que hacen con esas voces. Bauman: Alexia, esta es una universidad, verdad. Muchos jóvenes, y estudiantes no tradicionales. Alexia: Sí. Bauman: Que consejos le darías a un joven en la universidad sobre como involucrarse en la comunidad, Alexia: Yo diría que tú eres el experto. No creo que lo escuchamos lo suficiente como jóvenes. Pero conocemos nuestra comunidad, tú has vivido aquí. Cada uno ha tenido sus propias experiencias y son muy validas y son sus historias. Yo digo que confíen en eso y que sepan que cuando entren espacios... Hay gente que han tenido diferentes experiencias o son mayores o diferentes generaciones, tú también tienes mucho que contribuir y eso es importante, entonces tener confianza y saber que eres el experto. Bauman: Muy buenos consejos. Voy a volver con Manuel y preguntar unas preguntas Marco: Vamos a regresar con usted con unas cuantas preguntas. Bauman: Al estar sentado aquí con su nieta al saber lo que ella ha logrado en su vida cuáles son sus pensamientos al ver la joven en la que se convierte y en la generación. Marco: ¿Ahorita que está sentado cercas de su nieta lo que ella ha logrado hasta ahorita, como se siente usted? Manuel: Muy orgulloso, de ella muy contento. Marco: Muy muy orgulloso, está muy feliz. Manuel: Si, de los logros que ha tenido Marco: Sus logros que ha logrado Manuel: Es una joven esforzada, valiente, es una de las cosas que le admiro mucho Y creo que ella cuenta conmigo y siempre ha contado y seguirá contando con mi apoyo en todas las áreas Marco: Esta joven, la admiro mucho. Ella cuenta conmigo y siempre contara con mi apoyo, en todas las áreas. Es un orgullo para mí lo que ella ha logrado Marco: Estoy muy orgulloso de ella. Alexia: Gracias abuelito Bauman: ¿Le ha dado algún consejo a Alexia? ¿Qué tipos de consejos le ha dado? Alexia: Todo el tiempo Marco: ¿Le da usted consejos a su nieta? Manuel: Mande Marco: Le ha dado consejos a Alexia Alexia: ¿Y si, cuáles consejos? ¿Cuáles tipos de consejos me has dado? Manuel: Pues yo creo que son varios Alexia: Bastante Marco: Muchos Manuel: SI, varios consejos Marco: Muchos consejos Manuel: Para su beneficio. Marco: Por su bien Alexia: Yo creo que mis abuelos, están en la calle Shoshone St a lado del consejo del pueblo y los dos se sientan en el porche todo el tiempo y la gente los visitan y platican con ellos. Y yo he dicho que ese porche ha escuchado todas las conversaciones del mundo. Y entonces a veces pasare y los vere y me estaciono y les digo ‘hola, esto está sucediendo que consejos me pueden dar’ y me sorprende, no debería de sorprenderme mi abuelo es muy sabio. Dice muchas cosas y pienso que es lo importante de relaciones intergeneracional en nuestra comunidad Y creo que necesitamos eso y me da muy buenos consejos, buenos consejos me das. Manuel: Bueno, eso espero Marco: Espero dar buenos consejos. Manuel: Esta difícil para la juventud en estos tiempos Marco: Es difícil para la generación de jóvenes en estos tiempos Manuel: Muy dura la vida Marco: La vida es muy complicada para Manuel: Muy poca responsabilidad de los padres Marco: Muy poca la responsabilidad para los padres Manuel: Y pues nosotros que tenemos la oportunidad hay que echarles la mano, ayudarlos Marco: Darles una mano y ayudarlos Bauman: Alexia, tu que miras hacia adelante que te gustaría ver en el futuro cercano? Alexia: Si Bauman: Algunos cambios que todavía tienen que pasar o que deberían pasar Alexia: Si. O, sí. Yo creo que hay muchos ayudantes y mucha gente que está trabajando en eso, no es algo nuevo, pero me encantaría verlo. Mucha más capacidad dada, pero una pasión mía que me gustaría ver, conversaciones sobre la salud mental y la accesibilidad a eso. No creo que, especialmente en la comunidad latina, me encantaría ver y poder hablar y navegar conversaciones sobre las emociones. Sobre que es la ansiedad, la depresión, ¿y que es la felicidad? ¿Y cómo lo celebramos? Y yo creo que como nuestra sociedad está rodeada estamos todos trabajando y tratando de sobrevivir el día a día. Pero creo que esas conversaciones son necesarias, espero poder regresar un día y poder abrir un centro comunitario donde la gente puede venir y recibir terapia apropiada para nuestra cultura y algunas otras cosas. No sé, bastante cosas, pero no creo que tengamos ese tipo de conversaciones, yo veo que eso falta. Y también veo que la educación en cuanto la voz de la gente y sus votos si hacen la diferencia. Y porque es importante votar por los que no pueden, esos asuntos. Manuel: Está bien. Bauman: Hay algo que no les he preguntado o a tu abuelo, Manuel o Alexia que creen que son importantes para platicarlo sobre su familia, su historia, su historia migratoria, ¿o sobre la comunidad? Marco: Hay algo que no le hemos preguntado sobre usted sobre su historia que cree que debe contarnos, que se quedó sin decir, ¿pero cree que sería bueno decirlo? Manuel: Pues este, tal vez sí. La historia es que viene uno a este país Marco: Posiblemente si, se viene a este país Manuel: a trabajar Marco: Se viene a trabajar Manuel: se sufre, pero como sigue diciendo la gente es un país de las oportunidades y depende del comportamiento de uno. Si uno logra lo que quiere o pierde la oportunidad. Marco: Se sufre, pero como dice la gente es el país de las oportunidades. Depende en el comportamiento de uno, si se cumple lo que uno quiere o se pierde la oportunidad Manuel: Yo en mi caso trabaje mucho, siempre en la labor en el campo. A mis hijos les ensene a trabajar. Yo quería que estudiaran, no quisieron el estudio pues tiene que aprender a trabajar como ganarse la vida, trabajando. Marco: En mi caso trabaje mucho, siempre la labor, les ensene a mis hijos a trabajar. Yo quise que fueran a la escuela, pero no quisieron y tuvieron que trabajar. Manuel: Y gracias a dios logre, quizás no lo que quería, pero logre un bienestar para mi vida y para mis hijos. Tengo dos hijos varones, de los cuales estoy orgulloso de ellos. El papa de aquí, de mi nieta. Un varón trabajador, un empresario, tiene sus propios negocios. El otro es un buen trabajador también, buen ciudadano. Y para mi es una satisfacción y puedo decir con un orgullo que valió la pena lo que sufrimos en el campo lo que trabajamos, ahora me siento contento del fruto que algún día nos costó mucho para lograrlo. Tengo mi esposa, mis nietos que están muy acercados a mí que me quieren y los quiero. Y soy feliz Recuerdo los sufrimientos, los trabajos, pero quiero decir que, si alguien escucha, vale la pena, vale la pena si el señor nos presta vida. Marco: Tengo dos hijos varones, de los cuales estoy orgulloso de ellos. El papa de aquí, de mi nieta. Un varón trabajador, un empresario, tiene sus propios negocios. El otro es un buen trabajador también, buen ciudadano. Y para mi es una satisfacción y puedo decir con un orgullo que valió la pena lo que sufrimos en el campo lo que trabajamos, ahora me siento contento del fruto que algún día nos costó mucho para lograrlo. Tengo mi esposa, mis nietos que están muy acercados a mí que me quieren y los quiero. Y soy feliz Recuerdo los sufrimientos, los trabajos, pero quiero decir que, si alguien escucha, vale la pena, vale la pena si el señor nos presta vida. Manuel: Un día disfrutamos lo que cosechamos lo que algún día sembramos. Y doy gracias a dios por mi familia. Marco: Y le doy gracias a dios por mi familia, todo vale la pena al fin. Bauman: ¿Y tú Alexia, algo que te gustaría agregar? ¿Algo que no he preguntado? Alexia: No se. Creo que asegurarse de capturar todas las voces en este cuarto en frente de esta cámara para compartir sus historias. Durante las elecciones, había mucho que sucedió. Ese verano decidí ir a trabajar al campo para tener esa experiencia, el paso por todo eso para que yo no tuviera que pasar por eso. Pero yo decidí ir. La gente que conocí de nuestra comunidad que trabaja muy duro para poner comida en nuestras mesas, yo quiero que sus historias sean escuchadas. Pude trabajar junto con una señora, Doña Tere por varias semanas, en la manzana. Creo que aprendí más de ella ese verano que en cualquier otro lugar. Asegurarse de escuchar sus voces, y traerlos qui. Bauman: Eso me recuerda. Tienes a otra gente para recomendar. Antes de irte, me gustaría hablar contigo sobre eso. Alexia: Absolutamente Bauman: Quiero agradecerles mucho, a los dos por venir el día de hoy. Muchas gracias, muchas gracias. Marco: Muchas gracias por haber venido, por compartir su historia. Se aprecia mucho, escuchando las historias de ambos. Bauman: Se les aprecia mucho. Por escuchar su historia, a los dos. Muy importante, la historia generacional Marco: Las historias generacionales y intergeneracionales. Alexia: Hubiera traído a mi papa, lo estaba pensando también. Bauman: Lo pueden traer otro día Manuel: Muchas gracias a ustedes por permitirlos este privilegio, por decir yo. Marco: Gracias por dejarnos tener este privilegio. Manuel: Por poder expresar algo de nuestra vida esperando que si alguien mira con beneficio. Gracias por el tiempo y la oportunidad que nos dan. Estamos para servir en lo que podamos Marco: Poder expresar nuestra vida, si alguien lo mira. Gracias por el tiempo y la oportunidad. Estamos aquí para servir en lo que se pueda. Bauman: Bueno, gracias. Muchas gracias. Marco: Muy bien dicho. Manuel: No hay de que. <div class="capti-toolbox-close"> </div> <div> </div> Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data video/mp4 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:30:45 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 10317kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Alexia and Manuel Estrada Subject The topic of the resource Oral History; Latin American; Hanford Site; Richland, WA, USA Description An account of the resource Manuel Estrada discusses his journey from Mexico to the Tri-Cities starting in 1977, his work in agriculture, and experiences incurred during the immigration process. Alexia Estrada discusses growing up in the Tri-Cities, experiences in a diverse community, her involvement in community organizations and her passion for social justice. Her work on various community initiatives, including vaccination campaigns and voter engagement. The influence of her family, particularly her grandparents, on her life and values. Her aspirations for the future of the Tri-Cities community, including increased mental health awareness and community engagement. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 12, 2022 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part, or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to the US Department of Energy collection. Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. English: Robert Bauman: So there are a few things I have to say upfront just to make it sort of official. Alexia Estrada: Mm-hmm [affirmative] Robert Bauman: So I’ll do that first- Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Robert Bauman: So my name is Robert Bauman um and I am conducting oral history interview along with Climaco Ivarka who is serving as interpreter Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Robert Bauman: And we are doing the interview with Aleixa Estrada and Manuel Estrada Alexia Estrada: Mm-hmm [affirmative] Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Robert Bauman: On July 12th, 2022 Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Robert Bauman: And the interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington Satate University Tri-Cities Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Robert Bauman: And so uh another sort of official thing, Alexia can you say and spell your first and last names please Alexia Estrada: Yeah, Alexia Estrada A-L-E-X-I-A, Estrada E-S-T-R-A-D-A Robert Bauman: And then Manuel Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* (directs to manuel) Manuel Estrada: Manuel Estrada Climaco Ivarka: *continues interpretation in Spanish* Alexia Estrada: M-A-N-U-E-L E-S-T-R-A-D-A Robert Bauman: Thank you. Um so Manuel I think I will begin with you I wonder if you could talk a little bit about um as I understand from emailing Alexia you you came here from Mexico um could you talk about your life and what led you to leave there and come here. Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *questions in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: *clarifies in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] Okay so yes I am Mexican I was born in Mexico in a small town we had limited resources, I lived in poverty we had necessities and I decided to come to the United States I have returned Robert Bauman: And about how old were you when you came to the United States? Climaco Ivarka: 1977 *interprets and questions in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: Si Climaco Ivarka: Yeah first time they came in 1977 Alexia Estrada: *converses in Spanish to Manuel Estrada* Manuel Estrada: *replies to Alexia in Spanish* Alexia Estrada: *converses in Spanish to Manuel Estrada* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish to all* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] I was twenty five years old Robert Bauman: Okay um and um did you know someone already here in the United States? Ahh when you came to the U.S. did you come to meet someone or how did you how did you make it here, how did you come here? Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Alexia Estrada: At Tri-Cities Manuel Estrada: *questions for clarification in Spanish* Alexia Estrada: *attempts to clarify in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: *clarifies in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *questions for clarification in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [clarifies question to Robert Bauman] Are you ask him or the Tri-Cities. I let them know that you wanna know how he got here and then Tri-Cities Robert Bauman: Yes to the U.S. yeah first yeah Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] When I came here I didn’t know anybody I came with a friend, I started to make acquaintances and that’s how my life continued Robert Bauman: Mhmm and uh did you go somewhere before coming to the Tri-Cities somewhere else in the.. Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] Okay so we started in Los Angeles or LA then we left to Oregon we didn’t like it there so we came here to…he lived in Yakima where he arrived and lived nine years and from there he moved to the Tri-Cities and the rest of the time I’ve been living here. Robert Bauman: Mhmm. And when you were in Yakima and then Tri-Cities what sort of work were you able to find? Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* El campo El campo Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] Farm work, agricultural Robert Bauman: Mhmm. And did you have when you left Mexico did you have other family members there? Did any of your family also come at some point? Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] Yeah [inaudible] My brothers, three sons I had that were underage. With time since, they were able to come here as well. Now I have family in Mexico and here Alexia Estrada: *converses with Manuel Estrada in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Si Alexia Estrada: My dad was one of the ones Robert Bauman: One of the, aha Alexia Estrada: Yeah, one of his sons Robert Bauman: Mhmm Manuel Estrada: *confirms in Spanish* Si Robert Bauman: And when you arrived in the Tri-Cities, what was the Hispanic community like here when your first arrived here Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] There was not that many- not many Hispanics, there was one or two stores that were Mexican stores. We would call it a small town, maybe two or three police cars [inaudible].. four or resources were not available. There were not that many Hispanics but they started multiplying now we have a beautiful city Robert Bauman: Mhmm mhmm. Um and ah when you came here where did you find to live initially when you first arrived here. Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] Pasco, pasco that is where he found.. Manuel Estrada: *continues response in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] We arrive here in January first of eighty seven Alexia Estrada: *converses with Manuel Estrada in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Alexia Estrada: Okay Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] So we lived in the city with time.. Manuel Estrada: *continues response gradually in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English]... I worked like a farmer for twenty two years, nineteen years of a supervisor. The first four years were just like a regular worker. With time I was able to go to the farm and he gave me a home to stay then I retired and now I came back to the city now I live in the City Pasco. Robert Bauman: Mhmm mhmm. And then how many children, grandchildren? Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Alexia Estrada: *converses with Manuel Estrada in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds gradually in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] He says I don’t have that many three sons, grandchildren I have eighteen, and grandsons I have five Robert Bauman: Aha and are they all in the Pasco Tri-Cities area? Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] Some are in Yakima Manuel Estrada: Yakima [continues response in Spanish] Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] And others are here Robert Bauman: And do you.. have you gone back to Mexico very often to see family or Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] He says I would go often now it’s been about six years since I’ve last been Robert Bauman: Mhmm mhmm. Um okay, Alexia I am going to ask you a few questions now if that’s alright Alexia Estrada: Yeah, sounds good Climaco Ivarka: *interprets to Spanish* Robert Bauman: Um so how was growing up in the Tri-Cities area for you? Alexia Estrada: Yeah, ahh well it’s all I knew but it was great I it’s great I love it. I had the opportunity to grow up in a really close knit neighborhood um in pasco so I actually lived in a really diverse neighborhood. We had different religions on my street, different ethnicities and it was very intergenerational so yeah. Robert Bauman: Um and I know from talking to other people that you've been involved in community organizations and so forth. Alexia Estrada: Yeah Robert Bauman: Can you talk about some of those things you've involved in and and when and why and how you sort of got involved in those things. Alexia Estrada: Yeah I think oh there is there is [LAUGHTER] ohh let me think of where to start. Um well, I think the biggest thing I grew up going to boys and schools club so the second after school program and that opportunity really along with the church my grandpa is a pastor. I think those two combined instilled in me just the desire to serve and do service um and so when I went to college which I found my university through the after school program that took me to the university to view it; um I just came back and knew I wanted to do service so that’s how I got plugged in with community organizing and I think that’s something that is growing in Tri-Cities. Um so I’m involved with quite I don’t know just a couple of different things right now currently the pop up clinics is probably what’s taking up quite a bit of my time making sure our community gets vaccinated because of the pandemic so we are in front of Super Mex every weekend um encouraging folks to get vaxxed and making it accessible to people. Robert Bauman: Mhmm and what organizations or [inaudible] Alexia Estrada: That’s that’s through the Tri-Cities Hispanic Chamber of Commerce and then I worked for Latino Community Fund when I moved back from university um yeah and now I am with Heritage University. Robert Bauman: Okay, yeah um so you know you mentioned vaccination the pandemic COVID-19 you know studies have shown have impacted like non-white communities more heavily right.. Alexia Estrada: Mhmm. Yeah Robert Bauman: …economically, more illness, higher death rate that sort of thing; um so being involved in pop-up clinics what sort of impact have you seen on the Hispanic community here I wonder Alexia Estrada: Yeah, I think the way that our community receives information is through word of mouth and through trusted messengers and so what I have noticed that the most important thing is to really get trusted messengers out giving accurate information and I think there is a lot of stigma on folks not wanting to get vaccinated which part of it is true but I also think the accessibility piece was like number one so we intentionally had clinics on Saturdays in the afternoon and on Sundays because we knew our community was out working and that alone and the convenience of it and I’ve had folks tell me “I don’t have the stress of having to go do an appointment at Walgreens where they don’t speak Spanish and like the anxiety of it all,” “like ohh I was just going grocery shopping and you spoke to me in Spanish and we were able to get it without and appointment” and the convenience of it I think that was the biggest impact that or the biggest thing I learned was just accessibility and having trusted messengers. Robert Bauman: Mhmm yeah and you mentioned and I would assume language was… Alexia Estrada: Yeah Robert Bauman: …an important part of that right, yeah. Yeah that’s really interesting um what other um obviously so that’s been a really important issue the last couple of years Alexia Estrada: Mhmm Robert Bauman: Um what other issues do you see in the community sort of currently that you think are really important Alexia Estrada: Hmm Robert Bauman: Or ones that you've been involved in Alexia Estrada: Yeah I think one of the biggest ones is how do we educate our community on being involved in local government and I think how do we make it accessible but also how do we get knowledge out there and how do we empower folks to use their voice. Because a lot of times there is just no education, people don’t know how to fill out their ballot and maybe they are a citizen but they never filled out a ballot before and building that trust with like knowing that your vote does matter, I think that is one of the biggest issues I’ve seen. My grandpa voted recently and registered to vote [converses with Manuel Estrada in Spanish] Manuel Estrada: Yeah Alexia Estrada: Si so like just and knowing that it makes a big difference Robert Bauman: Sure Alexia Estrada: Um so I think just empowering folks to use their voice and know that their voice does matter and is heard is one of the biggest issues and then I also think that we are developing so rapidly as a city and my biggest fear is that folks are going to be left out and cooked out--kicked out of their spaces and their homes. I live in East Pasco and we currently have the Amazon buildings going up.. Robert Bauman: Yup, right Alexia Estrada: ..Those warehouses and I need to get more information on it myself but we’ve been told that that side is industrial and that’s zoned industrial so that’s why folks are able to build there and we don’t have anywhere else to go but when we look at the history of Tri-Cities we know that side was industrial because certain people lived on that side of the city. And so there is a trailer park right next to those Amazon warehouses that’s getting built and I am very curious to see in the next few years how we are going to work to protect the people that live there who have had that home for years and years. And so I think as we build and develop as a city how are we taking care of those in our community who have been here and keep room for them Robert Bauman: Right, so housing and as you mentioned also the ah politics right elections and um it sounds like you have been involved in all of those um sort of issues. Um so was it sort of growing up in the community and you said the boys and girls club and then that kind of led sounds like led to your involvement something.. Alexia Estrada: Yeah, I think.. Robert Bauman: Somethings in college anything I mean or combination of Alexia Estrada: A combination of everything, I think I just got really blessed like I have a lot of great mentors a lot of people I have poured into my life from. Miss Conner I don’t know if you are going to interview her. You should; Sabiha Khan, she was my high school teacher at Kamiakin and she influenced my life a ton she’s a mover and shaker here in the Tri-Cities. Um my boys and girls club mentor just people have continued to pour into my life and I am very grateful so I think; when I went to university our motto was like the motto of the university was is “Engage the Culture, Change the World” but what I learned there is that the way to change the world is to go back to your community and it happens in the small in the small spaces where people are not really paying attention that’s where the change happens so Robert Bauman: Mhmm Alexia Estrada: Moving back to Tri-Cities isn’t always something that people get excited for so [LAUGHTER] So um, it can be a hard move for a young adult um there is not much for young adults here yet so Robert Bauman: Right, yeah as you’ve been talking too I’ve been thinking about you know your grandfather’s story. Alexia Estrada: Hmm Robert Bauman: I wonder um the influence of his experiences and story… Alexia Estrada: Yeah Robert Bauman:.. What sort of influence does that have on you? Alexia Estrada: Mhmm. Well,um my grandpa here is a servant leader. I don’t think he’d call himself that, I don’t think he would call himself a community organizer either but um he’s also said he said he was a farm worker but he is also the pastor of a small church that serves um lamasomlida--like the most humble people in our community. And so uh just seeing how he shows up for other folks and the need that there are and the folks that come to his church; um that definitely influenced me and I also think holding on to stories that he shared, that my dad shared on everything that they’ve had to endure to get to where I am at now. Like I am college educated, I am able to go to city council meetings and attend and like understand what is happening and share and advocate and do all these things um because someone chose to immigrate here and work towards that for us so. Robert Bauman: Yeah so you mentioned a college education, was that something that was really emphasized a lot in your family. Were your parents able to go to college or are your first generation or what’s that? Alexia Estrada: My mom was able to go, she actually went to WSU in Pullman and I think that opened a lot of doors for me too and so there’s that and my dad was also super encouraging so um yeah. Robert Bauman: So education was-- Alexia Estrada: --Priority, yeah number one.[LAUGHTER] Robert Bauman: [LAUGHTER] Alexia Estrada: *interpret conversation in Spanish to Manuel Estrada* Manuel Estrada: Oh yeah, number one Alexia Estrada:Yeah [LAUGHTER] Robert Bauman: And so do you have brother sisters? Alexia Estrada:Yeah, I have four younger siblings Robert Bauman: Okay Alexia Estrada: We uh have a big age gap too. I’m going to be twenty five on Sunday and my little sister is ten years old--my youngest sister. So we have a few years in between us Robert Bauman: And uhh I wonder what sort of influence you're being on your-- with your younger sibling, do you think Alexia Estrada: I I am just sainly thought. I don’t know I think about that all the time. Like every generation has set up a new foundation um and my siblings are getting to grow up with a lot of different voices in the room and a lot of different opinions in the spaces and so we’ll see how they’ll navigate those and what they do with them Robert Bauman: Mhmm. Um so Alexia you know this is a university right, a lot of young people--we have a lot of “non-traditional students” but a lot of young people. What, what advice might you give a young person college age or someone that’s in college um about um like community engagement sort of things Alexia Estrada: Yeah. I would say that you are the expert. I don’t think we hear that enough as young people but you know your community, you’ve lived here, you have your own lived experiences and those are very valid and that’s your truth. And so I would say go confident in that and know that when you enter into spaces or maybe there are folks that have different experiences that are older or different generation, you also bring up a lot to the table and what you bring to the table is rich and so just being confident in that and knowing that you are the expert Robert Bauman: That’s great advice um I’m going to go back to Manuel and ask him some questions. Climaco Ivarka: *interprets question to Manuel in Spanish* Robert Bauman: Um, when you sit here next to your granddaughter and know what she has achieved in her young life so far, what sort of thoughts do you have as you see the young person she’s become and the younger generation Climaco Ivarka: *interprets question to Manuel in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] He’s very proud of her, very happy. Robert Bauman: Mhmm Manuel Estrada: *continues response in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] Her confidence, that she’s-- since she’s young. I admire her alot. She sounds funny and she always counts on me for my support in all the areas. I’m very proud of her, it’s an honor. Alexia Estrada: Gracias Abuletio Robert Bauman: Have you ever given Alexia advice of any kind and if so what sort of advice have you given her Alexia Estrada: All the time [LAUGHTER] Climaco Ivarka: *interprets question to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *questions in Spanish* Alexia Estrada: “converses with Manuel in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Alexia Estrada: Alot. Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] I would say many Manuel Estrada: *continues response in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] Lots of advice for her only benefit. Alexia Estrada: I think my grandparents they’re on Shoshone street they’re right by city hall and they both sit on the porch all the time and people come and visit them and talk to them and I- I’ve said that “that porch has heard all of the world’s conversations.” And so sometimes I would go by and I’ll see them and I’ll just drive over and go park and I’ll be like “hey, this is going on like what advice do you have for me” and I’m very surprised at how--I shouldn’t be surprised my grandpa is very wise and says a lot of things and oh “that’s really good.” And I think it’s just the importance of intergenerational relationships in our community; I think we really need that .But he gives me lots of good advice Alexia Estrada:*converses with Manuel in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *replies in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets to English] I hope I give good advice. Manuel Estrada: *continues response in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] It’s difficult for our young generation, these times the life is very complicated, very difficult. For them there are responsibility from parents and if we have the opportunity we need to come to hand. Robert Bauman: So um Alexia as you look sort of forward a little bit, what um things would you like to see happening in the near future in the community? Alexia Estrada: Mhmm, yeah.. mmm Robert Bauman: Are there changes that you think still need to happen or that you'd like to see happen or… Alexia Estrada: Yeah, oh yeah. Um I think there is a lot of helpers and there is a lot of people at work already doing this stuff so it’s not really new but I’d love to see a um more capacity being given to it. But one of my passions that I really want to see happen here in the Tri-Cities is conversations around mental health and accessibility to that. I don’t think especially in the Latino community, I would love to see us be able to talk about and navigate conversations around dimensions more and and what is anxiety, what is depression but also what is joy and like how do we celebrate that. And I think with just how our society is set up we are all so busy working and we are all so busy trying to survive day by day um but I think those conversations really need to happen. So I’d love to see-- I would hope maybe one day I can come back and open up a community center or something where folks can come in and just receive culturally appropriate therapy and ahh I don’t know a lot of different things but I don’t think we have those conversations I see that. And I also think education on how much people's voice and vote does make a difference and why it’s important to vote for those who can’t Robert Bauman: Mhmm Alexia Estrada: Mmm, those things. Yeah Manuel Estrada: It’s fine. [CHUCKLE] Alexia Estrada:[LAUGHTER] Mhmm Robert Bauman:[CHUCKLE]. Is there anything I haven’t asked you or your grandpa Manuel or Alexia that you think would be important to talk about either about your family, story- immigration story, or community issues or anything Climaco Ivarka: *interprets question to Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually to English] Maybe yes, we come to this country, we come to work, we suffer. People say it’s the land of opportunities and it depends on our behavior what we accomplish or what we want or you lose the opportunity. In my case I worked a lot always labor work in the farm, I taught my kids to work. I wanted them to go to school get educated. They did not want to go to a school get educated now they have to learn to work, how to make a living out of it by working. And thanks alot I was able to accomplish maybe not what I wanted but I was able to get them a table of food before them. I have two sons that I am very proud of, the father of my granddaughter here he’s a very experienced worker hard worker entrepreneur. He has his businesses, he’s a good citizen; that’s satisfaction for me and I can say with honor that it was worth all my suffrage all my farming working times. I feel happy, I received the goods that was hard work for us to accomplish. I have my wife and my grandchildren who are very close to me that love me and I’m very happy. I remember through all the suffrage I had while I was working, I just want to say if someone is listening to me that it’s worth it and if god lets-gets us fly, one day we will be happy and enjoy what we. I’m very thankful for all the work that I did, I paid off at the end- it pays off at the end Manuel Estrada: Yeah Robert Bauman: Mhmm. How about you Alexia is there anything that you would like to add or anything that I haven’t asked about Alexia Estrada: Hmm I don’t know. I think just making sure you get all the voices in this room in front of this camera to share their story. I had I during one of the election years there was lot of just a lot of stuff going on and so that summer I said “you know what I am going to work in the fields ” and I want to know what it feels like and I want to be able to actually experience it. He went through all of it so I wouldn’t have to but I still chose to kind of go out there and um the people that I met in our community that work so hard to put foods on our tables, I want those stories to be heard. I got to work alongside a lady named Donyateray for weeks doing the apple [picking] and I think I learned more from here that summer that I would have learned from any other space so just making sure we get those folks here Robert Bauman: Yeah, absolutely. And so that reminds me one question that I will ask if you have other people we connect we can interview Alexia Estrada: Yeah I do actually. Yeah Robert Bauman: Absolutely, so we can talk about that afterwards Alexia Estrada: Sweet Robert Bauman: Yeah, that would be absolutely terrific. Um so I want to thank both of you very much for coming in today. Gracias, muchas gracias um really appreciate it um getting your stories hearing your stories, both of you. It’s really important we have it, the generational- Climaco Ivarka: *interprets in Spanish gradually* Alexia Estrada: Yeah Robert Bauman:- story is really really great. Alexia Estrada: We should’ve brought my dad. I was thinking about it too Robert Bauman: [LAUGHTER] We can bring him another time Alexia Estrada: Yeah I was thinking that Manuel Estrada: *comments in Spanish* Climaco Ivarka: [interprets gradually in English] Thank you for letting us having this privilege to express our stories I’m hoping that if somebody sees it it can benefit them, thank you for that for the time the opportunity that you gave us today we are here to serve in what we can Robert Bauman: Well thank you very much, muchas gracias Climaco Ivarka: *interprets in Spanish* Manuel Estrada: *responds in Spanish* Espanol: Dr. Bauman: Hay algunas cosas que tengo que decir antes de comenzar. Para que sea todo oficial. Marco Abarca: Hay algunas cosas que tengo que decir al inicio para hacerlo oficial. Dr. Bauman: Mi nombre es Robert Bauman. Yo estoy conduciendo una entrevista histórica oral junto con Marco Abarca quien será interprete el día de hoy. Marco: Mi nombre es Robert Bauman estoy conduciendo una entrevista oral con ustedes, junto con Marco Abarca quien será el intérprete. Dr. Bauman: Estamos conduciendo la entrevista con Alexia Estrada y Manuel Estrada Marco: La entrevista va a ser con Alexia Estrada y Manuel Estrada Dr. Bauman: El 12 de Julio del año 2022, Marco: El 12 de Julio del 2022 Bauman: Y la entrevista está siendo conducida en Washington State Tri-Cities Marco: La entrevista está conduciendo aquí en el WSU Tri-Cities Bauman: Otro requisito oficial. Alexia puedes pronunciar y escribir tu primer nombre y apellido, por favor. Alexia: Si. Alexia Estrada. A-L-E-X-I-A. Estrada, E-S-T-R-A-D-A. Bauman: Ahora, Manuel Marco: Usted puede decir su nombre Manuel: Manuel Estrada Alexia: M-A-N-U-E-L, E-S-T-R-A-D-A. Dr. Bauman: Gracias Entonces, Manuel. Creo que comenzare contigo, me pregunto si podrías platicar sobre, de lo que tengo entendido por correo electrónico con Alexia, usted llego de México. Podría contarnos sobre su vida allá y que lo llevo a irse y venir acá. Marco: Manuel voy a empezar contigo. Como nos contó tu nieta Alexia que llegaste aca de México nos podrías contar un poco de tu historia en México y como llegaste acá. Manuel: De México? Marco: Si, de México. Manuel: Pues soy mexicano y nací en un rancho y vivimos una vida normal en medio de la pobreza y muchas cosas de necesidad y todo. Salimos adelante a cierta edad, me dieron ganas de venirme a los estados unidos y me vine en el 77’, 1977 cruce para los estados unidos y desde entonces radico aquí en los estados unidos e ido a México a visitar, me estoy yendo (risas). Marco: Yes, I am Mexican. I was born in Mexico a small town, we had limited resources, we lived in poverty, we had necessities and i decided to come to the united states, i have returned. Si, soy mexicano. Yo nací en México, en un pueblo pequeño con pocos recursos, y vivimos en la pobreza con varias necesidades y decidí venirme a los estados unidos, y he regresado. Dr. Bauman: ¿Alrededor de que edad tenía cuando llego a los Estados Unidos? Marco: 1977’ dijo que vino en el 77’? Manuel: Si Marco: Si, la primera vez que llego fue en 1977. Alexia: ¿Y cuantos años tuviste? Manuel: ¿Donde? Alexia: Cuando viniste Manuel: Tenía 25 Marco: 25 años de edad Dr. Bauman: ¿Y conocía a alguien que estaba aquí en los estados unidos? ¿Cuándo se vino, vino a encontrarse con alguien? ¿O como llego, y como lo logro? Marco: ¿Cuándo llego acá a los estados unidos conocía a alguien cuando venía acá, o como llego aquí? Alexia: A Tri-Cities Manuel: A Estados Unidos o los Tri-Cities? Alexia: Los dos Marco: Aquí para empezar y luego... Primero los Estados Unidos, luego los Tri-Cities Manuel: Cuando entré a los estados unidos, me vino con un amigo, no conocía a nadie, empecé hacer amistades aquí, y así fue como recorrí mi vida Marco: Cuando entro a los estados unidos, vino con un amigo, no conocía a nadie, empezó hacer amistades aquí, y así fue como recorrió su vida Dr. Bauman: Fue algún lado antes de llegar a los Tri-Cities? Algún otro lugar Marco: Donde llego antes de llegar a los Tri-Cities? Manuel: Llegue a los angeles, tuve un tiempo pequeño en los angeles, de allí me vine a oregon, y no me gusto los angeles, no me gusto Oregon, me vine a Washington, y aquí me gusto, y aquí llegue a yakima Marco: Llego a los angeles, estuvo un tiempo pequeño en los ángeles, de allí se fue a oregon, y no le gusto los angeles, ni oregon, y se fue a Washington, y si le gusto Manuel: Allí viví nueve años, y allí me cambie para acá, y el resto lo he vivido aquí. Marco: Se mudo a Yakima, donde vivo nueve años y se mudó a los Tri-Cities Dr. Bauman : ¿Cuándo estaba en Yakima que tipo de empleo pudo encontrar? Marco: Cuando estaba en Yakima y después Tri-Cities que tipo de trabaja estaba usted haciendo? Manuel: El campo Marco: Trabajo de campo Manuel: El campo, la agricultura Bauman: ¿Cuándo se fue de México, tenía miembros de su familia? dejo familia allá? ¿Algún familiar llego en algún punto? Marco: Cuando usted dejo México, dejo familia, ¿vinieron su familia de allá para acá? ¿Como estuvo? Manuel: Si, deje a mis padres, a mis hermanos. De hecho, tres hijos pequeños que tenía. Marco: Si, dejo sus padres, sus hermanos, y tres hijos menores de edad, Manuel: Con el tiempo, lograron venirse también. Y ahora tengo familia en México y tengo familia aquí. Marco: Con el tiempo, pudieron venirse también. Y ahora tiene familia en México y aquí. Alexia: ¿Uno era mi papa verdad? Manuel: Si Alexia: Mi papa era uno de sus hijos Manuel: Si Dr. Bauman: Cuando llego a los Tri-Cities, como era la comunidad hispana cuando usted llego? Cuando primero llego Marco: ¿Cuándo llego usted aquí cómo era la comunidad hispana? Manuel: ¿Aquí? Marco: Aquí Manuel: Eran muy, muy pocos, no había casi hispanos. Había una o dos tiendas mexicanas. Era un rancho, con unas dos o tres patrullas. Todo muy pobre, se podía decir. Muy escaso, pocos hispanos, pero se fueron multiplicando y ahora tenemos una bella ciudad. Marco: Eran muy pocos, no había casi hispanos. Era un pueblo muy pequeño, con unas dos o tres patrullas. Todo muy pobre, se podía decir. Muy escaso, pocos hispanos, pero se fueron multiplicando y ahora tenemos una bella ciudad. Dr. Bauman: Cuando llego, donde encontró donde vivir, ¿al inicio cuando llego primero? Marco: ¿Cuándo llego aquí en donde llego a vivir? Manuel: A Pasco Llegue aquí el primero de enero del 87’ Marco: Llego aquí el primero de enero del 87’ Alexia: ¿Y viviste en la ciudad o en el rancho del campo? Manuel: En la ciudad Marco: Él vivió en la ciudad Alexia: Está bien Manuel: Con el tiempo, este, trabaje con un ranchero 22 anos, 18 anos de supervisor en el rancho, 4 anos como peón, con el tiempo me fui al rancho, me dio casa, llego el tiempo me retire y regrese a la ciudad, y ahora vivo en Pasco Marco: Trabaje en un rancho 22 anos, dieciocho años de supervisor, y los primeros cuatro años como trabajador regular, con tiempo me dio una casa en el rancho. Y me retire y regrese a la ciudad de Pasco, y vivo allí. Dr. Bauman: ¿Y cuantos hijos tiene? ¿Nietos? Marco: ¿Cuántos nietos o bisnietos? Alexia: ¿Cuántos hijos tienes? Manuel: Pues hijos no tengo muchos Marco: No tengo muchos hijos Manuel: Hijos, tengo tres. Pero nietos tengo dieciocho, y bisnietos nietos tengo cinco Marco: Tres hijos, dieciocho nietos, y bisnietos tengo cinco Dr. Bauman: ¿Todos están en esta región de Pasco? Manuel: No, unos están en Yakima Marco: Unos están en Yakima Manuel: En Yakima, pero otros aquí Marco: Y otros están aquí Dr. Bauman: Y usted a regresado a México? ¿Seguido? Marco: ¿Regresa a México seguido a mirar familia? Manuel: Antes iba seguido, pero ahora tengo unos seis años que no he ido Marco: Antes si, ahora tiene seis años que no ha regresado Dr.: Bauman: Está bien, Alexia ahora te voy a preguntar algunas preguntas Marco: Ahora le va a preguntar a su nieta Alexia: Si, muy bien Dr. Bauman: Como era crecer en la área de los Tri-Cities? Alexia: Si, era todo lo que conocía, pero era genial me encanto. Tuve la oportunidad de crecer en una vecindad muy cercana en Pasco. Yo vivía en una vecindad muy diversa, con diferentes religiones, etnias/raza, muy intergeneracional. Dr. Bauman: Se por mucha gente que estas muy involucrada en varias organizaciones, nos podrías contar un poco sobre eso: un poco sobre cómo, cuando, y porque te involucraste Alexia: Creo que. A ver donde comenzó, crecí atendiendo el club de niños y niñas, un programa después de la escuela, y esa oportunidad, y la iglesia, porque mi abuelo es pastor, creo que esas dos cosas combinadas inculcaron ese deseo de servir y hacer servicios. Y entonces cuando fui a colegio, y encontré mi universidad por el programa a cuál asistía después de escuela. Yo regrese y quise servir a la comunidad, y me involucre. Y creo que es algo que está creciendo en los Tri-Cities Estoy involucrada con un poco de diferentes organizaciones. Las clínicas emergentes están consumiendo mucho de mi tiempo, para asegurar que la comunidad sea vacunada por la pandemia, ahora estamos en frente de la Súper-Mex cada fin de semana alentando a la gente que se vacunen y ayudando a la gente con accesibilidad. Dr. Bauman: ¿Con cual organización es esto? Alexia: Con los hispanic commerance of chamber, y también trabaje con latino community fund cuando regrese de la universidad, y luego con Heritage University Dr. Bauman: Muy bien. Entonces, mencionaste las vacunaciones, y la pandemia COVID-19 Estadísticas han enseñado que han impactado a las comunidades latinas mucho más fuerte. Económicamente, en salud, y riesgos más altos de muerte, involucrada con las clínicas emergentes que impacto has visto en la comunidad hispana aquí Alexia: Creo, que la forma en que nuestra comunidad recibe información es de boca en boca, y mensajeros de confianza. Lo que yo he notado es poder enviar mensajeros de confianza, para poder mandarlos con la información correcta y para poder dar información precisa. Creo que también hay demasiado estigma sobre mucha gente que no quiere ser vacunados, y por parte es verdad, pero creo que la accesibilidad es número uno. Nosotros intencionalmente tuvimos las clínicas los sábados por las tardes y los domingos porque sabíamos que nuestra comunidad estaba trabajando y con solo eso ayuda. Mucha gente me ha dicho que sienten el estrés de tener que hacer una cita en Walgreens donde no hablan español. La ansiedad del proceso, han dicho que al ir de compras y les hablamos en español, y les ayudamos sin una cita. La conveniencia de todo creo que fue el impacto más grande, o lo que yo aprendí y la accesibilidad y mensajeros de confianza son importantes. Dr. Bauman: Como mencionaste, asumo que la barrera de lenguaje tuvo mucho que ver Alexia: Si. Dr. Bauman: Si, es muy interesante. ¿Que otro, obviamente ese a sido un tema bastante importante en los últimos anos. ¿Que otro problema has visto en la comunidad que son importantes, o cual es uno en el que has sido involucrada? Alexia: Si, creo que uno de los temas más grandes. Es como involucrarse con el gobierno, y creo que como hacerlo más accesible y poder agrandar el conocimiento de la gente y empoderar a la gente para usar sus voces. No hay educación o la gente no saben cómo llenar un folleto, o no sabían que tienen el derecho a votar. Saber que tu voto si importa, es uno de los temas/asunto que he visto. Mi abuelo voto recientemente. Y esta registrado para votar. Verdad, votaste Manuel: Yeah – Si. Alexia: Al saber que si se hace una diferencia grande Creo que, empoderando a la gente, para que utilicen su voz y que sepan que voz si importa y es escuchada es uno de los problemas más grandes. Y también creo que estamos desarrollándonos muy rápidamente en la ciudad, y mi mayor miedo es que la gente va a ser dejada atrás y sacada de sus espacios y hogares. Yo vivo en el este de Pasco, y actualmente tenemos los edificios de Amazon que están siendo construidos y las bodegas. Yo – necesito más información, pero nos han dicho que ese lado es industrial y es una zona industrial y por eso la gente puede construir allí y no tenemos a donde ir, pero si vemos el pasado de Pasco, se sabe que ese lado es industrial porque cierta gente vivió de ese lado y hay un parqueadero de traíllas a un lado, y me da curiosidad ver que será construido en los años que vienen, como vamos a proteger a la gente que ha vivido en esa área por años y años. Al construir y desarrollamos como una ciudad como cuidamos a esos que han estado en esta comunidad y como los mantenemos aquí. Dr. Bauman: Correcto, viviendo y como mencionaste también la política, elecciones suena que has estado involucrada en todos esos asuntos. ¿Entonces fue al crecer junto a la comunidad y el club de niños y niñas que te dirigió a involucrarte o fueron cosas de colegio? Alexia: Si. Bauman: O una combinación. Alexia: Si, una combinación de todo. Creo que fui bendecida. Tuve bastantes mentores, mucha gente ha podido... desde Ms. Conan, si la va a entrevistar, la debería entrevistar, Sevilla Con era mi maestra de la secundaria en Kamiakin y ella influencio mi vida bastante aquí en los Tri-Cities, mis mentores en el club de niños y niñas, y mucha gente que ha podida atribuir a mi vida. Estoy muy agradecida, y cuando fui a la universidad, la frase de la universidad era 'comprometer la cultura para cambiar el mundo,’ pero lo que aprendí allí era que la forma en cambiar el mundo es regresar a tu comunidad, y sucede el cambio en los espacios pequeños donde la gente no pone tanta atención y allí es donde sucede el cambio, entonces regresar a los Tri-Cities no es siempre algo que emociona a la gente. Puede ser una mudanza difícil para los jóvenes, todavía no hay demasiado para los jóvenes. Bauman: Correcto. Mientras has estado hablando, he pensado sobre la historia de tu abuelo. Me pregunto, como te ha influido su experiencia. Alexia: Si. Bueno, mi abuelo es un servidor para la gente, pero no creo que se llamaría eso ni tampoco se llamaría un organizador de la comunidad. Él también es trabajador agrícola pero también es pastor de una pequeña iglesia que le serve a lo más humilde, se refiere a la gente humilde en nuestra comunidad. Entonces al ver como él está allí para la gente y la necesidad de la gente que viene a la iglesia definitivamente me influencio y también creo que mantener sus historias. Seguir contando las historias que ha compartido, que mi papa ha compartido sobre todo que han tenido que sobresalir para llegar donde estoy ahora. Yo tengo mi educación universitaria y puede atender y participar en las juntas del consejo del pueblo, entender y compartir lo que está sucediendo y todas estas cosas porque alguien decidió emigrar aquí y trabajo duro para nosotros. Bauman: ¿Si, la educación universitaria era muy importante? ¿Pudieron tus padres asistir al colegio? ¿O eres primera generación? Alexia: Si, mi mama asistió al colegio. Mi mama fue a WSU en Pullman, y creo que eso me abrió demasiadas puertas también. Y mi papa también me estaba alentando, sí. Bauman: La educación era muy importante Alexia: Una prioridad, número uno. Bauman: Si Alexia: Verdad que la educación era muy importante Manuel: O, sí. Número uno. Alexia: Si. Bauman: ¿Entonces, tienes hermanos o hermanas? Alexia: Si. Tengo cuatro hermanos menores. Bauman: Está bien. Alexia: Si, tenemos una gran diferencia en edad también. Yo cumplo 25 el domingo y mi hermana pequeña tiene 10 años, la más pequeña. Tenemos algunos años entre nosotras. Bauman: Me pregunto, que embelleciendo has tenido en tus hermanos pequeños Alexia: Si. Yo no sé, yo pienso en eso todo el tiempo. Cada generación a creado una fundación, y mis hermanos están creciendo con diferentes voces y opiniones en todo aspecto. Tendremos que ver como navegan y que hacen con esas voces. Bauman: Alexia, esta es una universidad, verdad. Muchos jóvenes, y estudiantes no tradicionales. Alexia: Sí. Bauman: Que consejos le darías a un joven en la universidad sobre como involucrarse en la comunidad, Alexia: Yo diría que tú eres el experto. No creo que lo escuchamos lo suficiente como jóvenes. Pero conocemos nuestra comunidad, tú has vivido aquí. Cada uno ha tenido sus propias experiencias y son muy validas y son sus historias. Yo digo que confíen en eso y que sepan que cuando entren espacios... Hay gente que han tenido diferentes experiencias o son mayores o diferentes generaciones, tú también tienes mucho que contribuir y eso es importante, entonces tener confianza y saber que eres el experto. Bauman: Muy buenos consejos. Voy a volver con Manuel y preguntar unas preguntas Marco: Vamos a regresar con usted con unas cuantas preguntas. Bauman: Al estar sentado aquí con su nieta al saber lo que ella ha logrado en su vida cuáles son sus pensamientos al ver la joven en la que se convierte y en la generación. Marco: ¿Ahorita que está sentado cercas de su nieta lo que ella ha logrado hasta ahorita, como se siente usted? Manuel: Muy orgulloso, de ella muy contento. Marco: Muy muy orgulloso, está muy feliz. Manuel: Si, de los logros que ha tenido Marco: Sus logros que ha logrado Manuel: Es una joven esforzada, valiente, es una de las cosas que le admiro mucho Y creo que ella cuenta conmigo y siempre ha contado y seguirá contando con mi apoyo en todas las áreas Marco: Esta joven, la admiro mucho. Ella cuenta conmigo y siempre contara con mi apoyo, en todas las áreas. Es un orgullo para mí lo que ella ha logrado Marco: Estoy muy orgulloso de ella. Alexia: Gracias abuelito Bauman: ¿Le ha dado algún consejo a Alexia? ¿Qué tipos de consejos le ha dado? Alexia: Todo el tiempo Marco: ¿Le da usted consejos a su nieta? Manuel: Mande Marco: Le ha dado consejos a Alexia Alexia: ¿Y si, cuáles consejos? ¿Cuáles tipos de consejos me has dado? Manuel: Pues yo creo que son varios Alexia: Bastante Marco: Muchos Manuel: SI, varios consejos Marco: Muchos consejos Manuel: Para su beneficio. Marco: Por su bien Alexia: Yo creo que mis abuelos, están en la calle Shoshone St a lado del consejo del pueblo y los dos se sientan en el porche todo el tiempo y la gente los visitan y platican con ellos. Y yo he dicho que ese porche ha escuchado todas las conversaciones del mundo. Y entonces a veces pasare y los vere y me estaciono y les digo ‘hola, esto está sucediendo que consejos me pueden dar’ y me sorprende, no debería de sorprenderme mi abuelo es muy sabio. Dice muchas cosas y pienso que es lo importante de relaciones intergeneracional en nuestra comunidad Y creo que necesitamos eso y me da muy buenos consejos, buenos consejos me das. Manuel: Bueno, eso espero Marco: Espero dar buenos consejos. Manuel: Esta difícil para la juventud en estos tiempos Marco: Es difícil para la generación de jóvenes en estos tiempos Manuel: Muy dura la vida Marco: La vida es muy complicada para Manuel: Muy poca responsabilidad de los padres Marco: Muy poca la responsabilidad para los padres Manuel: Y pues nosotros que tenemos la oportunidad hay que echarles la mano, ayudarlos Marco: Darles una mano y ayudarlos Bauman: Alexia, tu que miras hacia adelante que te gustaría ver en el futuro cercano? Alexia: Si Bauman: Algunos cambios que todavía tienen que pasar o que deberían pasar Alexia: Si. O, sí. Yo creo que hay muchos ayudantes y mucha gente que está trabajando en eso, no es algo nuevo, pero me encantaría verlo. Mucha más capacidad dada, pero una pasión mía que me gustaría ver, conversaciones sobre la salud mental y la accesibilidad a eso. No creo que, especialmente en la comunidad latina, me encantaría ver y poder hablar y navegar conversaciones sobre las emociones. Sobre que es la ansiedad, la depresión, ¿y que es la felicidad? ¿Y cómo lo celebramos? Y yo creo que como nuestra sociedad está rodeada estamos todos trabajando y tratando de sobrevivir el día a día. Pero creo que esas conversaciones son necesarias, espero poder regresar un día y poder abrir un centro comunitario donde la gente puede venir y recibir terapia apropiada para nuestra cultura y algunas otras cosas. No sé, bastante cosas, pero no creo que tengamos ese tipo de conversaciones, yo veo que eso falta. Y también veo que la educación en cuanto la voz de la gente y sus votos si hacen la diferencia. Y porque es importante votar por los que no pueden, esos asuntos. Manuel: Está bien. Bauman: Hay algo que no les he preguntado o a tu abuelo, Manuel o Alexia que creen que son importantes para platicarlo sobre su familia, su historia, su historia migratoria, ¿o sobre la comunidad? Marco: Hay algo que no le hemos preguntado sobre usted sobre su historia que cree que debe contarnos, que se quedó sin decir, ¿pero cree que sería bueno decirlo? Manuel: Pues este, tal vez sí. La historia es que viene uno a este país Marco: Posiblemente si, se viene a este país Manuel: a trabajar Marco: Se viene a trabajar Manuel: se sufre, pero como sigue diciendo la gente es un país de las oportunidades y depende del comportamiento de uno. Si uno logra lo que quiere o pierde la oportunidad. Marco: Se sufre, pero como dice la gente es el país de las oportunidades. Depende en el comportamiento de uno, si se cumple lo que uno quiere o se pierde la oportunidad Manuel: Yo en mi caso trabaje mucho, siempre en la labor en el campo. A mis hijos les ensene a trabajar. Yo quería que estudiaran, no quisieron el estudio pues tiene que aprender a trabajar como ganarse la vida, trabajando. Marco: En mi caso trabaje mucho, siempre la labor, les ensene a mis hijos a trabajar. Yo quise que fueran a la escuela, pero no quisieron y tuvieron que trabajar. Manuel: Y gracias a dios logre, quizás no lo que quería, pero logre un bienestar para mi vida y para mis hijos. Tengo dos hijos varones, de los cuales estoy orgulloso de ellos. El papa de aquí, de mi nieta. Un varón trabajador, un empresario, tiene sus propios negocios. El otro es un buen trabajador también, buen ciudadano. Y para mi es una satisfacción y puedo decir con un orgullo que valió la pena lo que sufrimos en el campo lo que trabajamos, ahora me siento contento del fruto que algún día nos costó mucho para lograrlo. Tengo mi esposa, mis nietos que están muy acercados a mí que me quieren y los quiero. Y soy feliz Recuerdo los sufrimientos, los trabajos, pero quiero decir que, si alguien escucha, vale la pena, vale la pena si el señor nos presta vida. Marco: Tengo dos hijos varones, de los cuales estoy orgulloso de ellos. El papa de aquí, de mi nieta. Un varón trabajador, un empresario, tiene sus propios negocios. El otro es un buen trabajador también, buen ciudadano. Y para mi es una satisfacción y puedo decir con un orgullo que valió la pena lo que sufrimos en el campo lo que trabajamos, ahora me siento contento del fruto que algún día nos costó mucho para lograrlo. Tengo mi esposa, mis nietos que están muy acercados a mí que me quieren y los quiero. Y soy feliz Recuerdo los sufrimientos, los trabajos, pero quiero decir que, si alguien escucha, vale la pena, vale la pena si el señor nos presta vida. Manuel: Un día disfrutamos lo que cosechamos lo que algún día sembramos. Y doy gracias a dios por mi familia. Marco: Y le doy gracias a dios por mi familia, todo vale la pena al fin. Bauman: ¿Y tú Alexia, algo que te gustaría agregar? ¿Algo que no he preguntado? Alexia: No se. Creo que asegurarse de capturar todas las voces en este cuarto en frente de esta cámara para compartir sus historias. Durante las elecciones, había mucho que sucedió. Ese verano decidí ir a trabajar al campo para tener esa experiencia, el paso por todo eso para que yo no tuviera que pasar por eso. Pero yo decidí ir. La gente que conocí de nuestra comunidad que trabaja muy duro para poner comida en nuestras mesas, yo quiero que sus historias sean escuchadas. Pude trabajar junto con una señora, Doña Tere por varias semanas, en la manzana. Creo que aprendí más de ella ese verano que en cualquier otro lugar. Asegurarse de escuchar sus voces, y traerlos qui. Bauman: Eso me recuerda. Tienes a otra gente para recomendar. Antes de irte, me gustaría hablar contigo sobre eso. Alexia: Absolutamente Bauman: Quiero agradecerles mucho, a los dos por venir el día de hoy. Muchas gracias, muchas gracias. Marco: Muchas gracias por haber venido, por compartir su historia. Se aprecia mucho, escuchando las historias de ambos. Bauman: Se les aprecia mucho. Por escuchar su historia, a los dos. Muy importante, la historia generacional Marco: Las historias generacionales y intergeneracionales. Alexia: Hubiera traído a mi papa, lo estaba pensando también. Bauman: Lo pueden traer otro día Manuel: Muchas gracias a ustedes por permitirlos este privilegio, por decir yo. Marco: Gracias por dejarnos tener este privilegio. Manuel: Por poder expresar algo de nuestra vida esperando que si alguien mira con beneficio. Gracias por el tiempo y la oportunidad que nos dan. Estamos para servir en lo que podamos Marco: Poder expresar nuestra vida, si alguien lo mira. Gracias por el tiempo y la oportunidad. Estamos aquí para servir en lo que se pueda. Bauman: Bueno, gracias. Muchas gracias. Marco: Muy bien dicho. Manuel: No hay de que. <div class="capti-toolbox-close"> </div> <div> </div> https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F4cd9866a4eb258dbaf1d2f125b8469e3.mp4 6831db7ad6eb353da992fdc64dd43a03 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Latino/a Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Oral History Description An account of the resource An ongoing oral history project focusing on the history of the Latine/Latino community of the Tri-Cities, Washington area. Previously known as the WSU Tri-Cities Latinx Oral History Project headed by History faculty Robert Bauman and Robert Franklin. Hanford History Project made the decision in 2024 to use Latino/a instead of Latinx as the former more reflects the grammar and practical use and identification of Spanish speakers. We know that one term will not encompass all those identities. For example, Latine, a gender neutral pronoun and product of the queer Spanish community, was considered for use but we use Latino/a to reflect the prevalence of gendered pronouns in the Spanish language. However, we would like to acknowledge that the discourse around which term to use is complex and evolving. Every person has the right to use the term that captures who they are and that feels the most welcoming to them. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Language A language of the resource English; Spanish Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Bauman Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Jerry Martinez Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound English: 00;00;00;00 - 00;00;28;16 Robert Bauman We're going to go ahead and get started and I can do a little introductory thing and then ask you some questions and conversation, basically. So, my name is Robert Bauman. I'm conducting an oral history interview with Jerry Martinez. Today's date is June 14th of 2022. An interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University, Tri-Cities. So, Jerry, could you first please say and spell your full name for us? 00;00;28;18 - 00;00;35;21 Jerry Martinez Yeah, it's Jerry Martinez. J-e-r-r-y M-a-r-t-i-n-e-z. 00;00;35;23 - 00;01;00;14 Robert Bauman Right. Thank you. So, let's start. If we could, by talking a little bit about your family's story, if we could, and their origins, their migration story to the United States, to the Tri-Cities. So, when did your family arrive here? What was the story about how and why, how, when and why they came here? 00;01;00;17 - 00;01;26;21 Jerry Martinez Yeah, and I don't know the exact years and dates, but all this is from just things I've asked them as well. I've asked them this question many times, so I've kind of gained a collection of stories to get to this point. But my parents were born in El Salvador in the sort of sixties and seventies, and they lived in a very rural sort of mountain village outside of Sesori called [place]? I try to look it up one time on Google Maps and it's like so remote. It's just unnamed on Google Maps. But in the late eighties, a civil war broke out in El Salvador. And my father was one of the young men that was recruited by, I forget which side of the war. But he found himself at the age of 23 or 24 on the back of a military truck heading off to some boot camp to get trained on, you know, how to be a soldier of a war. And he gained the courage. And it was I forget the full story, but it was really cool. He was in the back of this truck and they were miles away from his hometown. And he gained the courage to jump out of the vehicle and just book it. And right behind him, another young man followed him and they got to the bus stop in San Miguel or the bus area in San Miguel. And he just found his way back. I asked my dad about how and why the military men didn't chase after him or, you know, why they didn't shoot him. And he said if they jumped off to get me, he said 30 people would be right behind me running away as well. So, he found that he was one of the lucky few to get away. When he got back home to his mother, his mother told him, my grandma Adela, she said to him, “You need to leave. I'd rather you be miles in a different country from me and be alive than you be here with me the day they come find you.” So, she knew in her heart that, you know, you may have gotten away from them now, but they're going to come back for you, and it's not going to be pretty, when they come back for you again. So, she was the first one to sort of tell him to go away. And that's how he started his journey to the U.S. I think when he was my age, 24, he made the journey through El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, all the way into the United States. He told me his journey across the border was in a banana truck. He just kind of laid down under some banana boxes and they just covered him and that's how he got in. And like many, he found his way into the Central Valley of California to work as a farm worker. The work of a farmworker very migrational. He worked in several different spots in central California, and he found a spot up here that you know, across the West Coast, up and down. There's a lot of opportunities to work in the fields. My father just did that route for a while until he landed here in the Tri-Cities. He found this beautiful area where, you know, there was short breaks between each season. You could just work all year round and you could actually save up some money to get yourself a nice little trailer house around here. So, he decided to stay in the Tri-Cities, and his only way of contact to my mother was through letters and shortly after he came to the United States, unfortunately, his mother died. My grandmother died. And so for a short time he was he didn't write back to my mother. He just worked. But after some time of working in the fields, he gained enough money to get himself a little a little place, a little trailer home that we… that I grew up in and that much of our family spent time in. So, he got that. He worked a couple more months, worked a couple more seasons, and then he worked. He got enough money to bring my mother here and my oldest and oldest brother, Walter. And then from there it was just a group effort. My mother and father worked. They brought my uncle over here. They stayed in the house that I grew up in. All three of them worked, brought my other uncle here. And so, you know, everyone was just working and it's kind of cool that the house I was born in and kind of grew up in was at one point everyone's home. Everyone who's come from El Salvador to the Tri-Cities, they've spent some time in our family home over in East Kennewick. And then, yeah, shortly after I was born. And now my parents, they took their citizenship test. It was pretty cool. A veteran who lived across the street from us, a World War Two veteran. He was like one of the biggest supporters of my parents. He would take them to go try to take their citizenship test. At one point, my parents tell me a story of where he like was kind of cheating, telling my mother to say yes to questions and say no to other questions. But, you know, it was a cool family effort and I count him as part of our family as well. We call him grandpa. He's since passed away. But, you know, he was he was a great man in our lives as well, who lived right across the street. 00;06;08;25 - 00;06;12;16 Robert Bauman That's quite a story. So, what are your parents’ names, by the way? 00;06;12;17 - 00;06;19;11 Jerry Martinez Yeah. Sorry. My father's name is Mario Martinez, and my mother's name is Sonia de Carmen Martinez. 00;06;19;13 - 00;06;25;18 Robert Bauman Okay, so when your father made the journey, they were already together, right? 00;06;25;20 - 00;06;43;03 Jerry Martinez When my father kind of got recruited by the military, him and my mother had already been together for a couple of years, and they had our oldest, their oldest son, my oldest brother, Walter. He was about two or three at the time that he came over here. 00;06;43;05 - 00;06;54;17 Robert Bauman When your father got here and eventually your mother came here, were there many other El Salvadorians here at the time? Was there much of a community in that respect? 00;06;54;24 - 00;07;14;09 Jerry Martinez No, I don't think so. And I think even now to this day, I think there's a growing population here. But most of the Salvadorians I know in this area are like related to me, my cousins, uncles and aunts. I think most of them are probably family. And since then, a couple of a couple more people have moved here. But I think it's been a smaller population. 00;07;17;11 - 00;07;24;01 Robert Bauman Right. So. So you were born here? Raised here. How was your experience kind of growing up in in the Tri-Cities and your perspective on sort of the Hispanic community, larger Hispanic community at a time and now? 00;07;38;29 - 00;08;04;20 Jerry Martinez Yeah, I think growing up here was an experience because it didn't feel like I was too much of an outsider. There was a large Mexican population in my area, in my schools. I say I was born and raised here. My family heritage is from El Salvador, but I was kind of raised like in a Mexican culture, because that's where that's where all your friends are from. That's where the people you hang out with, are from and sort of their family traditions come from as well. So, I think I just picked up a lot of Mexican culture as well growing up here. In my early years from elementary to middle school, it's kind of funny. I didn't really like speaking Spanish because many of my Mexican friends said I had a weird accent or had a funny accent and I think it's because of growing up some of the things I picked up from my parents, the words we would say, the type of Spanish they use is just slightly different. Some of the slang is different. I sort of resorted to only speaking English because I thought I had a funny Spanish accent. But it turns out it was probably just a Salvadoreño accent. Just last year I got to revisit El Salvador and I realized a lot of my Spanish now is influenced by Mexican heritage and Mexican traditions. For instance, in El Salvador, we use vos to say you and ustedes, but I grew up sort of using ustedes, ¿Como estas tu? Just these sort of little cultural things I picked up growing up here in the Tri-Cities. One of the things my parents always made clear to us was that education was extremely important to them. At one point my father was working a nightshift job at Tyson at the meat factory up here, and he was getting good money. He was on track to be a manager to gain more money to get a promotion. But my older siblings were struggling in school, and I was struggling a little bit in school, just kind of slacking off, being class clown or whatever. My father kind of sat us down one day and told us, I don't remember. I was really young at the time, so I don't remember it, but I guarantee my older siblings remember it a little bit more. He sat us down and he talked to us about how school was extremely important and how we need to prioritize that in our lives. The reason our parents came here was to give us a better life and school is the key to that equation. So, he switched himself. He said, “Hey, I'm on track to be a manager. I'm trying to get a promotion here, but I'm going to switch to a day job because I think me being on the night shift is… I'm not as involved in y'all's lives. And I think me being involved is going to help you will be more successful in school.” So, he switched to that and to that daytime shift and it kind of helped a little bit. But my oldest brother, he struggled a bit in high school and his senior year he dropped out. And this is just another reminder of how important education was. My father was very frustrated with him. I mean, he kicked him out of the house. My oldest brother was 18 at the time. That was just a reminder to me that education is extremely important to my family and to us to progress in this country and to support our family for the future. 00;11;02;10 - 00;11;10;16 Robert Bauman Right. So then how did that going forward for you in terms of continuing your education, what did that mean for you going forward? 00;11;10;18 - 00;11;32;28 Jerry Martinez Yeah, after my oldest brother... I had an oldest brother, sister and a brother, so I'm the youngest of four. My oldest brother, he dropped out of high school and my father kicked him out. Next in line, my sister, she graduated high school and she was a bit of a troublemaker, though, so my parents were really happy when she went to CBC. She got into that dental hygienist program, got a house, got married, has like three kids now. I think she's been a great example to me of what education can do for you at a young age. She got a house, she had a boat and all these cool little toys. And I was like, this is the American dream, really. My sister is achieving it. Next in line was my brother and he followed the same path, went to CBC, got into the radiology technician program, and became a radiology technician, doing MRI's, doing X-rays at some of the local hospitals. I kind of thought through them that there was a route through education. When I was a junior or senior in high school, I went to Kennewick High School, my best friend at the time, Vidal Aguilar, also coming from a Mexican family, I see him sort of filling out the application for WSU. And I remember at the time I didn't even know you had to apply for college. I didn't even know there was like a restrictions. There were people that they weren't going accept. There's people that they were going to accept. I just imagine everyone after high school, you just went to college and that was your route. I'm very thankful that he knew somehow through someone in his family that you had to apply. And I kind of picked that up and I had to apply as well. But in high school, I wasn't the greatest student, so it took me a while to get accepted. But after some time and that's another story. After some time, I got accepted and my family was very happy, I was very happy, and I was the first one to go away to a four year university for college. And just two years ago I became the first in my family to graduate from a four-year institution from Washington State University in Pullman, and I've seen already in the short two years since graduating, the impact it's had on my family and on myself. And so, I think I've kind of seen that education as a value in my family. And I want to continue supporting education for people like me, people who grew up in the similar background as me as well. 00;13;38;24 - 00;13;43;08 Robert Bauman I know you are the new executive director. 00;13;43;10 - 00;13;44;15 Jerry Martinez Yeah, I mean, yeah. 00;13;44;19 - 00;13;57;06 Robert Bauman For the downtown Pasco Development Authority. So how did how did that come about? Had you been involved in other sort of community organizations prior to this? 00;13;57;08 - 00;14;16;11 Jerry Martinez Yeah. So, it's cool. When I when I went away for college, I think I've sort of was forced to come to… I was forced to face my identity again in a different way. Whereas here in the Tri-Cities, you know, I grew up around a lot of the people that I was, that came from a similar background as me. And just like and university you go to you, you're around a different environment, around different people. I faced my identity in a different way again. And I realize that, I have an opportunity here to make an impact on my community back home and an impact on the community here at Washington State. So I got involved with community led organizations, the MECHA at WSU, different Latino organizations at WSU, the Chicanx, the Latinx Student Center. I was an uncertified senator for the student government. I think I took a liking to being involved in community and building a sense of community, whereas I felt strongly here in the Tri-Cities at Washington, WSU Pullman, I had to sort of build that in collaboration with others of the Latino community. I kind of took this love for community work for being a part of something bigger than myself. But my education, my degree was in finance, so I was on this track of finance. I had my senior year, I had a contract already signed to go to Boeing after graduation, but I graduated in 2020, the year of the COVID 19 pandemic. So halfway through my second semester, I believe, we went fully online, we went fully remote. I moved back in with my parents. I was unsure of what was going to happen to me after graduation. But, you know, we pushed through. I graduated online, I waited a couple of months and that contract with Boeing was rescinded. They canceled the contract, so I was left to sort of look for a job again in a very difficult time. And I decided to just look locally and see what was around so I could stay with my parents, save up a little bit of money. And I found this job as an emergency relief organizer for the United Farm Workers Foundation. And that to me, I immediately jumped on that opportunity. For me, my parents have worked in the fields, have worked as farm workers their entire lives. For me to be able to contribute to that community as an organizer for the UFW Foundation was huge. For eight months, my car was my office. I had cones, tables, the largest supply of masks I could ever ask for in my car. And what I do with our team is just, you know, travel around different cities and communities in eastern Washington. And we set up these sort of mobile clinics where we would let farmworkers know of their rights, some of the sick pay that is allowed to them, what to do if they if they're feeling symptoms of COVID 19 and just give them basic supplies, masks that are comfortable to wear while you're working out in the fields, hand sanitizer, hats, whatever gear they need. And so, we did that for some time. And then, you know, wildfire smoke was rampant, rummaging through like all of the West Coast and farmworkers still had to work through that, so we supported farmworkers in some K-95 masks, some state work trying to get some farmworkers in our state the protections they needed when wildfire smoke is at a very toxic level for people working outside. For eight months, I just worked as an organizer for farmworkers. And I think it was a change in my career that that was that was exciting for me and my family. For the first time, I could actually like sort of explain to my family what I'm doing for work, and it made clear, direct sense to them. When I had my internship, you know, at the at the company in Seattle, I tried to explain to my parents what I'm doing, but they just didn't really relate much to what they were doing. They knew they knew that that was the kind of job I was going to take on. But they were like, “Okay, cool. Like, I don't really understand it, but that's what you do. You sit on a computer and open Excel spreadsheets or whatever.” But when I worked as an organizer, it was so cool to be able to tell my parents, “This is what I'm doing” or “Hey, we're supporting this legislation to get farmworkers a pathway to citizenship.” Things that like were materially clear to my parents I was able to explain to them. That job was temporary, though it was contract-to-contract. I started looking for a different job, and I found this job with the Group Health Foundation here in the Tri-Cities as well. For a year, I kind of worked in the background of philanthropy and supporting our communities in Washington again. The philanthropy was mostly focused on serving our communities here in the state of Washington. I think that was one of my strongest assets during the interview process was I just have a clear love for our communities here in Washington. This is a place me and my parents call home. I want to continue doing the work for the state of Washington and here in the Tri-Cities as well. And I did that for some time. I was just having lunch one day with another member of our community, Gabrielle Portugal and Ruben, one of our program officers. And they were like, “Hey, we were looking for an executive director, Jerry, you should think of applying.” And so, I applied and I think again my love for this community, my energy to sort of support our farmworkers, our community, the people with a similar background as me and my parents. I think that shines through again. This Thursday will be my first official first day as the executive director. I haven't started yet. 00;20;15;24 - 00;20;27;17 Robert Bauman Can you talk a little bit about the downtown Pasco development Authority? What sorts of things does that organization do? What sorts of things would you like will you be doing as executive director going forward? 00;20;27;17 - 00;20;55;22 Jerry Martinez Yeah, so it started, I think in 2014 and it was created as a sort of engine for economic development in the downtown Pasco area. Through its time is with different leaders, it's just taken a different sort of flavor of that. But I think all in all, the purpose of the organization is to really celebrate the culture of our community in the downtown area, make dreams come true. I think I look at some of the stores down there in downtown, shops for quinceañeras, local businesses, local taco shops, bakeries, salons where people can throw weddings, events, quinceañeras. I think it's just a cool way that we can also support people who come to this country and come to this area and have a dream. And we can really support their dream and becoming a reality in downtown Pasco. And I think it's a growing area. And I think as things grow, it's common for spaces to lose touch with their origin or the history of their community. I think this is an opportunity that we can really hold on to some of the history of our community in a way that supports businesses, in a way that supports community members and supports our community in general. Some of the things I'm hoping to do is, you know, downtown Pasco is also one of the areas where we have the densest population of homeless folks. And I know that their success moving forward is intertwined with the success of the organization and the success of downtown. And I want to take a more public stance, a more a stronger stance in trying to support them and partnering with some of our shelters around the area to really get them a place to stay, get them employment opportunities. I think there’s going to be a cool way to do that, that's aligned with our mission as well. 00;22;33;06 - 00;23;21;03 Robert Bauman Great. You talked earlier about your work with the UFW was traveling around and distributing mask. With COVID, studies shown it's had more of an impact, a higher case rates among, in Washington state, Hispanic communities, African-American communities. Especially with the work that you did with that, what sort of impact did you see or have you seen over these last couple of years or so in terms of the impact of COVID on the community and efforts to kind of address some of that impact? 00;23;21;06 - 00;23;46;04 Jerry Martinez Yeah, I think probably some of the biggest impact is just related to work. Most of the impact is related to work, I believe. When I especially when I was an organizer with the UFW Foundation, one… many people weren’t educated. They weren't told about some of the new policies in Washington to deal with COVID 19. Many weren’t told about if you get sick, if you're feeling symptoms, you're allowed to take two weeks off no matter what that is guaranteed to you as a worker here in the state of Washington. I think even on the flip side of that, even if they did know about that, many people, them not going into work is them not collecting a paycheck. For you to be sick for two weeks, that's two weeks off work. You got bills to pay, you got a family to support. And I think, you know, when you're working as a farm worker, much of your pay, it's all about how much crops can you pick, how many buckets of cherries can you dump in our boxes? It's really tied to like the amount of productivity, to what you produce as a worker. I can just see like there's huge economic impacts, one in folks not wanting to get off work and two even if they're allowed that time off work, they're missing out on paychecks and you're not getting paid too much and this is a seasonal job. So, just the impacts of that on them economically are huge. Health wise as well. You have to go into these spaces. While many of us were able to sort of work from home, I got a laptop sent to me and I was able to take meetings from home and do a lot of my work at home in the safety of my home and my room away from other folks. Many of our communities had to go out to work while there was this big pause in people going to their workplaces and doing things. I don't think there was ever a break for farmer working communities and our Hispanic community at large in that area as well. I think it was clear that it was going to hit them harder. And I think another piece of it is— and this this happened to everyone but I think in a different way for Hispanic communities— just the mental health, the toll it takes on you to not be able to see your family as much anymore. Before COVID, even my family, we'd have huge gatherings for birthdays, for celebrations of people graduating high school. In the years since COVID has happened, I have seen a huge decline in us getting together. It feels like everyone's a little bit more separated now. I don't know if we're ever going to go back to that time where we're always together because of just the two years of this instance of staying alone, staying with your immediate family only, and not getting together in big gatherings, I think that has played a… it has definitely shifted the culture a bit, shifted some of the some of the family aspects for our Hispanic community. 00;26;38;07 - 00;27;17;18 Robert Bauman As a young person stepping into this position, you talked about some of the things you see and one thing you were talking about homelessness that might interest that. Are there other things you see going forward? Either for the downtown association or just for community organizations in general, things that you see that you would love to address or think that this younger generation might be in position to address? 00;27;17;21 - 00;27;37;23 Jerry Martinez Yeah, I think I saw this clearly when I worked at the Group Health Foundation. My direct supervisor, our vice president of programs, Carmen Berkley, she was a great mentor to me, a great boss. And, you know, one day we were talking with one of our local leaders. This man, he was the board chair for the DPD. He's the president of this other Hispanic organization. He's the lead for, you know, this other organization. And he's just got his hands in so many places. He's doing so much. And my boss, she tells me, “Jerry, there's no… what's the leadership development like in the Tri-Cities? Why is it just one guy taking charge of everything? How can we help him and support him? How come I don't see you taking leadership positions?” And I just thought to myself, actually I don't know. So, I think, one of the things for our youth, especially in the Hispanic community, is just there's no clear direction of like what happens after. I think school is like a huge priority, but there's no sense of familiarity with what comes after that. I think many of us as first-generation citizens and first-generation college graduates, we sort of graduate high school, we graduate universities, go to college, trade schools or whatever. And then we think to ourselves, What's next, though? I think its been so clear in my life to this point what is needed to get done. And then afterwards you're like, well, I don't know what to do next. I felt that as well. I think that's a piece to really… an opportunity for our youth here, and I hope I get to be a part of that in the downtown Pasco Development and in other areas of just being one small example of what our youth here in the area can do. Some of the knowledge, some of the values we've picked up from our community. I felt extremely supported by other families, by our Latino community in the area, and I just want to give it back. I think there's many young folks just like me ready and willing to do that as well. It's just a matter of finding them and letting them know there's opportunities out here, out here for them to do that. 00;29;33;11 - 00;29;41;22 Robert Bauman If you had one piece of advice for a first-generation college student who is a freshman coming in fall semester, what would that be? 00;29;41;25 - 00;30;03;11 Jerry Martinez It would just be like, remember what got you to this point, because whatever that was, it's going to get you through to the end. Whether that's family, whether that's your own motivation to do something and also like you're going to figure things out. When I first got to college, before I even started my first class, I changed majors three times. Part of you being here is for you to figure things out and part of you being here is to really just change the trajectory of your entire family for years to come. People don't realize how huge it is for them to even be in that classroom, taking that seat. It's so huge for our families and it's so huge for our community. 00;30;30;12 - 00;30;52;14 Robert Bauman Yeah. It's interesting that you mentioned changing your major a few times. I think some students come in. This is, you know, because their parents have told them, you must do this. And most college students change their major at least once, right? So, I always encourage people to be open, right. Actually, as an incoming first year student, be open. You may decide on something. Right. I fully agree with what you said. I get excited when they tell me they're undecided. Good. Take lots of different classes to figure out what you want to do. 00;31;02;10 - 00;31;23;15 Jerry Martinez And even then, I graduated with finance, and I wouldn't say I'm particularly in a finance job, so I think it doesn't tie you to anything. It's really about the experience you craft for yourself that is going to get you opportunities after college. Don't stress on it too much on majors, none of that stuff. It seems huge in the moment, but you'll figure it out. 00;31;25;21 - 00;31;32;01 Robert Bauman Right? Right. The job you get isn't going to necessarily have the name of your major. 00;31;32;04 - 00;31;35;03 Jerry Martinez That's so true. 00;31;35;05 - 00;31;56;28 Robert Bauman Is there anything that we haven't asked you about? Either related to your family story or something you talked about in terms of education and community stuff that you would like to talk about? 00;31;57;04 - 00;32;17;29 Jerry Martinez Yeah, one of the other things is my old job. I had just been coming into this executive director role. I've thought about myself as a leader and sort of what has inspired me. What are some of the traits I want to be exemplifying as a leader? I always think back to my parents, and I just think about the natural leadership that is born of immigrants to this country, the natural leadership of my father to be the first one to make this journey, the first one to sort of feel things out and just work to bring the rest of my family here. That's leadership qualities that I can't even name, but I think is so clear to me that that's the kind of leader I want to be, someone who's here for my family, someone who's here to support others, to get things going for the people around me. For my mother, she's the greatest example of leading with love. I think my mom has always just led with love in a way that I want to be a leader as well. There are times where we think as a first-generation American in this country, there's times that I think, “This topic's a little complicated. Maybe my parents just won't really understand.” They consistently surprise me, because they just have this sort of love for people that I'm like, “You do get it.” I don't have to explain these huge higher-level topics and these isms and how they manifest and trickle down to us. My parents really understand things in a lens of love for people, love for community. And yeah, I think that's probably the only thing I would like to add. Everything I've done to this point has been in honor of my parents and in honor of my family. That's part of my motivation and success so far. I got a really great support system and really great examples in my parents and family. 00;34;09;05 - 00;34;32;08 Robert Bauman Yeah, that's very clear from what you talk to us about. Well, I think those are the questions I have. Really appreciate you coming in, Jerry, and sharing both your family's story and your story and things you've been involved in. Thank you. Espanol: Robert Bauman: Vamos a avanzar y comenzar puedo iniciar con las presentaciones y luego hacerte unas preguntas y básicamente una conversación. Mi nombre es Robert Bauman. Estoy realizando una entrevista oral de historia con Jerry Martínez. La fecha el día de hoy es 14 de junio del 2022. La entrevista está siendo realizada en el campo de Washington State University de Tri-Cities. Entonces Jerry podrías decir tu nombre completo y deletrearlo para nosotros. Jerry Martínez: Si es Jerry Martínez, J-e-r-r-y M-a-r-t-í-n-e-z. Bauman: Correcto gracias, entonces comencemos. Si pudiéramos hablar un poco de la historia de tu familia, si pudiéramos sus orígenes, su historia de migración a los estados unidos, a Tri-Cities. Entonces cuando llego tu familia aquí, como fue la historia y porque, como, ¿cuándo y porque vinieron aquí? Martínez: Si, y no se los años y las fechas exactas pero todo esto es sobre cosas que les he preguntado. Les he hecho esta pregunta muchas veces así que he reunido una colección de historias hasta este punto. Pero mis padres nacieron en El Salvador en los 60s o 70s y vivieron en una zona muy rural en una especie de montanas alas afuera de Sesori el Aureral, lo busque en los mapas de Google y está muy remoto que no tiene nombre en los mapas de Google. Al final de los 80s una guerra civil estallo en El Salvador y mi papa fue uno de los jóvenes reclutados, olvide que lado de la guerra, pero él se encontraba con 23 o 24 en la parte de atrás de una camioneta militar dirigiéndose a una especie de campamento para ser entrenado, tú sabes para ser un soldado en la guerra y ganar el coraje. Se me olvido toda la historia, pero era muy interesante. Él estaba en la parte de atrás de esta camioneta y estaban a miles de millas de su pueblo y saco el valor de saltar del vehículo y justo después del otro joven hombre salto y llegaron a la estación de autobuses de San Miguel o la estación del área de San Miguel y encontró su camino de regreso. Le pregunte a mi padre de porque o cómo fue que los militares no los siguieron o tú sabes porque no le dispararon. Él me dijo que porque si lo seguían treinta personas más los seguirían huyendo también, así fue como fue uno de los suertudos en escapar. Cuando volvió a casa con su madre, su madre le dijo, mi abuela Adela le dijo “Tienes que irte, prefiero que estes a miles de millas de distancia y vivo a que te quedes aquí y ellos te encuentren” ella sabía en su corazón que se había escapado de ellos por ahora, pero volverían por él y no va a ser bonito cuando vuelvan por él de nuevo. Ella fue la primera que le dijo que tenía que irse y así fue como inicio su viaje a los Estados Unidos creo que cuando tenía mi edad 24 hiso su viaje a través de El Salvador, Honduras, México todo hacia Estados Unidos. Él me dijo que su viaje por la frontera fue en un camión de plátano, el solo se acostó debajo de unas cajas de plátano que lo tapaban y así fue como cruzo la frontera. Como muchos fue así como encontró su camino al Central Valley of California para trabajar en el campo. El trabajo del campo es muy migratorio, trabajo en varios lugares del centro de California y encontró un lugar aquí tú sabes a través del West Coast, arriba y abajo, hay muchas oportunidades para trabajar en el campo. Mi padre hiso esa ruta por un tiempo hasta que llego aquí en los Tri-Cities. Encontró este lugar hermoso tú sabes había descansos cortos entre temporadas. Podías trabajar todo el año y ahorrar un poco de dinero para comprarte una pequeña casa de remolque aquí, así que decidió quedarse aquí en Tri-Cities. La única comunicación que tenía con mi madre era a través de cartas y al poco tiempo de que llego a los Estados Unidos desafortunadamente su madre murió. Mi abuela murió y por un tiempo no le escribió a mi madre, el solo trabajaba. Pero después de trabajar en el campo por un tiempo, gano suficiente dinero para conseguirse un lugar pequeño una casa remolque en la que nosotros, en la que yo crecí y en la que gran parte de mi familia paso tiempo, él tenía eso. El trabajo un par de meses más, un par de temporadas más y trabajo más, reunió suficiente dinero para traer a mi mama aquí y mi hermano mayor, Walter y a partir de ahí fue un trabajo en equipo. Mi mama y mi papa trabajaron y trajeron a mi tío aquí se quedaron en la casa en la que crecí. Los tres trabajaron y trajeron a mi otro tío y entonces tú sabes todos trabajaban y es muy interesante que la casa en la que nací y más o menos crecí a cierto punto fue la casa de todos. Todos los que han venido de El Salvador a los Tri-Cities han pasado tiempo en la casa de la familia en el este de Kennewick y entonces poco después yo nací y ahora mis padres, ellos tomaron su examen de ciudadanía fue muy impresionante. Un veterano que vivía en la calle de enfrente, un veterano de la segunda guerra mundial él fue uno de los mayores apoyos para mis padres. El los llevaba a que intentaran tomar su examen de ciudadanía. En un punto mis padres me contaron una historia donde el hacia un tipo de trampa, le decía a mi mama que dijera si en algunas preguntas y no a otras. Pero tú sabes fue un buen esfuerzo familiar y lo contamos como parte de la familia también. Lo llamamos abuelo, el ya falleció, pero sabes él fue un gran hombre en nuestras vidas que vivía en la casa de en frente. Bauman: Esa es una gran historia y cuáles son los nombres de tus padres, por cierto. Martínez: El nombre de mi papa es Mario Martínez y el nombre de mi mama es Sonia de Carmen Martínez. Bauman: Bien entonces cuando tu padre hiso el viaje, ellos ya estaban juntos cierto. Martínez: Cuando mi padre fue reclutado por los militares él y mi madre ya habían estado juntos por un par de años y tenían al mayor, su hijo mayor, mi hermano mayor, Walter. Él tenía más o menos dos o tres años en ese tiempo cuando vino para acá. Bauman: ¿Cuándo tu padre llega aquí y después tu mama, había muchos salvadoreños aquí en ese tiempo? ¿Había una comunidad en ese aspecto? Martínez: No, no creo incluso ahora. Creo que ahí un crecimiento de población aquí, pero la mayoría de los salvadoreños que conozco en el área son familiares, mis primos, mis tíos creo que la mayoría son familiares probablemente. Desde entonces unos cuantos más se han mudado aquí, pero creo que es una población más pequeña. Bauman: ¿Cierto, entonces tu naciste aquí? Criado aquí, como fue tu experiencia al crecer aquí en Tri-Cities y tu perspectiva de la comunidad hispana, la comunidad hispana más grande en ese entonces y ahora. Martínez: Si, creo que al crecer aquí fue una experiencia porque no me sentí como un forastero. Había una población grande de mexicanos en mi área y en mi escuela. Nacido y criado aquí, la herencia de mi familia es de El Salvador, pero fui criado con una cultura mexicana porque es de donde todos mis amigos eran. Era de donde la gente con la que te juntabas venia igual que sus tradiciones. Así que agarre mucha cultura mexicana al crecer aquí. Al principio de mis años de la primaria y secundaria fue chistoso no me gustaba hablar español porque mis amigos mexicanos decían que tenía un acento diferente o chistoso creo que porque al crecer con mis papas se me pegaron ciertos modos de decir ciertas cosas eran un poco diferente. El lenguaje corriente es diferente. Me reserve a hablar inglés mayormente porque sentía que tenía un acento en español diferente, pero resulta que probablemente era el acento salvadoreño. Justo el año pasado revisité El Salvador y me di cuenta de que la mayoría de mi español ahora esta influenciado por mi herencia mexicana y tradiciones mexicanas. Por ejemplo, en El Salvador decimos vos para decir tu o ustedes, pero yo crecí usando ustedes, ¿“como estas tu?”. Solo esas cosas pequeñas culturales que agarre al crecer aquí en Tri-Cities. Una de las cosas que mis padres siempre pusieron en claro para nosotros fue que la educación era muy importante. En cierto punto mi padre estaba trabajando en el turno nocturno en Tyson, en la fábrica de carne aquí y ganaba buen dinero. Estaba en dirección para ser supervisor, ganar más dinero y conseguir un ascenso, pero mis hermanos mayores estaban batallando en la escuela y yo también estaba batallando un poco en la escuela, aflojando un poco, estaba siendo el payaso de la clase o algo. Mi padre nos sentó un día y nos dijo, no me acuerdo, yo era muy joven en ese entonces así que no me acuerdo, pero de seguro mis hermanos mayores si se acuerdan mejor. Él nos sentó y nos hable sobre sobre como la escuela era extremamente importante y como tenía que ser prioridad en nuestras vidas. La razón porque nuestros padres vinieron aquí fue para darnos una vida mejor y que la escuela era la llave de la ecuación. Así que él se cambió, él dijo “Oye estoy en camino a ser supervisor, estoy intentando conseguir un ascenso, pero me voy a cambiar al turno de día porque al estar en el turno nocturno no estoy presente en sus vidas y creo que al estar más envuelto va a ayudar a que tengan más excito en la escuela.” Entonces el cambio de turno al de día y ayudo un poco pero mi hermano mayor batallo un poco en la preparatoria y se salió en su ano de señoría. Esto es otro recordatorio de lo importante que la educación era. Mi padre estaba frustrado con él y me refiero lo hecho de la casa. Mi hermano mayor tenía 18 en ese entonces. Eso fue un recordatorio para mí de lo importante que la educación era para mi familia y para que nosotros progresáramos en este país y apoyar a nuestra familia en el futuro. Bauman: ¿Entonces eso que significo en términos de continuar con tu educación, eso que significo para ti para avanzar? Martínez: Si, después de mi hermano mayor, yo tenía un hermano mayor, una hermana y un hermano, así que yo soy el menor de cuatro. Mi hermano mayor se salió de la preparatoria y mi padre lo hecho. La próxima en línea era mi hermana ella se graduó de la preparatoria y era un poco problemática, ruda así que mis padres estuvieron muy contentos cuando entro a CBC. Entro en ese programa higiene dental, saco una casa, se casó y tiene como tres hijos ahora. Pienso que ella ha sido un gran ejemplo para mi sobre lo que la educación puede hacer por ti a una edad temprana. Compro una casa, tuvo un bote y toda clase de pequeños juguetes interesantes y yo pensaba que ese era el verdadero sueño americano y mi hermana lo estaba consiguiendo. El siguiente en línea era mi hermano y el siguió el mismo camino, fue a CBC y entro en el programa de técnico radiología y se hico técnico de radiología, haciendo resonancias magnéticas, haciendo rayos x en algunos de los hospitales locales. Pensaba que a través de ellos había una ruta a través de la educación. Cuando era junior o senior en la preparatoria iba a la escuela preparatoria de Kennewick, mi mejor amigo en ese tiempo era Vidal Aguilar que venía de una familia mexicana. Lo mire llenando la aplicación para WSU y recuerdo que en ese tiempo no sabía que tenía que aplicar para la universidad. Ni sabía que había restricciones, que había gente que no sería aceptada. Había gente que sería aceptada. Yo me imaginaba que todos después de ir a la preparatoria solo iban a la universidad, que esa era la ruta. Estoy muy agradecido que el conocía a alguien en su familia que sabía que tenías que aplicar. Así entendí que tenía que aplicar también. Pero en la preparatoria no fui el mejor estudiante así que me tomo un tiempo ser aceptado, pero después de un tiempo y esa es otra historia. Después de un tiempo me aceptaron y mi familia estaba muy feliz, yo estaba muy feliz, y yo era el primero en ir lejos a una universidad de cuatro años de carrera. Justo hace dos años me volví el primero en mi familia en graduarse de una institución de cuatro años en la universidad de Washington State en Pullman y he visto en los dos cortos años desde graduarme el impacto que esto ha tenido en mi familia y en mí mismo. Así he visto el valor de la educación en mi familia y quiero continuar apoyando la educación para personas como yo, personas que crecieron con una historia similar a la mía. Bauman: Se que eres el nuevo director ejecutivo. Martínez: Si, supongo que sí. Bauman: Para la autoridad de desarrollo del centro de Pasco. ¿Como sucedió eso? ¿Has estado envuelto en otro tipo de organización de la comunidad antes de esto? Martínez: Si, es interesante. Cuando fui a la universidad, fui un poco forzado, fui forzado a encarar mi identidad en un modo diferente. Ya sea aquí en Tri-Cities sabes crecí alrededor de mucha agente con la que veníamos de un fondo similar como yo. Justo, así como a la universidad que vas estas en un ambiente diferente, alrededor de gente diferente. Encaré mi identidad de un modo diferente de nuevo y me di cuenta de que tenía la oportunidad aquí de tener un impacto en mi comunidad en mi hogar e impactar la comunidad del estado de Washington. Así que me involucre con las organizaciones lidérales de la comunidad, la MECHA en WSU, diferentes organizaciones latinas en WSU, los Chicanx, el centro estudiantil de Latinx. Yo era el senador no certificado por el gobierno estudiantil. Pienso que me gusto estar involucrado en la comunidad y construir un sentido de comunidad, ya sea que tenía un sentir fuerte aquí en Tri-Cities en Washington, WSU en Pullman, tuve que como construir eso en colaboración con otros de la comunidad latina. Le tome amor a trabajar por la comunidad, por ser parte de algo más grande que yo. Pero mi educación, mi diploma era en finanzas, así que estaba en camino de finanzas. En mi ano de señoría ya tenía un contrato firmado para ir a Boeing después de la graduación, pero me gradué en el 2020 el ano de la pandemia de COVID-19. Así que, a la mitad de mi segundo semestre, creo que fui clases en línea completamente, fuimos a clases remotas completamente. Me mude de regreso con mis padres. No estaba seguro de lo que me iba a pasar después de la graduación, pero sabes lo superamos. Me gradué en línea esperé un par de meses y el contrato con Boeing fue rencendido. Ellos cancelaron el contrato así que me quede a buscar trabajo en tiempos difíciles. Decidí buscar localmente y ver lo que estaba alrededor así podría quedarme con mis padres y ahorrar un poco de dinero. Encontré este trabajo como organizador de alivio de emergencia para la fundación de trabajadores de United Farm y yo me lancé a esa oportunidad inmediatamente. Para mí, mis padres habían trabajado en los campos, habían trabajado como trabajadores agrícolas todas sus vidas. Para mi ser capaz de contribuir a la comunidad como organizador de la fundación de UFW era enorme. Por ocho meses mi carro era mi oficina, tenía conos, mesas, el suministro más grande de máscaras que pudiera pedir en mi carro. Lo que hacía con nuestro equipo, solo era, tú sabes viajar alrededor a diferente ciudades y comunidades en el este de Washington. Organizábamos estas clínicas móviles donde dejábamos saber a los trabajadores agrícolas sus derechos, sobre la paga por enfermedad que se les permitía, que hacer si sentían síntomas de COVID-19 y darles suministros básicos, mascaras que fueran cómodas para usar mientras trabajaban en los campos, desinfectante de manos, gorros cualquier equipo que necesitaran, hice eso por un tiempo y luego sabes el alboroto del humo del fuego forestal. Hurgando por toda la costa del este y los trabajadores del campo aun tenían que trabajar por todo eso. Apoyamos a los trabajadores agrícolas con máscaras K-95. Algo de trabajo del estado tratando de conseguir la protección necesaria para los trabajadores agrícolas cuando el humo del fuego forestal estaba a niveles muy tóxicos para que la gente trabajara afuera. Por ocho meses solo trabaje como organizador para trabajadores agrícolas y creo que fue ese cambio en mi carrera que fue tan emocionante para mí y mi familia. Por primera vez le podía explicar a mi familia en lo que trabajaba y fue claro, directo y tenía sentido para ellos. Cuando tuve mi primera pasantía, sabes en la compañía de Seattle traté de explicarles a mis padres lo que hacía, pero ellos no se relacionaban mucho con lo que ellos hacían. Ellos sabían que eso era el tipo de trabajo que yo iba a hacer, pero ellos decían “O si interesante, no entiendo mucho pero eso es lo que haces, te sientas frente a una computadora y abres páginas de Excel o lo que sea” pero cuando trabaje como organizador era tan interesante poder decirles a mis padres: “Esto es lo que hago” o “ey estamos apoyando esta legislación para conseguirles a los trabajadores agrícolas un camino a la ciudadanía” cosas así eran claras para mis padres y yo era capaz de explicarles. Ese trabajo era temporal, era de contrato a contrato. Empecé a buscar un trabajo diferente y encontré este trabajo con la fundación de Group Health aquí en Tri-Cities también. Por un ano trabaje en el fondo de la filantropía y apoyando nuestras comunidades en Washington de nuevo. La filantropía estaba mayormente enfocada en servir a la comunidad aquí en Washington. Pienso que esa fue una de mis fuerzas más grandes durante el proceso de las entrevistas, que tengo un amor claro por las comunidades aquí en Washington este es el lugar que yo y mis padres llamamos hogar. Quiero seguir trabajando para el estado de Washington y Tri-Cities también y lo hice por un tiempo. Estaba comiendo un día con otro miembro de nuestra comunidad, Gabrielle Portugal y Rubén uno de los oficiales de nuestro programa y ellos dijeron “Estamos buscando un director ejecutivo, Jerry deberías pensar en aplicar” y entonces aplique y pienso que de nuevo mi amor por esta comunidad, mi energía para apoyar a nuestros trabajadores del campo, nuestra comunidad, la gente con historia similar a la mía y la de mis padres. Eso se nota por encima. Este jueves será mi primer día oficial como director ejecutivo, aun no inicio. Bauman: ¿Puedes hablarnos un poco de la autoridad de desarrollo del centro de Pasco? ¿Qué tipo de cosas hace la organización? ¿Qué tipo de cosas estarás haciendo como director ejecutivo de ahora en adelante? Martínez: Si, creo que inicio en el 2014 y fue creada como un tipo motor para el desarrollo de la economía en el área del centro de Pasco. Durante su tiempo ha sido con diferentes lideres y ha tomado un sabor medio diferente debido a eso, pero creo que el propósito de la organización es celebrar la cultura de nuestra comunidad en el área del centro, hacer sueños realidad. Pienso que miro a algunas de las tiendas ahí en el centro, tiendas para quinceañeras, negocios locales, puestos de tacos locales, panaderías, salones donde la gente hace bodas, eventos, quinceañeras. Pienso que es un modo interesante en el que también podamos apoyar a la gente que viene a este país y vienen a esta área y tienen un sueño y nosotros de verdad podemos apoyar su sueño a hacerlo realidad en el centro de Pasco. Creo que es un área en crecimiento y pienso que mientras crece es común que los espacios pierdan ese toque con sus orígenes o la historia de su comunidad. Pienso que es una oportunidad de conservar algo de la historia de nuestra comunidad en un modo que apoye a los negocios en un modo que apoye a los miembros de la comunidad y apoye la comunidad en general. Algunas de las cosas que espero hacer es tú sabes el centro de Pasco es también una de las áreas donde tenemos la población más densa de personas indigentes. Se que su éxito para avanzar esta entre enredado con el éxito de la organización y el éxito del centro y quiero hacer mi postura publica, una postura más fuerte en tratar de apoyarlos. Uniéndonos con algunos de los albergues en el área y conseguirles un lugar donde quedarse, conseguirles oportunidades de trabajo. Pienso que va a haber un modo interesante de hacer eso que este alineado con nuestra misión igual. Bauman: Grandioso, hablaste antes de tu trabajo con la UFW que era viajar y distribuir mascaras. Con el COVID ahí estudios que muestran que tuvo mayor impacto, más casos en la comunidad hispana y african-american en el estado de Washington. Especialmente con el trabajo que hiciste, que impacto viste o has visto en el transcurso de los dos últimos anos. En términos del impacto de COVID en la comunidad y los esfuerzos de atender esos impactos. Martínez: Si, creo que uno de los impactos más grandes era relacionado con el trabajo. El mayor impacto fue relacionado con el trabajo, creo. Especialmente cuando yo era el organizador en la fundación de UFW mucha de la gente no era educada. Les decían sobre algunas pólizas nuevas en Washington sobre cómo manejar el COVID-19. A muchos no les decían que, si se enfermaban, si sientes síntomas, podías tomarte dos semanas libres sin importar nada, eso era garantizado a ellos como trabajadores aquí en el estado. Pienso que incluso al otro lado de la cara de eso, incluso si ellos sabían al respecto, mucha gente, si ellos no iban al trabajo significaba que no recibirían un cheque. Para estar enfermo por dos semanas eran dos semanas fuera del trabajo. Tienes facturas que pagar y una familia que mantener y creo tú sabes cuando trabajas en el campo la mayor parte de tu paga es lo que produces al cosechar. Cuantos botes de cerezas bacias en el cajón, está conectado con la cantidad de productividad que produces como trabajador. Puedo ver como ahí un gran impacto en la economía, para empezar algunas de las personas no queriendo faltar al trabajo y en segundo si incluso les daban el tiempo libre del trabajo, les haría faltarían los cheques, no les pagan lo suficiente y son trabajos temporales, entonces tan solo el impacto de eso en ellos económicamente era inmenso, en la salud también. Tenías que ir a estos espacios mientras muchos de nosotros podíamos trabajar desde el hogar, yo recibí una computadora y podía hacer juntas desde mi casa y hacer mucho de mi trabajo en la seguridad de mi casa, en mi cuarto lejos de otras personas. Muchas de nuestras comunidades tenían que salir a trabajar mientras había una gran pausa en que la gente saliera a sus trabajos y hacer sus cosas. No pienso que nunca hubiese una pausa para las comunidades de trabajadores del campo y en la comunidad hispana tampoco, pienso que estaba claro que los golpearía más fuerte. Pienso que otra pieza de esto es y esto les ha pasado a todos, pero creo que de diferente modo a las comunidades hispanas. Tan solo la salud mental, la carga que te cae de no poder ver a tu familia mucho. Antes de COVID incluso mi familia, teníamos grandes reuniones para cumpleaños, para celebraciones de graduación de la preparatoria. En los años desde que COVID paso he visto una gran disminución en las reuniones. Se siente como que todos están un poco más separados ahora. No sé si algún día volveremos a ese tiempo donde siempre estábamos juntos, porque en estos dos años de estar solos, estar solo con tu familia inmediata solamente y no reunirse en grandes reuniones, creo que eso ha jugado un gran rol, ha definitivamente desplazado la cultura un poco, desplazado algunos de los aspectos de la familia por nuestra comunidad hispana. Bauman: Como una persona joven que ha subido a esta posición, has hablado sobre algunas de las cosas que vez y una cosa de la que hablabas era los indigentes que te interesan. ¿Ahí algunas otras cosas que veas que avanzan? Ya sea para la asociación del centro o por las organizaciones de la comunidad en general, cosas que tu veas que te gustaría cambiar o piensas que ala generación más joven favorecería en apoyar. Martínez: Si, pienso que lo vi claramente cuando trabajé en la fundación del Group Health. Mi supervisor directo, el vicepresidente nuestros programas Carmen Berkley, ella fue una gran mentora para mí, una gran jefe y sabes un día estábamos hablando con uno de nuestros lideres locales, este hombre estaba en la silla directiva de DPD. Él es el presidente de esta otra organización hispana, tú sabes es el líder de esta organización y tiene sus manos en tantos lugares hace demasiado y mi jefe me dice “Jerry como es el desarrollo directivo en Tri-Cities? ¿Cómo es que un hombre está a cargo de todo? ¿Como podemos apoyarlo y ayudarlo? ¿Como es que no te veo tomando posiciones liderarías?” y pensé que no tenía ni idea. Pienso que una de las cosas para nuestra juventud, especialmente la comunidad hispana es que no hay una dirección clara de lo que pasa después. Pienso que la escuela es una gran prioridad, pero no hay sensación de familiaridad de lo que viene después de eso. Pienso que muchos de nosotros ciudadanos de primera generación y graduados de universidad de primera generación, nos graduamos de la preparatoria, nos graduamos de universidades, vamos a la universidad, escuelas de oficios, o lo que sea y pensamos para nosotros mismos, ¿qué sigue? Creo que ha sido muy claro en mi vida hasta este punto lo que se necesitaba hacer. Entonces, después de eso te quedas de que no sabes lo que tienes que hacer después, yo sentí lo mismo. Creo que es una gran pieza, una oportunidad para nuestra juventud y espero ser parte de eso en el desarrollo del centro de Pasco y en otras áreas, ser solo un ejemplo pequeño de lo que nuestra juventud puede hacer en el área. Algo de la sabiduría, algunos de los valores que tenemos de nuestra comunidad, me sentí muy apoyado por otras familias, por nuestra comunidad latina en el área y solo quiero retribuirles. Pienso que los jóvenes al igual que yo están listos y dispuestos a hacer lo mismo también. Es solo cuestión de encontrarlos y dejarles saber que hay oportunidades ahí afuera, para que ellos lo hagan. Bauman: Si tuvieras una pieza de consejo para los estudiantes de primera generación de la universidad que son novatos en el próximo semestre de otoño. ¿Que sería? Martínez: Solo sería que recuerden lo que tienen hasta este punto, porque lo que sea que es, los va a llevar hasta el final, ya sea familia, que sea motivación personal de hacer algo y que van a descifrar las cosas. Al principio que llegue a la universidad, incluso antes de iniciar mis clases, cambie mi especialidad de estudios tres veces. Parte de ti que está aquí es para descifrar las cosas y otra parte de ti es para en realidad cambiar la trayectoria de tu familia entera por los anos a seguir. La gente no se da cuenta lo grande que es para ellos estar en ese salón, tomar ese asiento, es tan grande para nuestras familias y tan grande para nuestra comunidad. Bauman: Si, es interesante que mencionaste que cambiaste tu especialidad de estudios algunas veces. Pienso que muchos estudiantes vienen solo porque sus padres les dicen que lo hagan y la mayoría de los estudiantes de universidad cambian su especialidad de estudios por lo menos una vez, cierto. Entonces yo siempre los impulso a ser abiertos, cierto, de hecho, como estudiante de primera generación, que sean abiertos, pueden decidir en algo, cierto. Estoy completamente de acuerdo contigo en lo que dijiste. Me emociono cuando me dicen que no se han decidido, bien, tomen muchas clases diferentes para descifrar lo que quieren hacer. Martínez: Incluso entonces me gradué en finanzas y no diría que estoy particularmente en un trabajo de finanzas así que no pienso que te amarra a nada. Es más, sobre las experiencias que formas para ti mismo lo que te va a dar las oportunidades después de la universidad. No te estreses mucho en la especialidad de estudios ni nada de esas cosas. Se ve enorme en ese momento, pero lo descifraras. Bauman: ¿Cierto? Cierto, el trabajo que consigas no necesariamente tendrá el mismo nombre que tu especialidad de tus estudios. Martínez: Eso es tan cierto. Bauman: ¿Hay algo que no te hemos preguntado al respecto? Ya sea relacionado con la historia de tu familia o algo que haigas hablado en términos de educación y comunidad de lo que te gustaría hablar. Martínez: Si, una de las cosas es mi viejo trabajo. Apenas llegue a este trabajo de director ejecutivo. Me he visto como un líder y eso me ha inspirado. ¿Qué características quiero mostrar como líder? Siempre pienso en mis padres y pienso en el liderazgo natural que nace de los inmigrantes de este país, el liderazgo natural de mi familia aquí. Esas cualidades de liderazgo que ni siquiera puedo nombrar, pero creo que es tan claro para mí que es la clase de líder que quiero ser, alguien que está aquí para mi familia, alguien que está aquí para apoyar a otros, que mueve las cosas para la gente que me rodea. Por mi madre, ella es el ejemplo más grande de liderar con amor, pienso que mi mama siempre nos ha guiado con amor de un modo que quiero ser un líder también. Ahí veces donde pensamos que, como estudiantes americanos de primera generación en este país, hay veces que pienso que este tema es un poco complicado, tal vez mis padres no entiendan realmente. Ellos constantemente me sorprenden porque ellos tienen esta especie de amor por la gente que digo “Si entienden”. No tengo que explicar esto temas de nivel más alto, estos términos y como se manifiestan y gotean hacia nosotros. Mis padres realmente entienden las cosas a través de la lente de amor por la gente, amor por la comunidad y si eso es probablemente la única cosa que me gustaría agregar. Todo lo que he hecho hasta este punto ha sido en honor a mis padres, honor a mi familia, es parte de mi motivación y éxito hasta ahorita. Tuve un gran sistema de apoyo y grandes ejemplos de mi s padres y mi familia. Bauman: Claro, eso es muy claro por lo que nos has hablado al respecto. Bueno pienso que esas son las preguntas que tengo. Te apreciamos realmente por venir Jerry y compartir ambas, la historia de tu familia y tu historia y las cosas en las que has estado envuelto. Gracias. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:34:32 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 10317 kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Jerry Martinez Subject The topic of the resource Oral History; Latin American; Hanford Site; Richland, WA, USA Description An account of the resource Jerry Martinez, a first-generation American, shares his family's journey from El Salvador to the United States. His parents fled the civil war in El Salvador and eventually made way to the U.S. through Mexico. Jerry was born and raised in the Tri-Cities, he and his siblings were encouraged to prioritize education. With Jerry becoming the first to graduate from a four-year university. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 14, 2022 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part, or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to the US Department of Energy collection. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fceccc3d8868895c191cdce6e20dc4ebd.mp4 abd03e384e985c0f2634b4c3732c8ae6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Latino/a Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Oral History Description An account of the resource An ongoing oral history project focusing on the history of the Latine/Latino community of the Tri-Cities, Washington area. Previously known as the WSU Tri-Cities Latinx Oral History Project headed by History faculty Robert Bauman and Robert Franklin. Hanford History Project made the decision in 2024 to use Latino/a instead of Latinx as the former more reflects the grammar and practical use and identification of Spanish speakers. We know that one term will not encompass all those identities. For example, Latine, a gender neutral pronoun and product of the queer Spanish community, was considered for use but we use Latino/a to reflect the prevalence of gendered pronouns in the Spanish language. However, we would like to acknowledge that the discourse around which term to use is complex and evolving. Every person has the right to use the term that captures who they are and that feels the most welcoming to them. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Language A language of the resource English; Spanish Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Bauman Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Ruben Peralta Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:51:39 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 10317kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Ruben Peralta Subject The topic of the resource Oral History; Latin American; Hanford Site; Richland, WA, USA Description An account of the resource Reuben Peralta and his family immigrated to the United States from a small village in Colima, Mexico, in 1978. They initially lived in Tijuana before moving to the Tri-Cities. The Peralta family's experience highlights the challenges faced by many immigrant families, including language barriers, economic hardship, and cultural adjustment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 14, 2022 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part, or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. 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Title A name given to the resource Post-1943 Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Description An account of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Franklin Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Christina Robison Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound 0:00:00 Robert Franklin: My name is Robert Franklin. I am conducting an oral history interview with Christina Robison on January 11, 2018. I need to fix that there. The interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University Tri-Cities. I’ll be talking with Christina about her experiences working at the Hanford Site. And for the record, can you state and spell your full name for me? Christina Robison: Yes. Christina Robison. It’s C-H-R-I-S-T-I-N-A. R-O-B-I-S-O-N. Franklin: Okay, thank you. So, tell me how you came to the Hanford. Tell me how you came to the area, and then how you began work at Hanford. Robison: Sure. Well, we came from--well, I grew up in California. But we had moved—my mother had remarried and we moved to Huntsville, Alabama, where my stepfather worked for Rockwell International on the space shuttle. Franklin: Oh, wow. 0:01:00 Robison: Yeah, he was a supervisor on the space shuttle there. His name’s Racy Storm. He’s since passed away. But Rockwell asked him if he’d be interested in transferring. And it’s kind of funny, because they gave him three different states to choose from, and my mother picked Washington to come to, because it had four seasons, was her reasoning behind going. So, I was only 15 at the time. He took the position with Hanford and we moved here to the Yakima area. He started working, you know, right away when we moved here. And then followed by that was my stepbrother, also worked. He worked at the REDOX labs, 222-S labs. And then my sister got a job as a nuclear process operator at the PUREX facility. Franklin: Oh, wow. Robison: And following that, probably a year, year-and-a-half after she started working, I graduated from high school and then got my job out at Hanford. So it was kind of a family affair. Franklin: So what did your father do—or, your stepfather, sorry—do out at Hanford? 0:02:08 Robison: He was an engineer. I couldn’t tell you for sure exactly what kind of engineer, but he was an engineer at Dash-5, at PFP. I know he could—they’d call him in the middle of the night, from what my mother tells me, and he could recite procedures from memory. He would tell them what page to look on, and which section it was. Yeah, he was a pretty smart man. Yeah, so he kind of started, I think, a lot of the family’s careers out at Hanford. And that’s how mine started. Franklin: Do you know what he did on the space shuttle? Like, I’m just wondering how that experience translated to plutonium processing. 0:02:48 Robison: Well, I don’t know--I probably couldn’t tell you a lot about what he did at the space shuttle. I actually had an opportunity to go look at the space shuttle and actually board the space shuttle, but I was 14, and wasn’t interested. So I missed that opportunity of a lifetime. So, yeah, that was disappointing when I looked back on it. And he told me I would regret it, and I did, and do. [LAUGHTER] Franklin: Well, you know, hindsight is 20/20. There’s a lot of--when I interview-- Robison: Yeah-- Franklin: Oh, sorry-- Robison: No, well, when you’re young, you just--you don’t realize the significance of something. And I didn’t, and so I didn’t go. Franklin: Yeah, it’s just a fact of life. So, it was kind of a family--it became a family affair then, that kind of work. And tell me how you got hired on at Hanford. 0:03:39 Robison: Well, I had originally applied for a custodial position. When they actually called me to come to work, the gentleman on the phone--I don’t recall his name--asked if I would be interested in being a D&D worker, and that stands for decontamination and decommissioning. I recall my sister telling me that was a horrible job and not to accept it. But I asked him why, because I had applied for custodial; I had not applied for D&D. And he had told me that they needed their quota of women. And so I accepted. Wanted the job. So I accepted. Franklin: What led you to accept the job when your sister had warned you about it? And I guess--let me back that up a second. Why did she say it was--do you recall why she said it was such a terrible job? 0:04:32 Robison: Well, D&D—this was in 1983, and D&D then was one of the lowest paid positions on the Hanford Site. It was a relatively new, for lack of better term, new craft. And you had to do some really dangerous work. And a lot of hard work. You know, we, D&D, did a lot of other crafts’ work in radiation zones. So, it was, from her experiences being a nuclear process operator, being one of the crafts out there, you know, the knowledge that she had of D&D, it was just not—it wasn’t one of the top ranking jobs, you know, on the Site. I chose to take it because I wanted my foot in the door. I wanted to work. I was extremely independent person; I still am. I wanted to have a job and move out of Mom and Dad’s house. So I accepted it. And I thought I could move on to different positions once I was out there. Franklin: Right. Had you thought about going to college at all, or did you--were you kind of focused straight on working? 0:05:52 Robison: I was focused only on working. I had always—I’d worked since I could, since I was 11, baby-sitting, and had no interest in going to school. I was extremely glad I’d graduated high school and was out. I just wanted to be in the workforce and start making my own money and paying my own way. Franklin: Cool. So tell me about entering this world, this D&D world, as part of a quota. Like, I guess, I’d like to know about the kind of social aspect of being a woman in a male sphere, but also if you could talk about the kind of work that was happening. 0:05:31 Robison: Okay. Sure. Well, D&D is like what it says, it’s decontamination and decommissioning. So as far as what it was like, you know, I was a 19-year-old, young girl, fresh out of high school, the only thing I’d ever done was waitress. So it was a bit of a shock, going to work at Hanford. I really didn’t have a clue about what was involved and what to expect. It was truly a man’s world. I was surrounded by men, and being young you’re a little bit interested in that, but it was a bit of a culture shock as well. So, I had quite a bit of adjusting to do. And as far as the work, you know, again, the only thing I’d ever done was waitress and go to high school, and within six months, I was climbing scaffoldings and running jackhammers. So it was quite the change. But I really enjoyed the work. In D&D, then, and I believe even probably it’s true today, because they still have the D&D craft out there, you were successful every day. Every day brought a new challenge and once you’ve finished decommissioning or cleaning something up, you got to move on and do another project and do something different. So it was really enjoyable. Franklin: Wow. What kinds of buildings did you work on, and areas? 0:08:04 Robison: Well, I’ve been in probably every building on Site, except for N Reactor, K, PUREX and a bunch of the facilities in the 300 Area. D&D has touched a lot of the areas out there. So, we could decommission a change facility, a change room, meaning we’d go in and cut it, essentially demolish it. We did asbestos abatement in all of the reactors. We did fuel storage removal--fuel storage—the fuel rods from the reactors, cleaned out all of those from all the basins in all the reactors. We tore down buildings. I don’t know, you name it, we probably did it. Jackhammered, took up railroad ties. It was a lot of fun. I mean, I enjoyed it. Franklin: So was your job similar to the remediation today, where it was just to take the building down to slab? Robison: Yes. Yeah. It was probably a lot like what it is today. Only more sophisticated, because technology’s so far—so much more advanced than it was in the ‘80s. But-- Franklin: What was the monitoring environment like when you started with D&D? I assume there was a radiation protection-- Robison: For personnel, monitoring? Franklin: Yeah. Well, like the radiation monitoring. And what’s changed from then till today? Robison: Well, I couldn’t tell you a lot about what’s changed; I don’t really do radiation work anymore, so I don’t go into any kind of zones. But we had dosimetry then. We had air monitoring. You know, it would be set up on us or that would surround us to monitor the air. So I don’t know that the monitoring has changed significantly from when it was in the ‘80s. I think it’s pretty much the same, but I really haven’t been involved in that. Franklin: Sure. You mentioned that it was kind of a culture shock, and it was a real—it was a man’s world, or like a boys’ club. Robison: Mm-hmm. Franklin: I kind of want you to expand on that a little bit, if you could. How did people initially treat you, and did that change over time as they got to know you, or, like, what kinds of attitudes--the spectrum of attitudes that you encountered? Robison: Well, I think that they were—it was probably wide-ranging. You know, again, I was young, so--a lot of the people that I worked with were young. I don’t know then that I could tell a lot of difference on how I was treated. You know, reflecting back for the age I am now and my life experiences, I know that there were times that I was treated less than a human. But at the time I didn’t realize that. That was just kind of the way it was. Franklin: Sure. Are there any notable memories or moments or people that stand out from that time? Robison: Well, moments—when you asked me about, you know, the way things were back then in terms of how women were treated, one of the memories that I have, and a lot of women that I worked with could attest to this, was the dress-out procedures when you’re coming out of a radiation zone. Then, some of the companies, men didn’t have to wear modesty clothing. And being a D&D worker, that was one of my jobs, was to undress as individuals were coming out of the radiation areas. So, it didn’t faze them at all to walk around in their underwear. You know, as a young girl, that was a bit—I didn’t quite know what to expect from that. So you just do your job and keep moving forward. Today, it’s different. I mean, I know they have modesty clothing. Franklin: Sure. Robison: So that doesn’t happen. Franklin: Did you—forgive me if this is too personal, but did you also have to walk around in your underwear? Robison: No, I wore modesty clothing. Franklin: Okay. 0:12:27 Robison: So, yeah. I had a T-shirt and shorts. The problem was that if they became contaminated while you were in the zone, and it did occur on occasions, you didn’t get to keep those. So that was part of the reason a lot of people didn’t wear modesty clothing, because if it got crapped up, is what they called it, they’d lose it. That was just money out of their pockets. So a lot of people weren’t willing to do that. But, no, I would wear shorts and a T-shirt. Franklin: Sure. Robison: Yeah. Franklin: When you started, were there separate facilities for men and women? Like, restroom facilities and-- Robison: Yes. Mm-hmm, yes, there were. Uh-huh. Franklin: So, you mentioned a couple times when we were talking earlier about the 183-H-- Robison: 183-H, yeah. Franklin: --project. I’m wondering if you could talk about that, because you had that—we’ll put that picture online, but that picture of you in the gunk, I guess, is the best way to-- Robison: Yeah. Franklin: I’m wondering if you could talk about a project in your work on that and what you accomplished. 0:13:24 Robison: Well, so, the 183 solar basins, I believe there were four of them in total. And two of them were filled up—well, the basins were constructed a lot like a pool would be where you have a shallow end and a deep end. The muck that was in these could range anywhere from a foot in the shallow end all the way to six or seven feet deep in the deep end, at the back part of the solar basin. And all of this muck came from the 300 Areas, places that would generate chemical wastes and wouldn’t have any place to put them. They were in a liquid form. So the material, evidently, was trucked out to the 183-H solar basins and placed there for, essentially, the liquids to volatilize off, to vaporize. Well, that happened over a number of years, of which I wasn’t there. But when we did go and D&D went to clean these solar basins out, what was left of course was the muck. The stuff was just really strange, because if you--it’d be a hard surface, and then when you stepped through it, it would just liquify. It was very different. And then we didn’t—because of the depth of some of this muck, they couldn’t really put a piece of equipment in there to clean it out. It was such a large basin that if you put a backhoe or something in there to try to lift this muck out, it would’ve just swallowed up the equipment. So they put people in there, me included. And we wore protective chest waders and plastics over the top of us, and mind you, this was in 100-degree heat. So it was very hot. And we used buckets, five-gallon buckets, and we literally bent over and picked up a bucketful and filled up drums. I would expect we probably filled up about 5,000 drums at that time. Franklin: Of 55-gallon? Robison: Of 55-gallon drums, uh-huh. Franklin: Wow. Robison: Yeah, it was a long project. It was one of the places that I was stationed at for any length of time. But, yeah, it was quite the project. But I have a lot of good memories from there. It was a good crew that I worked with and good managers. Again, the technology wasn’t available then like it was today. I’m sure they would’ve done it differently today and taken more precautions for their workers. But at the time, it was all manual labor. It was all very physical. Franklin: Well, at the time, too, Hanford was still producing, right? Robison: Yes. Franklin: Its primary job in there--because I assume this would’ve been sometime in the mid-’80s, late ‘80s? Robison: Yeah, I want to say I was probably—I think I was probably out there about ‘86, ‘87, yeah. Franklin: Okay, so still in production. Robison: We were still in production, yeah, at the time. Franklin: And so cleanup not--I mean, obviously, a priority, because they have D&D, but certainly not the major priority it is today, right? 0:16:51 Robison: Right. No--yeah, it’s definitely more of a priority today. I mean, Hanford’s in environmental cleanup status. But I would like to say that even though we were in production and--because I kind of feel like Hanford gets a bad rap sometimes when they really try to do a lot of good, too. But DOE was actually in environmental restoration back in the ‘80s when I worked there, because that’s essentially what D&D was. It was decontaminating and decommissioning. So they had already begun doing cleanup activities in the ‘80s. At least when I started. And they, obviously had probably started even before I arrived. Production was their focus at the time, but they did think about the environment. They had started the steps towards cleanup. And, keep in mind in the ‘80s when I hired on, a lot of the regulations didn’t exist. There were none of the regulations that governed Department of Transportation and Shipping. And none of those regulations were there. But DOE was taking—had the stance to start doing some environmental cleanup. And they knew they needed to do something. And I was happy to participate. Franklin: Awesome. Robison: Mm-hmm. Franklin: Where else did you work doing D&D? Robison: Again, all over the Site. You know, I worked in 200 East area and 200 West area. I was stationed at Dash-5 for a while, the PFP building that they’re currently trying to bring down to slab. Let’s see. At semiworks, although I couldn’t tell you a whole lot about that facility. I didn’t work out of that building very long, but it was alpha contamination there. Where else was I at? Franklin: Were you at REDOX? 0:18:50 Robison: I was, when I first hired on that’s where I was stationed. My very first--that’s where I learned to climb a scaffold, and that’s where I first learned to use a jackhammer, and that’s where I first learned how to take up railroad ties and railings. Franklin: Wow. Robison: Yeah, did quite a bit there. There was nobody in the facility at the time. I mean, other than us. It wasn’t being utilized. But, yeah, so REDOX--I had been there, worked, again, at PFP. D&D, we didn’t stay in one place for any really long length of time, because new projects would come up and so we’d have to go work out of this shed, or—a little bit like construction work, I suppose, where those guys have to go to motel to motel. I just went from building to building. Franklin: Yeah, like, the opposite of construction, really. Robison: Right, except we got to tear it down, yeah. Franklin: Yeah, yeah, okay. That makes a lot of sense. How long did you do D&D for? Robison: I was probably D&D for about seven years. Franklin: So through the ‘80s? 0:20:00 Robison: I wanna say--yes, all the way through the ‘80s until about 1990. And then I worked in the powerhouses that no longer exist. Franklin: For the reactors, right? The reactor power? Robison: The steam power--the coal-fired powerhouses. Those powerhouses used to supply steam to the production facilities, like PFP or PUREX. Franklin: They’d use those old steam lines that still—did they use the old steam lines that are still all in the 200 Area? Robison: Yes, those are still operational. Franklin: Wow. Robison: I was called a power operator. So, I did do some work in the main powerhouse where they actually fed coal into boilers and created the steam that supplied energy. Franklin: They were still using coal in the late ‘80s/early ‘90s? Robison: Yup, yup. Franklin: Wow. Robison: Yup, they were. Franklin: That’s always struck me as--I don’t know if it’s--it’s not irony, but the fact that the energy and the steam to supply nuclear--this high-science nuclear processing was coming from coal, you know. This very basic energy source plays a role in creating a very technical scientific energy. Robison: Yeah. Well, you know, I guess in hindsight, you look back on it and it is kind of—again, technology’s just so far advanced today than what it was then, but, yeah, it’s-- Franklin: What was it like working with coal? I mean, did you get regular shipments? Robison: Yup! Franklin: And did you have to wear special protective gear and-- 0:21:41 Robison: No, didn’t really have--unless you were right up in it. They’d provide you with paper masks if you didn’t want to breathe in the coal dust. But, yes, the coal was brought in by rail and poured into hoppers. It went up a conveyor belt and fed the hoppers, and those hoppers in turn fed the boilers that were down below. Again, I didn’t operate those that much. I ran the filter plant which supplied the drinking water for the Hanford Site. But, of course, you know, you’re around it all the time, so you pick it up. Pick up different things here and there. Franklin: And which powerhouse and filter plant did you work at? Robison: Both. I worked at both of them. Franklin: Which reactor area? 0:22:21 Robison: Well, so, 200 West area would’ve fed PFP, REDOX, T Plant, U Plant--any of those that required heat or--and then East Area, of course, fed the Tank Farms and PUREX and all the other facilities that were in operation at the time. Franklin: The water--the purification, that came from the river, right? So would that use one of the river pumphouses? Robison: Yes. Franklin: Okay. Robison: The water—in fact, it’s still being used today. Franklin: That’s the one by B Reactor, right? 0:22:54 Robison: Yes, mm-hmm, yup. That pumps raw water from the Columbia River. DOE has a water right to be able to do that. It pumps the raw water up to the 200 West Area now--because East Area’s filter plant is closed up. But the West Area still produces the drinking water, and sanitary water, in probably close to the same fashion as I did back in the early ‘90s. Franklin: Oh, wow. That’s really interesting. I’m wondering if you could talk about--when Hanford got the order to shut down, you were working there, right? Robison: I-- Franklin: With the switch from production, when they got the order to stop production? Were you-- Robison: Yeah, I don’t--I don’t remember the date they did that. I actually couldn’t talk very well to that. I don’t recall it, so--of when it actually happened, I don’t remember. Franklin: I was just--I was going to ask, because I’m wondering if you remember kind of the general mood of the community or of your coworkers, how people dealt with that switch. Was it a big deal, or did the work continue on? 0:24:09 Robison: Well, what I recall, which isn’t very much--I left the Hanford Site in 1993 and went to work for Department of Ecology, so I don’t recall a lot. But I know the Tri-Cities—and I was living in Yakima. The Tri-Cities went through booms and busts quite frequently. A lot of it dealt, or was a result of whatever happened to be going on at Hanford. So when there’s big layoffs, Tri-Cities would plummet, housing would plummet. And then when it was up and running, things were really good. So, as far as when they actually made the shutdown, I want to say that that happened a little bit later, after I had left the Site. Franklin: Okay. Robison: Yeah, sorry, I couldn’t really talk too much to that. Franklin: That’s okay. So what kind of work did you do for the other DOE, ecology? Robison: For Department of Ecology? Franklin: Yeah. 0:25:07 Robison: Well, when I originally left in ‘93, I hired on as a hazardous waste inspector. And then I moved to underground storage tanks. I did that for about 16 years. Franklin: So were you still working—and was that Hanford Site, Hanford underground storage, or was that different? Robison: No, I actually went to work for the Yakima office. Franklin: Oh, oaky. 0:25:26 Robison: So, the Yakima office, or central region of Washington, actually does regulate, even today, does regulate underground storage tanks at the Hanford Site. But the nuclear waste office that’s here in Richland regulates everything else at Hanford. So, when I left, I left the Hanford Site, essentially. I hadn’t been here for about 16 years. Franklin: Okay. But your work was still connected to the Hanford Site? Robison: Yeah, in a roundabout way it was, because the Department of Ecology regulates them. So my interaction with the Richland office wasn’t that frequent. Being from the Yakima office, we regulated different things, and Hanford wasn’t among them. Franklin: Okay. Robison: But I always had stayed in contact with Hanford. I’d been out here long enough and knew quite a few people. And then in 2009, I just decided to come back. So I’ve been back to Hanford since then. Franklin: Why did you decide to come back to work for MSA? 0:26:36 Robison: Well, because the amount of things that you can learn working at the Hanford Site are infinite. It’s a continual learning cycle every day you come to work. So it’s challenging, and I just knew that I would enjoy playing that role again, and being part of Hanford. Especially today because they’re doing cleanup and the restoration work. I wanted to be part of that history. Franklin: Yeah, because you had kind of started doing that. Robison: I started it when they were in production and had a really good time while I was out here. Franklin: So you’re currently environmental compliance officer, right? Robison: I am, mm-hmm. Franklin: The eco—yeah. And so, part of your job is ensuring regulations are met, right? Or being followed on the Site. 0:27:28 Robison: Yeah, it’s a little bit like consulting work, only MSA’s comprised--well, we take care of the infrastructure of the Hanford Site. So we make sure everybody else keeps running, essentially. We take care of the roads and the grounds and the water and power and all of that. So, my job is to help those organizations that supply, or that provide that support for infrastructure that make sure that they comply with all the regulations. So I deal with all kinds of stuff, whether it’s water or solid waste. I deal with hazardous waste; we deal with air requirements. Just about everything that’s environmental, my job is to make sure that they follow those rules and regulations. Franklin: Okay. So, I would imagine that includes working with a lot of tradespeople. Robison: Yeah, from time to time, I do, mm-hmm. Franklin: I’m wondering, in terms of regulations, how have things changed from when you started doing D&D work, kind of this ground-level, to where you are now? Robison: Oh, immensely. Franklin: How has work on the Hanford Site changed? 0:28:36 Robison: Immensely, because none of them really existed when I started in ‘83. You could kind of do whatever you wanted. They’ve come a long way, and I have to tell you, from the time I left in 1993 till I came back to work at Hanford in 2009, the change at the Hanford Site has just been—it’s been huge. It’s been significant. They’ve accomplished a lot. And they did so following all the rules and regulations. So there’s a lot out there now. Good example of that would be, in 1983, people were still dumping their waste oil that they’d removed from their cars down storm drains that fed straight to the Yakima River to the Columbia River. And today they don’t do that anymore. And that’s a result of regulation and saying not to do that and education, yeah. So it’s changed significantly. Franklin: So, wait, out on Site, people were dumping--? Robison: Well, yeah, well--they used to use waste oil for dust suppression. Of course, that’s not done anymore. Franklin: Right, to spray it down and then of course you’ve got waste oil all in the--which is going to get into the water. 0:29:49 Robison: Yes. And in groundwater. But we’ve learned so much from the ‘80s to today that--and it’s always evolving. Regulations are always changing as you learn new things, you know, more studies. I mean, you’re a historian, so if you were to study the history of regulations, every year they learn something new through technology or something, and so regulations change. That’s part of my job, is keeping up with those changes and helping the organizations out there implement those. Franklin: Right. Because the status quo today is only today’s status quo; it’s not the environment that you would’ve worked at in the ‘80s. Robison: Yeah, it was very different in the ‘80s. Franklin: So you mentioned that the D&D work initially there, it was great because you always felt like you were accomplishing something. Do you feel the same way today with your current work? 0:30:49 Robison: I do. Probably it’s--you know, I don’t get to see daily changes like I did in D&D. But I do, because I’m playing a small role in the overall picture of the Hanford cleanup. And that matters to me, it means a lot to me. Franklin: Great. Let’s see here, da, da, da. Okay. I’ve gone through all the fun--I have some stock questions. I’m just wondering if I had missed anything. Robison: Okay. Franklin: But we’ve really covered a lot of really great stuff. Robison: Well, I probably didn’t make much sense, and-- Franklin: No. Robison: I was trying to make sense. But you know, you get a picture in your mind, and getting it out of your mouth is-- Franklin: No, you’re doing great. And I do understand that, though. So you always lived in Yakima when you worked at Hanford. You’ve always lived outside of the Richland area, outside of Tri-Cities? Robison: I lived in Tri-Cities for a few years. Franklin: Okay. 0:31:41 Robison: Just prior to taking my job with the state. So that would’ve been in 1993. So I lived here from--I think I moved to the Richland area, I want to say, around ‘91. So I lived here for about two years. But, yeah, primarily in the Yakima area. Franklin: What sort of housing did you live in in Richland? Did you live in an Alphabet house or anything like that, or did you live in a newer-- Robison: I did. I actually bought a prefab when I lived here. It was a small three-bedroom. I just—I loved it. I was a single mom, and it was perfect for my son and I. Yeah. Yeah, I loved it. Franklin: I lived in a two-bedroom when I first got here, a two-bedroom prefab. Robison: Did you? Franklin: It was small. [LAUGHTER] Robison: Yeah, they’re notably--well, it’s less than 1,000 square feet. What is a prefab, like 900 square feet or something? Franklin: A three-bedroom, yeah. 0:32:43 Robison: I remember, I was doing--I had a boyfriend at the time, and we were--I wanted to do some remodeling because they had put--they had completely covered the entire house in brown paneling. So it was very dark, which, you know, for a small house, makes it even smaller. So I wanted to pull--we pulled--I wanted to pull all the paneling off and paint, or just paint the paneling. My boyfriend convinced me, let’s pull the paneling off. And it was sea blue plywood underneath of it. It was no insulation, no drywall. It was just plywood that had been painted a sea blue. It was horrible. So we quickly put up drywall and painted. Franklin: Wow. Yeah, those weren’t--I know if you know much about the history of those, but they weren’t meant to be any kind of permanent housing. Those were from the Great Depression, just relief houses. Robison: Yeah. Was that true for all of them? For the A? Because I remember an A house--I lived in an A house--it was a two-story-- 0:33:43 Franklin: No, those were built to be permanent houses. Those were built with like Douglas fir and they were constructed by an architect out of Spokane who--and DuPont demanded that they provide quality housing. But they couldn’t build the Alphabets fast enough, so the Army Corps kind of forced DuPont into bringing in all these prefabricated units. They didn’t want them, but they gave the prefabs to more blue collar-type folks. And the Alphabets were more for managers or white collar. Robison: Wow! Franklin: So there’s definite quality—because I live in an A now. There’s a definite quality difference. Robison: Wow, no, I had no idea. Because the quality of the house I was in was not good. Franklin: Yeah, they’re basically plywood. Robison: And that’s about all it was, was plywood that had been painted sea blue. It was—yeah, it was, oh my gosh, I got to get drywall up pretty quickly, because—yeah. But I still--I’d love to, when I was living there, I would’ve loved to known who’d owned it before me and when it was actually built. I never researched it. Franklin: What was the address? Robison: 803 Winslow. Franklin: Oh, okay. I used to live almost right next to there. Robison: Is that right? Franklin: It was 804 Stanton which is just like two blocks. Robison: Yeah, I think I-- Franklin: Two blocks down. Yeah, I know that neighborhood very well. 0:35:04 Robison: I’ve driven by there—when I worked for the state, I would have to come to the Tri-Cities, because I was underground storage tanks. So I regulated a lot of the gas stations—well, I regulated all of them for all of central Washington, including Benton County. And so I would go by my old house and I couldn’t hardly even recognize it. I had big, huge maple trees and they’re gone. Somebody took them all out and---yeah, but I would’ve loved to have known who lived there. Franklin: Oh, interesting. Robison: --back when they were in production. I had no idea about the quality of construction was so different, though. Franklin: Yeah, they were really meant--they were Depression era; they were meant for families in the Tennessee Valley—or, they were built by that Tennessee Valley Authority to just get people in houses and in relief communities. Yeah, it’s a very interesting socialist beginning of these--you know, yeah. They’re really meant for people who were in hard times. Robison: Wow, that’s interesting. Franklin: The fact that there’s so many of them--because you know that that neighborhood, it’s all--you know. Robison: It’s all prefab. Franklin: One-bedroom, two-bedroom, three-bedroom, two-bedroom, two-bedroom. And then you go in the Alphabets and it’s like A house, A house, A house, F house, A house, B house. Robison: Yeah. That’s true, yeah. Wow, interesting. Franklin: Yeah, I could tell you tons about them. I know too much. I’m wondering if you could describe the ways in which security or secrecy at Hanford impacted your work. 0:36:35 Robison: Well, as far as secrecy, you know, we weren’t allowed to talk about anything. Security was really tight. Yeah, even in ‘83. It was really tight. Any sign of incident when you were inside the 200 East or 200 West Area, it was a total lock down. And they didn’t care if you were just getting off work. Gates were locked, and everybody stayed inside the gates. You were not allowed to leave. That was same true for—not leaving all the facilities, because they weren’t all high security facilities—but places like PFP were. And so you were searched going in and you were searched coming back out. That was just a daily occurrence; that’s just kind of the way that they were—they were pretty secure. All the badges checked every day. You weren’t allowed onsite without one. Everybody had to have a clearance. If you didn’t, you had a worker’s clearance, a W badge, and you weren’t allowed to do a whole lot. You could come to work and do some things, provided they weren’t inside any kind of secured areas. Franklin: Did you ever, like, forget your badge? Just like accidentally left it--? Robison: Oh, yeah. You had to bring Spudnuts if you forgot your badge. Franklin: Really? 0:37:51 Robison: Yeah, you had to bring doughnuts, yes. You’d be issued a temporary badge, but you’d be restricted as to what you could do for that day. Franklin: And everybody knew you and your crew-- Robison: Oh, you got harassed, yeah. You got harassed because, you know, when you couldn’t go into zones or do the job that you were supposed to do--and this wasn’t just true for D&D, it was for all the crafts, for everybody--you know, it impacted everybody else. They had to work that much harder because they were a man down, because that person forgot their badge. So, oh, yeah, you were harassed, yeah. Franklin: That’s funny. Robison: Yeah, I remember having to bring Spudnuts, yeah. Franklin: A Richland institution. Robison: Yes, mm-hmm. Franklin: Oh, I just had something on the tip of my brain and now I can’t-- Robison: About-- Franklin: Oh! Could you drive onto Site at that point, when you started work, or did you get bussed in? Robison: Yes. Well, you could do both. Franklin: Okay. 0:38:42 Robison: You could do both. I actually--I forgot, I probably should’ve mentioned, I did live in the Tri-Cities after I first hired on. I lived here for a couple of years. I lived in the Brass Lamp Apartments. What street was that on? Was that Van Giesen? I can’t remember. Anyhow, that’s how I was able to pick up Spudnuts out of--because I lived in Richland, so I would go pick those up. But, yeah, you could drive your car or take the bus, and I did both. Hated the bus. Franklin: Why? Robison: Hated, hated, hated the bus. Franklin: Really? 0:39:18 Robison: Oh, yeah. I didn’t ever--I tried hard not to ever have to. When I had to work shift schedule, the A, B, C, D, shift schedule, I took the bus a few times. Because it took forever. It’s slow. I hated the bus. Franklin: There wasn’t any like fun camaraderie on the bus-- Robison: No. Franklin: --with the people? Robison: No, no. Franklin: Oh. Must’ve been for a different--because I’ve--some of the older folks I’ve interviewed that you could only take the bus out there, they had special tables where they would play cards on the bus, and they had these very kind of fond memories. Robison: Oh, is that right? Franklin: Yeah, these very fond memories of the bus. Robison: No, they didn’t have any of that when I-- Franklin: Picking them up outside their house and dropping them off. Robison: Yeah, no, not when I took the bus. It was boring, everybody slept, it was--no, I hated it. So I drove myself a lot. Just--yeah. Franklin: Interesting. What about--I’m wondering if you remember, you know, how the community or you dealt with major international events, such as, I guess the first one I’d like to ask about is Chernobyl. Because you would’ve been working onsite at that time. Robison: Yeah, that was, when, I want to say ‘86? Franklin: Yeah. Robison: Is that when that happened? Franklin: Yep. 0:40:36 Robison: You know, there was concern, even on the parts of all the staff, on the Hanford Site. It was a long ways away. I think the talk, which was probably among just the general populus, was is the cloud going to come over to the United States? And then, is Hanford going to blow up? I mean, yeah, that was pretty scary. I remember receiving security briefings from our supervisors and managers about, you’re still not to talk to anybody about things. And then some reassurances that, we’re fine, we’re not going to blow up over here. And of course we didn’t. But, yeah, I do actually remember Chernobyl. That was a scary time. Franklin: I bet. And then just a couple years later, the Berlin Wall fell and the Cold War pretty much ended. Robison: Ended. Franklin: Kind of in a—you know, not so much a bang, but kind of a whimper or a fizzle. And I’m wondering if you could talk about how that may have affected you or the community, you know, to have this decades-long conflict, and the whole reason, really, for all this activity at Hanford is now kind of gone. 0:41:55 Robison: Yeah, and the Berlin--you know, I’m probably not one of the better--yeah, probably not very familiar with that. I mean, I don’t recall the mood of the people. It wasn’t something I stayed focused on. Franklin: How did you feel? Robison: You can probably scratch that part right out of the interview. Pbbt. Franklin: Sure. Well, how did you feel about it, though, because I imagine that--you were aware, right? How did you--or, what did you see that Hanford would do after that? Robison: You know, I didn’t—I don’t know that I gave it a huge amount of thought, but--because, again, even in the late ‘80s/early ‘90s, environmental wasn’t real concept then. So I don’t know that I’d be very good at telling you what my frame of mind was at the time. I was in my 20s. Yeah, probably, you could scratch that part from the interview. Franklin: No, it’s-- Robison: Aaaahh, cut! No. Franklin: We all experience things differently and often when-- Robison: I honestly--I mean, I remember watching the Berlin Wall fall and all that on TV, but I don’t--I really don’t remember what my mood was or what my thought processes were then, so-- Franklin: It’s fine. You know, it’s one of those events that maybe grows more—or we think about how significant it was later, you know? Or people that didn’t experience it and lived through it maybe attribute more to it than people that--where that was just life for a while. Robison: Yes, yeah. Franklin: Don’t worry about it. What was I going to ask? Shoot, I had another question. Robison: I know when you were out on the Site, you were talking about wanting to know more about Affirmative Action. Franklin: Yes, that was actually my next—yeah. I’m wondering if you could tell me about that. Just, how--yeah. How it played out for you and for others, and how it changed the workforce. 0:43:53 Robison: Well, for me, I didn’t realize it at the time that that’s why I was being hired, was that it was part of Affirmative Action. You know, being 19, I just—it didn’t cross my mind. All I cared about was getting a job, but I actually attribute my entire career to this day to that affirmative action, to that one phone call, because I wouldn’t be sitting here today after 30-plus years doing environmental work, had it not been for that affirmative action. So, my whole career is based on it and I’m appreciative of it. I know that there’s some controversy that surrounds Affirmative Action and whether it really did any good, or does it play any role anymore. And I guess I’m living proof that it does, or that it did. Did it work for everybody? Probably not. But it did for me. And so I’m glad that it was around. Franklin: How did the workforce change that you noticed from when you started to--did it really open up a lot of positions for women, did you find yourself over time working with more and more women and minorities? 0:44:58 Robison: You know, truthfully, I did not. And there’s still, in my opinion, there’s still a considerable amount of men on the Hanford Site, as compared to women. That could just be, there’s people that worked out there for 40 years and a lot of people that have worked out there for 30 and 40 years. So, could just be that that new workforce just hasn’t been able to inch their way in. I mean, I do think that Affirmative Action has certainly helped, because I think that there’s women in their careers today that, like myself, that wouldn’t be there without it. There’s other minorities that are in their careers today that wouldn’t be here without it. So, do I think that there’s some room to grow still? Absolutely. But I think it’s coming along. I certainly saw a lot more changes off the Hanford Site when I worked for Department of Ecology than I do on the Site. Life outside of Hanford’s a very, very different place. It’s much more sophisticated and--what’s a good word? It’s more--it’s a more diverse world off the Hanford Site. Franklin: How is Hanford less sophisticated than the outside? 0:46:37 Robison: I think that Hanford--that they could--and maybe it’s because I’m not involved in some of the more newer technologies like what they have at Tank Farms, so I’m certainly not an expert at speaking at it. But in my own little world of environmental and where I’m located, I think that there’s easier and better ways to do things, but process and procedure’s so ingrained on the Hanford Site that everybody’s afraid to deviate. And I think that that’s not a good thing. I think finding new ways and new alternatives should be a goal. Franklin: Right. Robison: But, you know, they’re getting there. They’re coming around. I mean, they have recycling programs today that they didn’t use to have in the ‘80s. They’re getting caught up. But it is more diverse offsite than it is working on the Site. Franklin: I’ve noticed that, too. It’s-- Robison: Yeah. Just don’t use that in the interview. I want to keep my job. Franklin: Well, no, I think-- Robison: I don’t want DOE to get upset with me. Franklin: Oh, I don’t think—I mean, that’s of levels so far beyond. Maybe that’s something that they still need to hear. I think it does matter, too, by profession. I’m a subcontractor in the cultural resources department, and that department is majority-women. And I find, in the work I’m in, in archives, male archivists are a minority. Largely because librarianship and archives has commonly been a woman’s profession. Robison: Yeah, yup. Franklin: Which is—and I think maybe a lot of these trades, crafts, D&D, you know, have been--there’s that disparity--I mean, it’s hard to over-- Robison: To overcome that, yeah-- Franklin: Decades, years--I mean, decades of-- 0:48:40 Robison: And you’re absolutely right. I mean, a lot of the crafts out there has traditionally been men’s jobs and women just don’t enter those fields. Excuse me. They’re more into the professional, you know, environmental-type work that I do. And there are several women that work out there. It’d be good if they could recruit or try a little bit harder to have more diversity. I don’t just mean women, I mean the minorities as well. But again, I think that’s coming. I mean, I could see that coming even before I retire from the Hanford Site, just because the workforce out there is a much older workforce. They’ve been there for thirty-plus years. All the contractors know that a big retirement’s coming for a lot of different people out there. That’s when I think that the diversity and the changes will start to occur. And maybe some changes in procedures and processes that will help make a big difference. Franklin: Yeah, that really struck me when I meet a lot of folks out there, there are so many people, oh, I started here in the late ‘70s/early ‘80s, late ‘70s, you know? Robison: They’ve been there for a long time. Franklin: And they’ve endured all these contractor changes. And it seems maybe it’s a result of having so many contractors that they just keep the people that know how to do the job, because the new contractor needs that expertise and so-- Robison: Oh, yeah, I mean--well, you know, DOE just recently sent out a request for proposals and new acquisitions. So even my company, Mission Support, is having to rebid. Franklin: Oh, I know, we’re a subcontractor of MSA. Robison: Yes. Franklin: And this is funded by MSA. Robison: Yeah. So whoever gets the contracts, it would be crazy for them to just bring in a whole new workforce. You couldn’t do it. Franklin: No. 0:50:36 Robison: I mean, Hanford is truly a unique operation in what they deal with daily. You do have skilled people, you do have to have knowledgeable people about what they’re doing, or things would be really, really bad out there, could be really bad. So it would be good, and I think that they’ve got a plan in place where they start training some--bringing on some newer people so that the ones that are still there could get them trained up on how they do their jobs. It is a unique set of skills that’s required to work out there. You have your basics and then you have to kind of learn the way Hanford does things. And that’s not, you know, trying to diss them or something. It’s truly because it’s unique. They have to handle things a certain way. Franklin: Right, there’s unique challenges, there’s unique regulations. Robison: It’s chilly in here. Franklin: It is, I’m sorry. There’s a lot of-- Robison: He’s freezing, too. Franklin: We turned the heat--they keep this room unheated when it’s not in use. We turned the heat on earlier in the day, but, I’m sorry, it takes a little-- Robison: Oh, it’s all right. It’s just why I’m kind of like grinning because it’s a little chilly. Franklin: No, I know. I have my coat on, too. Because it’s cold! So, yeah, because there’s a lot of institutional knowledge that may leave soon. Robison: Yes, they’re already starting to leave. Franklin: Yeah, I’ve noticed that. 0:52:00 Robison: Yeah, that’s a true statement. And Hanford needs that knowledge. What you’re doing, I think, is just, it’s phenomenal. I think it’s really great that you’re going to capture, obviously not all of the history, but some of it. Franklin: Going to try. Robison: So that you know, kind of, where we came from and where we’re going. I mean, I just think that’s great. And they need that at Hanford as well, because things like with what just happened at the PUREX tunnels. If some of those individuals had been gone, we wouldn’t have known what was in there. Hanford’s really good at documenting everything, but I just think having the people there--you got to capture that knowledge somehow. Franklin: Hanford’s also done so many things that aren’t documented. A lot of burials, for example, were not well-documented. Which is why they find things every now and then, right? You know. You’ve probably found stuff-- Robison: Yeah. Franklin: --that wasn’t supposed--I’ve always found that to be interesting, too. Hanford’s really good at documentation on some things, and then-- 0:53:09 Robison: And then others maybe not so much. Well, I think that was probably more in the ‘40s and ‘50s when things were quite, you know, really secretive. One of the things I like to give Hanford credit for, for knowing—for accomplishing what they did in such a short amount of time—in less than two years built an entire nuclear reservation. That’s pretty impressive. And not having any knowledge on how to deal with the waste and the cleanup. You know, to me, they’ve done phenomenal at addressing the issues that were done back in the ‘50s and ‘60s and figuring out how to deal with them today. I think they’ve, so far, they’ve done a--they’re trying to do a good job. I realize it’s slow, but it is a big task. Franklin: Well, and also the processing waste wasn’t a priority for Hanford for a long time. Robison: Correct. Franklin: It was production. They had quotas and so many of those folks came from regular industries, from chemical industries, where they’d processed the waste in the way they knew how. They pumped it in tanks, they stored it. Robison: Yeah. Or dumped it on the ground. Yup, yup. Franklin: In the ‘40s, that’s what you-- 0:54:26 Robison: That was an acceptable--well, they didn’t know what environmental harm, you know, would come of that. I mean, and again, that’s a good example. In the ‘80s, environmental rules, regulations, didn’t really exist that much, where today, they do. At least now they’re addressing them. Franklin: Right. I guess it’s funny, as a child of the ‘80s, it’s amazing to see how far we’ve come in just my lifetime. I mean, in terms of like you said, in ‘83 when you started, you just couldn’t do that kind of work now. You wouldn’t suit up and go into the solar basin-- Robison: Right, and-- Franklin: And use five-gallon-- 0:55:07 Robison: And use buckets to muck muck into drums. No, they’d find something more sophisticated to--and keep the workers out of harm’s way. But, you know, again, the technology just didn’t exist like it does today. So they have, in my opinion, they have come a long ways. I mean, Hanford has. And when I left in ‘93, all the reactors were still in process of being shut down and cleaned up. When I came back in 2009, almost all of them had been cocooned. So in that 16 years, that was an enormous amount of work. So I thought that was really impressive. 300 Areas is completely changed. For cleaning up literally a radioactive site, I think they’re doing pretty good. Franklin: Have you been out to B Reactor since it’s become a national park? Robison: Yeah, briefly. Yeah, a couple times. I actually was stationed out at B Reactor, so, like I said, we did fuel storage-- Franklin: Oh, during D&D? 0:56:11 Robison: Yes, during D&D. And we did asbestos abatement in all of the reactors. So I’d been in B Reactor a number of times. In fact, I could show you where my changeroom was at in there. Franklin: Oh, wow. I’m wondering what your thoughts are on B Reactor being a museum. Robison: Oh, I think that’s awesome. I think it’s one of the coolest things that DOE said that they wanted to do. I just think that having--preserving that history to show the contributions that those people made and that all the scientists, and even the government, made to the war efforts, I just think is phenomenal. I think it’s really cool. Franklin: Cool. Robison: Yeah. Franklin: So my last question is a big open-ended question. And so, what would you like future generations to know about working at Hanford during the Cold War? 0:57:11 Robison: The amount of commitment and patriotism--and that seems like kind of a corny word to young people today, but--I just think that the people that worked here during the Cold War and even today are really just out there to do the right thing, and to give their small contribution, to make this country better. I’d like for them to know and learn or come to appreciate the level of effort that was put into what they accomplished out here in such a short amount of time. To me, it’s awe-inspiring. Franklin: Well, great. Is there anything else that you’d like to add? Robison: No. I can’t really think of anything. Franklin: Okay. Robison: It was easier to talk to you out at my office than right here. Franklin: Sorry! Well, I hope it was still enjoyable. Robison: Yeah, no, it was. It was. I’m thrilled to get to be a part of this. I really am. Franklin: Yeah, the imposed environment of the studio can sometimes change things. But for continuity reasons and things, we like to have a-- Robison: Mm-hmm. Franklin: Also the sound is--we have good sound. Robison: Do you? Franklin: Soundproofing. And lights. Well, thank you, so much, for coming-- Robison: Thank you for having me. Franklin: --and talking about everything. And you know, and thank you for doing what you do in continuing to do environmental work. It’s a good mission. Robison: Oh, you’re welcome. I really do thoroughly enjoy it. Again, I feel like I get to play a small role in a really huge picture, but it’s my role; it’s my contribution. I love history and happy to do it. Franklin: Well, now you’ve helped our collections two ways. By first helping with the lamps and now by doing an oral history with us. Robison: Yeah. Franklin: So your imprint there. Robison: And you can count on my continued support. I’ll keep looking for stuff for you. Franklin: Good. Please do. Tom Hungate: Okay. Franklin: Awesome. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:59:29 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 317kbps Hanford Sites Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview B Reactor Plutonium Finishing Plant Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Christina Robison Subject The topic of the resource Hanford Site (Wash.) Description An account of the resource Christina talks about her career as one of the first women to do "D&D" (decontamination and decommissioning) work at the Hanford Site. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 01-11-2018 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford Oral History Project operated under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to the US Department of Energy collection. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F5dc24cbba37606f8930125f75e2a661b.docx ba500a6a67033b85d1ab287ef6f0fcc0 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fafb5c748cb7e0cc5efbef11397943674.docx b64caa418a8c0e1153c78a2be95d8e0a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Latino/a Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Oral History Description An account of the resource An ongoing oral history project focusing on the history of the Latine/Latino community of the Tri-Cities, Washington area. Previously known as the WSU Tri-Cities Latinx Oral History Project headed by History faculty Robert Bauman and Robert Franklin. Hanford History Project made the decision in 2024 to use Latino/a instead of Latinx as the former more reflects the grammar and practical use and identification of Spanish speakers. We know that one term will not encompass all those identities. For example, Latine, a gender neutral pronoun and product of the queer Spanish community, was considered for use but we use Latino/a to reflect the prevalence of gendered pronouns in the Spanish language. However, we would like to acknowledge that the discourse around which term to use is complex and evolving. Every person has the right to use the term that captures who they are and that feels the most welcoming to them. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Language A language of the resource English; Spanish Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Bauman, Robert Franklin Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Lucy Aragon, Sharlett Mena Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound 00:53:48 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Lucy Aragon and Sharlett Mena Subject The topic of the resource Oral History; Latin American; Hanford Site; Richland, WA, USA Description An account of the resource Lucy Aragon discusses migration to the United States, work, and raising her daughter Sharlett. Sharlett discusses growing up in Pasco and her work as a Washington State Representative and as a first person to attend college in her family. Watch the interview on YouTube <a href="https://youtu.be/J7NEViIbh-w">here</a> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 25, 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part, or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Language A language of the resource English, Spanish Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to the US Department of Energy collection. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ffe9a50c1a35bab2152ff15c70337877a.docx 7fae046e4f5288229ccf98b57dc5da3f https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F549de1a1ba468072a9400e9179f229a8.JPG b10024e6e3b4b98104d826d85c756ada Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Post-1943 Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Description An account of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Franklin Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Bob Heineman Location The location of the interview Richland, WA Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound 0:00:00 Robert Franklin: My name is Robert Franklin. I am conducting an oral history with Robert Heineman on July 6, 2017. The interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University Tri-Cities. I will be talking with Robert about his experiences working at the Hanford Site. And for the record, can you state and spell your full name for us? Bob Heineman: My name is Robert Heineman. H-E-I-N-E-M-A-N. Franklin: And Robert’s spelled just like “Robert”? Heineman: Robert. Franklin: R-O-B-E-R-T? Heineman: Just like yours, yup. Franklin: Okay. But you prefer to be called Bob? Heineman: Yeah, sure. Franklin: Okay, so we’ll use Bob for the rest of the interview, then. Heineman: Okay. Franklin: If that’s okay with you. Okay. So, Bob, tell me how and why you came to the area. 00:00:47 Heineman: Well, I went to school at Washington State University and majored in police science because I took one of those classes as a general university requirement, and I was fascinated that policemen would actually go to school. So I went through and I got done. I was married very early and had a baby, so I had nothing else to do but schoolwork and take care of the baby while my wife worked. So I graduated when I was 20. And I really wanted to be a police officer or a sheriff’s deputy. But graduating at 20, I was too young to go to work. So I stayed in school and got my master’s degree, and then graduated. Franklin: And what did you get your master’s degree in? Heineman: In police science and administration. Franklin: Wow. 0:01:40 Heineman: And then I came back to the Tri-Cities, because I had nothing left except the end of my thesis and I could do that here at WSU Tri-Cities. My mother got an office looking out over the river where I could work on my thesis. So that’s how I got back to Richland. Franklin: And that’s when it was the Joint Center for Graduate Education, right? Heineman: Yes. Franklin: Or as they would call it, the GE College of Nuclear Knowledge. Heineman: Yup, exactly. But-- Franklin: But you had—sorry. So you had pre-existing connection to the Tri-Cities before you came back after going to WSU? 0:02:21 Heineman: I did. We moved here—my father moved here to work at the Site when I was about three or four years old. Franklin: Do you remember what year that was? Heineman: That would’ve been 1954 or 1955. Franklin: Okay. Heineman: So we lived in a government house on the west side of Richland over on Cedar Street and then moved over—when they sold the houses, we moved over to a house actually on the river, which was great for a little kid, when I was in third grade. And my mother was going back to school to get her master’s degree in librarianship. And she was working at the library in the 300 Area at Hanford. And my father had come here to apply his physics degree from the University of Michigan. Most of the plutonium production work was pretty well staffed at that time, because it was after the war was over. So he decided he wanted to go into breeder reactor research. So he was instrumental in designing some of the cores for the early breeder reactors, and was the project manager for the Plutonium Recycle Test Reactor, the PRTR, and was always very proud of having participated in the design of the core and then managed the design and construction of the overall reactor in early operations. And then when he was finished with that, he moved over to FFTF and worked there for years for GE, and then transferred over to Battelle when Battelle took over that part of the work. And so he spent the rest of his career either in breeder reactor research or safety analysis for the breeder reactor research. 0:04:37 So I have a whole generation before me that was Hanford before me. It was really just kind of happenstance that I came back, because I wasn’t old enough to go to work as a police officer. So while I was finishing up my master’s degree and applying to various places, a job came open on Hanford Patrol. I was living with my father-in-law and he handed me the advertisement and said, gee, maybe it’s time you got your own house and moved, you know, go to work, son. [LAUGHTER] So I did that. 0:05:21 Franklin: Wow. So just to back up a little bit—and thank you for talking about your father. That’s a really interesting career trajectory of breeder reactor research. Your mother, though, she also worked onsite, correct? Heineman: She did. She worked in the 300 Area library, which was the technical library for the whole Hanford Site. And then after she went back to school, she came back to the library, and the decision was made by, at that time, I think it was the AEC and Washington State University, actually in cooperation with the University of Washington and I think maybe Oregon State? Franklin: Yup, yup. That’s all correct. Heineman: To develop a joint center for graduate study. One of the things they wanted to do was to build a big, new library. They would take the reading room from the Hanford Site, the public reading room, and take over that function for the Department of Energy, then AEC. And so they asked her if she would be willing to be the interface on the design and construction of the library that turned out to be the library here at WSU Tri-Cities. Franklin: Wow, okay. 0:06:48 Heineman: So she said, sure, I’d be happy to do that. So she was the primary contact. Then when they got ready to open the library, they asked her if she would run the library. So she did that until she retired. And got to help with the design of the new WSU Tri-Cities library, and was really proud of that. She worked for Brian Vollett at the time. She put everything she always wanted in a library into the design, and they gave everything that she wanted to her. So she worked there until she retired. Franklin: Oh, that’s great. Our offices were in that library for kind of the first year-and-a-half we were here, and I’ve always really enjoyed spending time in there. So that’s really interesting to know. Heineman: Well, she really, she really loved helping the students. I mean, when you would sit down and talk to her about her day, all she would talk about was who came in to see her, what they needed for research, how she could help them. She really enjoyed it. 0:08:01 Franklin: That’s great. Heineman: Yeah, it was cool. Franklin: We need more library—well, we have lots of great librarians. But that’s a great quality in a librarian. Okay. So, to go forward again, you heard about this job as a Hanford patrolman. Heineman: I did. Franklin: Okay, and so you applied. 0:08:19 Heineman: I did, and I got the job. When they took me around to interview with people, they didn’t have anybody actually on Hanford Patrol that had a degree at all, much less a master’s degree. So they were all very excited that they had somebody that was the new model for what they could do for security at Hanford. So that was pretty invigorating for me. Franklin: Did you feel a lot of pressure, though? Because I imagine you’d be going in, there’s a lot of guys who had a lot of years of experience, and kind of, you’re this young guy with a master’s degree in police science. Did you feel any pressure or anything? Or out of place? Heineman: I was actually a little bit. But more I was just fascinated by the whole thing, because most of the people that worked at Hanford and almost all of the people in security or patrol had started during the war. Franklin: Oh, wow. Heineman: So they were 50 to 65 years old. And there weren’t any young people anywhere. In all the interviews I went to, they were all 60-plus and had all this experience and they were so expert at what they did, you know? That part was sort of awe-inspiring. But I didn’t really feel uncomfortable; I was just sort of awestruck by the whole situation and the people. And they offered me a job, and I went to work. So that was pretty cool. Franklin: That is cool. I bet you heard lots of great patrol stories. Heineman: Oh, yeah. Franklin: From the war. 0:12:13 Heineman: More than I could ever tell, yeah. Yeah. I think the folks who worked here during the war and in the post-war years up to when I went to work in the early ‘70s had been through an awful lot of things. The folks in security were—people were a little nervous about them, but at the same time they were pretty much revered because of the effort to keep everything secret during the production years. There were a lot of people that had security clearances at a pretty high level, but the security people, of course, most of them, had access to almost all of the information associated with production of plutonium. So I think people were a little bit standoffish from the security and the patrol folks, but at the same time, there was a lot of respect for what they did. It was a much different world than it is today in that way. Franklin: Interesting. Did you start out as a patrolman? Heineman: I did. Franklin: So how did that—was it like what you had expected, going through school and learning all—going all the way through your masters in police science? Heineman: Not a bit. Franklin: Not a bit? Heineman: Not a bit. Franklin: I’m wondering if you could describe that discrepancy there. 0:11:46 Heineman: So I had always wanted to be a police officer. And honestly, I really wanted to be a King County sheriff’s deputy. In that role, then, your primary role is law enforcement. So most of the education that I had dealt with the basics of law enforcement, investigative techniques, crime scene investigation and all those kinds of things. We didn’t do hardly any of that here. Our primary job here—we had some law enforcement functions because we were deputized Benton County sheriffs, and I believe they still are. But if we had what I would call pure law enforcement functions to be taken care of, we would call Benton County, and they would send deputies out to perform those functions. We did investigate thefts; we investigated areas where there might have been violations of the law regarding classified information and the control of it; we did basic traffic enforcement and those kinds of things. But anything beyond that, we would call Benton County to take care of it. Our function was to keep the Site safe and secure. And in that sense, it was completely different than anything I had ever expected to do. 0:13:22 When I came to work, there were only two other young people on Hanford Patrol, and there were only about a hundred Hanford patrolmen anyway. The other two young people had come in six months before me. Everybody else had been hired during the war or shortly after. During the layoffs in the late ‘60s, they got laid off, many of them. And then when they needed to staff up again, they rehired those same people. So everybody was 58 to 65 when I came to work. Boy, they had a lot of—as you said, a lot of stories, and they had a lot to teach me. But it was mostly about what’s going on on the Site, what are we trying to do, what are we trying to protect, and how do we do that? And then if things went wrong, our job was to go get involved and resolve that. Franklin: Interesting. So how long did you stay as a patrolman? Heineman: Three months. [LAUGHTER] 0:14:38 Heineman: Yup, in three months, I went through basic training all by myself, because, as I said, there weren’t any other new people. So I had three instructors and I spent about six weeks going through basic training. All our classroom instruction, all our firearms instruction, all of that was three-on-one. It was a marvelous opportunity for me. And then I graduated from their basic training after six or eight weeks, and then got assigned to go work with patrol crews in all the different areas at Hanford so that I could get an understanding of what was going on. First in the 100 Areas where the reactors were and where they were producing plutonium and how all of that happened. And then in the 200 Areas where they separated the fuel into plutonium and uranium and waste. And then finally, when I was ready to work all by myself, then they put me in the 300 Area, and I split my time between 300 Area and FFTF, which was under construction at the time. So we had this big construction site security challenge that we had to fulfill. 0:16:12 Then after three months, they called me up and said—the context is that in 1972, the year before I went to work, there was a very significant terrorist attack at the Munich Olympics. By ’73 or early ’74, they had realized that those same terrorists might be interested in diverting plutonium. And it created a huge concern for the government and so they began to expand their security capabilities. One of the things that the company I worked for, Atlantic Richfield Hanford Company, needed to do was to add a couple of professional security people. In those days, they called us security agents. And they had just lost somebody, and so they needed a new security representative that would be responsible for education and enforcement of all the rules related to classified information and plutonium production and control. They asked me if I wanted to go do that. So I said, yes. 0:17:43 Then shortly after I got hired as a security agent, the other person that was working as a security representative retired. My boss was about 64, and sort of struggling with costs, budgets, some of the more basic business aspects of doing work here. So a year-and-a-half after that, they decided that they needed a new security manager. So then all of the sudden, out of the blue, I was the security manager for Atlantic Richfield. And it just sort of, it was like January of ’75, I guess. And I was just barely out of school. I thought, I don’t know if I can do this. I went out and I interviewed with the guy that I would work for, and I said, I don’t know if I’m ready for this or not. He said, oh, you can do that. Franklin: Wow. That is quite a— Heineman: Bing, bang, bang. Franklin: Yeah. [LAUGHTER] 0:19:00 Franklin: That’s a really interesting tie into—I never would’ve put the ’72 Munich Olympic terrorist, that PLO offshoot, into increased security at Hanford. I mean, I can understand their desire to want to probably obtain plutonium for probably a dirty bomb, because they probably wouldn’t have the capability to make their own weapon. But that’s a really fascinating tie-in to the Cold War. To kind of these world events. Heineman: Right. Well, the Munich Olympics event had an effect worldwide on people’s view of what the bad guys were willing to do with their automatic weapons and their willingness to kill people. Those folks, those terrorists, they were willing to die. That was foreign to the country at that time. We weren’t used to people being willing to die for their cause. It had a profound effect on the nuclear industry, and especially the plutonium and uranium production capabilities in the United States. It lasted for—as we talk a little more, you’ll see that it lasted for another 20 years and drove the expenditure of billions of dollars in security upgrades across the AEC, then ERDA, and then DOE production complex. I was lucky enough to come in at the head end of that. So I was right in the middle of the whole thing, and it was really fascinating. Franklin: Wow. So how long did you stay as—so—well, I don’t want to ask how long. What was your primary job as security manager? Obviously, you took the job, you got the job, right, was promoted to security manager at Atlantic Richfield Hanford. 0:21:00 Heineman: So, my primary goal, I would say, was to work with the production managers and the research managers and the folks that were involved in the 200 Areas where we were taking the spent fuel from the production reactors and converting it into plutonium and uranium. My primary objective in those days was to try to help them understand the risk of what at the time seemed to be a pretty outlandish threat, and convince them that there were controls that needed to be put into place on the people, the production processes and the information in order to assure that Hanford was the last place that those terrorists would want to go at the United States production complex. If they wanted to go attack the production complex and divert plutonium or uranium or obtain classified information, my job was to work with all these production and information control managers and convince them that we wanted to look like the very last place those terrorists would go if they decided to try and get some information or material. Franklin: So you— Heineman: And— Franklin: Oh, sorry. Heineman: And it was not an easy task. They didn’t understand; they didn’t really believe that it was real. They didn’t fight me, but I spent the bulk of my time in their offices with their staff talking about the history, talking about the risks, showing them how easy diversion might have been in the old days before we put in all of the security upgrades that we did. And then trying to convince them that it was appropriate to take a big chunk of the money they had to produce plutonium and spend it on security. Franklin: That’s interesting. Interesting for several reasons. So you basically had to kind of bring this threat home to them, to make it real for them, whereas they might have thought you were maybe making a mountain out of a molehill. You know, oh, this happened so far away. Heineman: That’s exactly what it felt like. Franklin: It’d never come here, and kind of blinders on. But the money to increase these security upgrades and security systems came out of their—like they had to spend the money out of their budgets? Heineman: Sure. Franklin: Is that where some of the resistance came from? 0:24:10 Heineman: Hanford would get a set amount of money every year. And the whole funding situation, even in those days, was very complex. But the bottom line is, Hanford was only going to get so much money. Their primary job was to produce plutonium. I mean, that was the goal. It was like—like, General Motors: the goal is, how many cars can you put off the other end of the line? And anything you do other than building cars takes away from how many cars you can produce. Since Hanford, its primary mission was to produce plutonium, it produced 80%, plus or minus, of the nation’s plutonium stockpile. Anything that they couldn’t spend on plutonium production seemed like a diversion from their primary mission. It really was so new, actually, to the whole world that people were willing to die for their cause, it was very difficult. Very difficult. But I was a young guy; I had a lot of energy, a lot of emotion. I was awed by these folks and very respectful. And I think that helped me a lot, over the security folks that worked for some of the other contractors that were older. So I just put in as much time as I had to to work with them and help them understand. And help me understand what the challenges were going to be from their side. If we started putting additional controls in place, how was that going to affect their ability to produce plutonium and spend as much money as they could on that primary mission? Franklin: So, really—it does seem so simple that this would be a concern to us today, but really this was kind of the—you were working in the kind of formation of this idea of how international terrorism could—the idea that terrorists in one place could affect people internationally and that they would use a global supply chain in order to cause havoc or to get material to attack civilians indiscriminately. That’s really—I mean, it sounds so, I guess, maybe 40 years later, we’re much more inured to that kind of thinking, or we see that so much on the news. Heineman: Sure, if you remember, and maybe you can’t, but in those days, when you went to get on the airplane, you showed them your ticket. That’s all there was. Franklin: I do! Heineman: Right? Franklin: It’s been a while, it’s getting further and further, but— Heineman: There was just none of today’s mentality that there need to be some basic controls in place to protect everybody. 0:27:23 Franklin: I’m wondering if you can give me an example of a control that was instituted that affected the way in which people produce plutonium, or one of the controls that you instituted in the process to keep materials safer? 0:27:39 Heineman: Sure. There’s lots of examples. I mean, in later years, I had the opportunity to manage projects that put an awful lot of hardware in place to do that. In the days when I went to work, between the city of Richland and the plutonium storage vault, there was the barricade, the Wye or Yakima Barricade that was no fences on either side; it was only controlling cars. There was a hog wire fence around each area with a gate and a badge house. But it doesn’t take very much to go through a hog wire fence. There was another hog wire fence around the separations plants or the Plutonium Finishing Plant. And inside that, nothing. The doors weren’t even locked. In the summer, at the Plutonium Finishing Plant, which had 47 exterior doors, two-thirds of those doors on both levels were wide open at night because it was so hot and they couldn’t air condition it. So that’s all there was in security. So over the next 15 years, we put an awful lot of hardware in place. We spent, honestly, billions of dollars to design and procure and construct barriers and detection technology, to hire additional guards, to set up special tactical weapons teams. We procured boats and canines and helicopters. We bought some of the best weaponry available anywhere in the country. We put controls over the production statistics so that if there was any indication that we didn’t have the amount of plutonium at the end of the process that we predicted at the beginning, that we could stop and go figure out why. Franklin: Did that also extend to the publication of the amount produced? Heineman: Yes. That has always been classified. Franklin: Oh, okay, okay. Heineman: And was classified all the way up to the end of production. Franklin: Okay, okay. 0:30:50 Heineman: There is a lot of production data on—open source data out on the internet. But even today, my ability to talk about how much we produced or how much we could produce from a given amount of fuel is limited by the regulations on classified information. I cannot share that. But there is a lot of information in the open literature out there now about that. But in those days, that information didn’t exist, and it wasn’t tolerated. If we saw little bits of data beginning to appear somewhere, our job was to go figure out where did it come from. Was it accidental, or was somebody actually sharing that data, and what did we need to do about that. So we had a lot of control over production data, over production processes, classified information, the hardware side of security. I think at one point when I was safeguards and security director, we had something over 450 Hanford patrolmen. And that compares with about 80 to 100 when I went to work. So we really went through a huge hiring spree. And our physical standards for those folks and the training that we provided for those folks, the equipment we supplied to them, was by 1980 or ’85 was just orders of magnitude improved over when I went to work. Franklin: Wow. Hanford was also a pretty early adopter of CCTV and computer alarms, correct? Heineman: Yes. Franklin: Was that part of—were you responsible for those upgrades as well? 0:33:02 Heineman: Yeah, after about a year-and-a-half as security manager, the contract changed for the production areas on the Site. Atlantic Richfield decided they didn’t want to be in the war business anymore. They didn’t want to be associated with plutonium; they wanted to focus on oil and chemical. And the contract was secured by Rockwell, which had operated the Rocky Flats site for a number of years in Colorado. When Rockwell came in, they asked me if—we were right in the middle of the recognition that we needed to do big things, and we were going to have to go spend a lot of money on upgrades. They asked me if I would be what, in their terms, was the safeguards project manager. And so I worked for two different people: I worked for the safeguards and security director, and I worked for the chemical processing director that had all of the reprocessing plants and the Plutonium Finishing Plant. He was the one that truly controlled the resources. So on one side I worked for the guy that was responsible for the technical aspects of security, and on the other side I worked for the guy that had the resources and the plants that we were trying to protect. It worked very well. It was a marvelous experience to work for both of them. And gave me quite an opportunity to interface with the plant managers in a very different way than I ever had when I was purely security. Franklin: Did you find it was easier to rationalize the upgrades and the expenditures at that point to security? Heineman: I think so, maybe partly because of the organizational set up. But partly, too, because a couple of years had gone by and there were other things happening in the world. The plant managers and their staff were reading about that in the paper; they were beginning to understand. So the job got a lot easier then. I think, the other thing that really helped was that the field office manager for the Richland operations office had this philosophy that he wanted to be—he wanted Hanford viewed as the hardest place to go to if anybody wanted to steal plutonium or classified information. And he worked very hard with headquarters—I think we’d just transitioned from the AEC to the Energy Research and Development Administration, ERDA. And he worked very hard with the folks back at headquarters to convince them to go talk to Congress and set up a discreet funding process for the security upgrades that was outside the production budget. Franklin: Ah. Heineman: So all of a sudden, I had access to tons of money. [LAUGHTER]—that I didn’t have to talk from the plant managers’ budgets. Franklin: Oh, okay, yeah. Heineman: And over the seven, actually, eight or nine years that I did the project manager job and the safeguards and security director’s job, we probably spent somewhere between one and two billion dollars, independent of the production budget to go design and construct and operate all those physical systems. Franklin: Such as? 0:37:30 Heineman: Well, the standard protection for a vital area in the Department of Energy today would be several layers of security outside that vital area, but then a double-perimeter fence with a goodly distance in between, with barriers on top of the fences to slow people down, alarm systems between those fences. Closed-circuit television cameras observing the whole area and activating immediately if you had an alarm so you could see instantaneously what was there, with a central alarm facility that was watching all of that. A space between the inner fence and the facility itself that was protected. This superior patrol force with the best of the best assigned to the plutonium facilities. Alarms around the entire exterior of the production plant. Alarms throughout the inside of the production plant that detect motion or heat or vibration or a variety of other things. Patrolmen on the inside of the plant looking out to keep people away if there is an attack, not respond too late to get them. And then a similar set that everything I just described, around the perimeter of the actual production area and the actual storage area. So you had eight to ten different layers of barriers, alarms, surveillance capability and response capability before anybody could ever even get to the door into wherever the plutonium was. And that’s a lot of money. [LAUGHTER] It’s a lot of money. And quite a bit of the funding that we had went into hiring, training, equipping and retraining our patrol force so that we had the best of the best available to respond if we did have a problem. Because it does you no good at all to know the bad guys are there if you can’t resolve that situation in your favor. Franklin: Yeah. Did the training of Hanford Patrol change—how did it change from when you had signed on in ’73 to what you’re describing now when Rockwell took over? You mentioned you went through like a three-month class. Did that expand, was there—I imagine all this would need new training as well. 0:40:50 Heineman: It was six to eight weeks, and the bulk of that was classroom training and just classified information and that kind of thing, and some of the basic production processes. Probably 50% of it was firearms and other similar training. By the time I left that part of the business in ’87, our basic training class, people had to have a background to begin with that was probably equivalent of what I had when I finished basic training. But we were able—we paid enough money and we were attractive enough to folks that we could hire them with that to begin with. Then we gave them anywhere from three to four months of dedicated training. And they had a minimum of two weeks and up to eight weeks a year of retraining, depending on what job they were assigned to. So for our tactical response folks, they were in training two out of twelve months a year, being retrained and optimizing their abilities to respond both individually and as a group. Of course, with the advanced weaponry and equipment capabilities that we provided to them, that in itself required a fair amount of additional training and retraining every year so that they could stay proficient in the use of that weaponry. Franklin: Yeah, wow. For example in the 200 Area where I imagine there was a lot of these new hardware and controls went in because of the storage and separation, were the alarms and CCTVs, were those managed centrally, or were they monitored in each facility, or was there a central facility—how did that work? Heineman: Yes, yes and yes. Franklin: Yes, yes, and yes? 0:43:13 Heineman: Each of the production facilities had its own control center. So the Plutonium Finishing Plant had one, the Plutonium-Uranium facility, PUREX had its own facility. FFTF had its own facility. And then we had a central alarm facility between the 200 Areas that both received duplicate signals independently of the local ones, and monitored how things were going on at each of the production facilities. In the early days, we even had a third level, which eventually we decided was superfluous, which was down in the basement of the Federal Building, that sort of monitored all of that. Franklin: Yeah, I could see how that—how would that third level respond to an emergency, being all the way out there, how would they have detected something that those first two levels wouldn’t have detected? Yeah. Interesting. Heineman: It was mostly information control down there. Franklin: Oh, okay. 0:44:35 Heineman: And it gave them a direct access to—back in the early days, senior site management both for the government and for its contractors were all downtown. None of them lived way out here in the Site. So it gave them information and the ability to monitor stuff from down in the city of Richland that they otherwise would’ve relied on people to tell them instead of see directly. But it was about that same time that we shut that center down that by then I think it was the Department of Energy who said, you know, you contractor management teams, you really need to be out there where the action is and close to your folks and in control. So everybody began to move from the city of Richland out onto the Site. Which, actually, as a support service employee was very helpful to me, because they were now close to the reality of the day-to-day and it was a lot easier for me to deal with them. Franklin: Oh, yeah, I imagine. Well, great, that’s so interesting. So I see in 1980 you became safeguards and security director? Heineman: Yes, 1980. Franklin: So describe that. It seems like you got more responsibility, then, right, with Hanford, not only Hanford Patrol, but also fire and emergency preparedness and nuclear safeguards? Heineman: Yes. Franklin: So was that kind of a similar work, just kind of monitoring all of the different emergency and security possibilities onsite? 0:46:31 Heineman: Yeah, my job really changed a lot between being in charge of security or the projects to do the upgrades, when I went to safeguards and security director. Because we did, we had Hanford Patrol, Hanford Fire. We had site-wide emergency preparedness. Safeguards, which was the accounting for the plutonium and other nuclear materials. And then the professional security folks that had been years before. And so I had chief of Hanford Patrol that ran Hanford Patrol. I had the chief of the fire department who ran the fire department. That wasn’t my job anymore. [LAUGHTER] So probably the closest thing to what I’d done before that I was still in charge of was emergency preparedness. Because it was fairly small and the senior managers on the Site really looked to me individually when something went wrong to take charge and organize and run things for them. I mean, they had the final decisions on a lot of stuff. But the rest of it, I was managing professional managers that were in charge of patrol and security and fire. And I didn’t do that anymore. So I could give them advice. I could help them decide how to respond to different kinds of both management and technical challenges in a consultation kind of environment. But my primary job was securing funding for the additional upgrades we wanted to do, which we were by then doing both, not just for security, but the Hanford Fire Department. All the old Hanford fire equipment from World War II was falling apart, breaking down. We’d take three brush trucks to a brush fire out in the desert, and one of them would make it. [LAUGHTER] So probably— Franklin: Really? You guys were still using World War II-era equipment— Heineman: Oh, yeah, absolutely. Franklin: --in ’80? 0:49:05 Heineman: Absolutely. In fact, there is a road that goes up Rattlesnake Mountain to get to the top. If we had fires on Rattlesnake Mountain or anywhere north of there, sort of like the Silver Dollar fire or the big fires before that, most of the fire vehicles couldn’t go up that road. It was too steep. And they wouldn’t make it. Either they couldn’t make it at all because they weren’t powerful enough, or they’d break down on the way. So we put a fairly substantial amount of money into upgrading all of the fire equipment on the Site, too. And up until that point, we were buying excess equipment. When something would break down and we’d need a new brush truck or a new fire engine or a new ambulance, we would go out on the government’s excess list—[LAUGHTER]—and get stuff that had already been used, mostly used up, someplace else. And we decided we couldn’t keep doing that. So we worked with the government and we worked with our companies to secure funding to go through and upgrade all of that equipment. And we began upgrading training and all the other stuff to go with it. So at that point my job was almost entirely securing funding, being the liaison between the security and fire functions, security and emergency services functions and the production management, interfacing with the Department of Energy on where we wanted to go years from then. It was a very different job than I’d ever had before and very enriching. I mean, it was—it really was—it was something I was very proud to be able to do, and something I think, between myself and the management team I had, that we did very well. Franklin: Wow. And you were also still in charge of nuclear productions safeguards and securing that production information, right? Heineman: Yes. Franklin: And making sure that every bit of plutonium was accounted for from what would be possible to generate. 0:51:39 Heineman: Right, and in fact for a number of years, we hadn’t really had much production going on after the Cold War was over, most of those production processes were either phased out or phased way down. Then under Ronald Reagan, there was a decision that we needed to increase our nuclear capabilities. We moved forward with, again, we spent a ton of money upgrading both our production capabilities and our security capabilities for restarting the PUREX plant to process K Basin, K Reactor fuel that was in storage in the basins and separate out the plutonium and uranium, restart the Plutonium Finishing Plant to purify the plutonium, and restart what was called the UO3 plant to process the uranium from the fuel. Franklin: And before that, these had all been in shutdown mode? Heineman: Pretty much in standby, yeah. Franklin: So not taking a lot of security resources then? I mean, still a basic level, right, but not in active use, so much easier to monitor when they’re in shutdown. 0:53:10 Heineman: Actually, in some ways it’s easier; in some ways it’s harder. Because you don’t have active operations going on, but you still have the presence of the materials, both in the process and in storage. The decision to deactivate plutonium production was always a political decision, both when they slowed it down at the end of the Cold War, and then—I’m not sure I remember which president, Jimmy Carter, maybe—decided that we weren’t going to produce nuclear material anymore. It was always a political decision that had to be executed in days or weeks, leaving a huge amount of material still inside the chemical processes at the various plants. Because it takes a long time to process a batch from one end to the other, and they never gave us enough time to do that clean-out. Franklin: Right, they just wanted you to turn off the lights, lock the door— Heineman: Just stop. Franklin: Yeah, send everybody home. Heineman: Just stop. Franklin: Which is where we get the K Basin spent fuel. 0:54:40 Heineman: The K Basin fuel, all the material that was held up and in storage at the PUREX plant. The Plutonium Finishing Plant had—there are some articles, I don’t remember the numbers now—but there were some articles that we published publicly on how much and how many different varieties of plutonium types of products were at PFP, the Plutonium Finishing Plant at the time we couldn’t process anymore. A wide variety of different kinds of materials, each one with its own unique safety and security challenges. A lot of it. [LAUGHTER] And so in some ways, it was actually harder form a security standpoint to control things during the shutdown days than it—or suspended operation days—than it was during the production days. Franklin: Interesting. Yeah, I mean, I guess that makes sense. There’s less eyes on it. It’s got lots of safety issues of just sitting there. Yeah, okay, thank you. 0:56:08 Heineman: The whole McCluskey room event was purely a function of being directed to shut down a process without having the time and the resources to come back and clean that system out. I don’t remember, frankly, what the instigator was for that particular shutdown in the americium recovery facility, but it was down for a long time and ultimately resulted in a chemical reaction and an explosion. There are examples like that, not as public and not as dynamic maybe, across all of Hanford. In the reactor areas, in the separation areas, in the finishing areas, in the lab areas in 300 Area. Just tons of examples there. Franklin: Hmm. Wow. So when production is restarted, then, and they were kind of bring back up PUREX and PFP, and UO3, did your job change significantly, or did it kind of feel like the Cold War days again? 0:57:32 Heineman: Yeah, it felt like going back to the ‘70s and very early ‘80s. Mostly in the ‘70s. There was a high degree of esprit de corps across the whole Site. People were focused on a common mission. Everybody was rowing the same direction. We were excited that the government had provided enough money to hire the people and to get the processes upgraded to restart. There was a real energy and an enthusiasm again that had been missing for a number of years. That was really fun. Franklin: And your job still stayed mostly the same through those years in the ‘80s, then, safeguards and security director? 0:58:31 Heineman: Right. I left that job in 1987. Westinghouse—again, DOE had rebid the contracts and they went to a single site contract. So what had been run by eight different contractors became the responsibility of Westinghouse Hanford Corporation. Westinghouse had their own safeguards and security director at the time they won their contract. I told them I still wanted to work for them even though they already had somebody to do the job that I had, and they had me consolidate the emergency preparedness programs from the eight different contractors into one. So I spent about a year doing that job. And then my world changed yet again. [LAUGHTER] And I started doing something completely different. Franklin: Which was? 0:59:39 Heineman: They called me and said they thought I’d gotten that done to their satisfaction. They were having difficulty because they were now in charge of radiological control, health physics, radiation protection technicians, all those functions. They were now in charge of radiological protection for the whole Site. Which was bringing together a whole bunch of people that had never worked together, that had different systems, different processes, different procedures, different regulations. The poor manager that was trying to manage all that was really struggling. They had decided that they needed somebody to come in fresh, and so they asked me if I would go do that. And I tried to explained to them I didn’t know anything about radiological protection. I wasn’t a health physicist. I’d never been an HPT or an RPT. I really didn’t know much about it. And they said, that’s not what we need you for. We need you to go create a well-functioning organization. They asked me to go do that, and I did that for the next seven years. That was a very rewarding job. Franklin: How so? Heineman: In two different ways. First, again, I was responsible for supplying support and services to all the individual plant managers. So it gave me a chance to reacquaint myself with all of them and some of the newer ones, and to be talking on a different plane than security about what we could do different, what could we do better, where were they frustrated with the support that they were getting, where was I or my folks frustrated with the way they were doing business that might have involved risks, radiological risks we didn’t need to take. So there was a whole new relationship between myself and all the plant managers across the Site. And the other one was that the business agent for the HPTs, health physics technicians, sometimes called radiation protection technicians, was a young, very forward-looking person. He and I really teamed up and resolved an enormous number of management labor problems between radiation protection management and the bargaining unit, RPTs, HPTs. He and I were so in sync with each other over what was best for everybody that there almost was just not a problem that came up that we couldn’t resolve, working back together with the people in conflict. Franklin: Do you remember his name? Heineman: John Jeske. Franklin: John Jeske. 01:03:10 Heineman: And John is still employed at the Site. In fact, when the Site—we sent John over to Idaho late in my radiological protection career. We sent him over to the Idaho site to find out what was going on in this new program, safety—shoot, I can’t remember what we called them. But let’s call them safety stewards, where a union representative would be appointed from every facility. That sole job was to be the safety representative for all the folks that worked there. Something that prior to that time had always been the job of the safety manager or the safety professionals. We gave a job just like that to a union person. That’s what they were doing at Idaho. He came back and was able to sell that concept across Hanford. When he was approaching the time where it was time for somebody else to become the business agent for the RPTs, he decided to start up and run that kind of a program across Hanford. And has been doing that until just this last year when a new person took over that job. So John has—he’s always been ten years ahead of his time. He’s just an amazing person. Franklin: That’s great. Well, I have two questions—or, I guess a comment and then a question. I’ll start with the question. Did that—radiological control management, did that include environmental control as well, or was it just health physics? Heineman: No. Franklin: Just human—okay, so worker-oriented— 1:05:31 Heineman: Yeah, environmental was a completely separate discipline with a different set of skills and capabilities. I mean, obviously, radiological protection is out there to protect the environment as well as the people. But it was strictly from a radiological contamination perspective. Franklin: Did you find quick acceptance from the RPTs and health physicists that you were asked to manage, or was it kind of a—did you have to kind of grow—because you’re obviously coming at this from not their profession. So, would you find a pretty quick acceptance to your management, or did you have to kind of grow into that role and kind of earn their trust? Heineman: It took a fair amount of growing, I would say probably a good two years of the seven. I was accepted much more quickly by the bargaining unit representatives than I was by the professional staff. The professional staff didn’t understand why they would have a boss that didn’t have a background or know anything about their business. They didn’t understand that I would let them do that job and make those decisions. And it took quite a while for them to begin to trust in that. The bargaining unit folks were pretty—as I said, they were in a lot of conflict and having a lot of trouble as the previous manager was trying to merge all these different cultures and procedures. Franklin: These are the eight different contractor units we’re talking about? 1:07:20 Heineman: Right, of those, probably four had radiological protection folks. And so the rank-and-file employees, both bargaining unit and non-bargaining professionals at the non-management level, they were not very happy with their management. And my job in the safeguards and security business from almost the get-go had been to create people that had capabilities they never had before. And to equip them with materials and logistical capabilities that they’d never had before. So it was a builder’s job. It wasn’t a manager’s job; it was a builder’s job. So when I went into radiological control, I kind of had that same attitude, that the most important people in the organization were the ones that had the instruments in their hand, just like the ones with the guns in their hands or the firehose in their hands. It wasn’t the managers. It was the people that were going to protect things. And they were really resonated to that. So it was pretty easy for me to connect with the HPTs and the non-management professional people. The management team took a little while. Franklin: [LAUGHTER] That’s interesting. Heineman: Yeah. Franklin: But that kind of makes sense. So during this time while you were doing this or a little before, you were also responsible for shutting down the B Canyon, and upgrades for the waste encapsulation for cesium and strontium. Heineman: That came after—that was the next— Franklin: That came after, oh, okay. Heineman: The next big change in my career. Right. Franklin: The next, okay, then let’s go there. 1:09:19 Heineman: So—[LAUGHTER] one of the five reprocessing plants at Hanford which separated the fuel into its constituent parts was B Plant. Very similar to PUREX but built in the early ‘50s instead of later like PUREX was so it wasn’t as technically capable. And really never got used for separating fuel. Franklin: What was it used for? Heineman: B Plant was built—there’s a long story associated with how the reprocessing plants advanced from T Plant, which was the original one, to REDOX, which was a dramatic new technology over in West Area. And then from REDOX to PUREX. And B Plant was kind of built right in the middle of there. It was almost unnecessary from the beginning, because REDOX and then especially PUREX—PUREX was able to process the fuel from all of the production reactors all by itself. Even though the original design was we needed six reprocessing plants, by the time it was built, the technology had advanced and it did the job all by itself. Franklin: But it was also producing a different finished product—or, no, sorry, that wouldn’t go to the PFP. Sorry, never mind. Heineman: No, everything from all five or six or those reprocessing plants was supposed to go to PFP. Franklin: PFP, okay. Heineman: And then PFP converted this less-enriched plutonium solution over to the final product, either plutonium powder or plutonium metal. That we then sent to the weapons facilities. Franklin: Right, but PUREX as an extraction process was able to handle the different fuels coming out of all the different reactors. 1:11:24 Heineman: All of the reactors. So it basically just made all the other four obsolete and prevented the construction of the other one that was going to go up in East Area. So B Plant got the job, because it was there, it was online, it was proven using cold chemicals. It was ready to go, but we didn’t need it. So the government realized that we had a huge amount of uranium in the tanks that went with the tank waste when you extracted the plutonium from the fuel. And the idea was that we could take uranium and pull it out. So they gave that mission to the third reprocessing plant over in West Area, which was U Plant. And the key question for B Plant, then, became how can you contribute? And about that time, the temperature of the liquids in a number of the waste tanks was becoming hot. The tanks were actually boiling, and there were huge safety concerns developing about how are we going to control this wild combination of chemicals in liquid in these tanks. So they redesigned the process inside of B Plant. Didn’t involve a lot of physical changes, but the chemical processes, to take waste that was sluiced with high pressure water jets out of the higher heat tanks, and through the chemical process separate out the cesium and the strontium, which are the two radionuclides that contribute the most heat. So they would remove the cesium and the strontium and then put the waste back in the tanks, subsequently, much reducing the heat load in those tanks. Franklin: Right, making the tank safer. Heineman: So they began to do that and they realized that they needed a way to store the cesium and the strontium. Franklin: Right, because these are very dangerous radionuclides for human health. 1:14:10 Heineman: Yeah, they’re high radiation radionuclides. That is, they have a very short half-life, so they’re giving off tons of radiation. That’s what generates the heat, and the radiation is pretty dangerous all by itself. So they built the Waste Encapsulation and Storage Facility, WESF, on the end of B Plant. And its job was to take the cesium and convert it to cesium chloride, a powder, and the strontium and convert it to strontium fluoride, a powder. Load those powders into double-thick stainless steel capsules about 30 inches long and about this big around. And you had one welded shut inside of another welded shut. And then store those capsules under 20 feet of water, which both kept them cool, so that the capsules didn’t melt, and protected the people in the facility from the radiation. Franklin: Yeah, I’ve heard about this facility before. Heineman: It’s a fascinating facility. And it’s still operating and still has all 1,930 capsules in the pool cells. It’s a beautiful facility when you turn the lights off, because you got a beautiful blue Cherenkov radiation glow. It’s gorgeous. But the sooner they can find a way to dry store those capsules, the better, because they’re—in my mind, once I went over and understood them better, I really believe they were one of the highest risks anywhere at Hanford. Franklin: More so than the tanks, or equal— 1:16:23 Heineman: Oh, yes, in terms of human health, as opposed to the environment, way, way worse. Way, way worse. We used to joke that if you had a capsule sitting in an empty field and it hadn’t melted yet from the heat inside, you couldn’t get within 100 yards of it, no matter how fast you ran, because you would die before you got there of radiation poisoning. Franklin: Wow. 1:16:54 Heineman: These capsules—and you can find, I think, some of the data on the ‘net on their radiation levels. Honestly, by now, I’ve forgotten the numbers. But they’re easily the most radioactive things anywhere at the Hanford Site. They contain a third of the—in these, just these 1,930 capsules, they have a third of the radioactivity of the whole Hanford Site. In one little set of pool cells. They’re just amazing, amazing things. And now they have a project going they pretty well completed the design. The heat transfer is the problem: how do you put them inside a dry capsule, or a dry cask and not have them melt inside? Because someday you might have to open that cask, right? Franklin: Sure, sure. 1:17:58 Heineman: So they’ve pretty well completed their calculations, and thy have a project to move those things from the pool cells, where if they ever got uncovered, you’d have a disaster, to dry storage where they could live for a long time without hurting anybody. So anyway I was doing this radiological control job, and things were sort of starting to run pretty flat. Everything was going good. B Plant had been—once they terminated the cesium and strontium recovery process, it had been sitting there in a standby condition for, oh my goodness, 20-plus years. And for the staff just to keep it safe, to keep the utilities and the other stuff, to keep it from falling apart and harming the environment, my recollection is it was about $35 million a year for a stay-safe condition. And another $10 million on top of that to operate WESF and keep the capsules safe. Franklin: Well, I imagine B Plant, processing all that cesium and strontium, it would be pretty hot itself. 1:19:39 Heineman: Yeah. It needed to be controlled. And so they were beginning—the cleanup mission was beginning in earnest then. And they realized that there was a lot of stuff they couldn’t do because they were having to put $35 million a year into the B Canyon. And it was giving them nothing except a safe condition. And they decided if there was some way to clean it up, isolate it from the environment so that you wouldn’t have any leaks or anything, and basically take all the people out, they’d have $35 million they could go use to clean up other stuff. And so they called me up and said, we don’t really have any money— Franklin: That’s a great way to start a— 1:20:38 Heineman: Yeah, it was a great conversation. The vice president that called me, his name was Ron Bliss, and he was another one of those guys that was always ten years ahead. But he called me up and he said, there’s kind of a no-lose thing here. We’ve got this facility that’s costing us $35 million. We don’t have a lot of money to put into cleaning it up. But would you be willing to go over there, kind of investigate what the money’s being spent on, how it’s being spent, see if you can’t find a way to convert the workforce from babysitters to cleaner-uppers, and see if you can get us out of this $35 million. So I said, I don’t know anything about that either, but sure, I’ll go over there. So I went over, and fairly quickly realized that there was quite a bit of money going in there for the effort that was truly required for safety. A lot of it was just carryover from the production days, and nobody’d ever really looked at, does all this stuff still need to be done? And so I began putting some information together and some different approaches. And the deputy manager for DOE’s Richland office came out to our facility one day, and I think he and my boss, the vice president, had talked a little about how he could help. So he came out. His name was Lloyd Piper. And he had a bunch of get-out-of-jail-free cards in his wallet. Franklin: You mean like from Monopoly? 1:22:30 Heineman: Yeah. Yeah. Except he’d had them made for him, with his name on it. Franklin: Oh, okay. Heineman: And it said, one get out of jail free card, on one side, from Lloyd Piper. And on the other side it said something like, if you don’t strive you never achieve, or something like that. So he came out and met with me and my team. He said, I’ll tell you what, he said, I’m going to challenge you to try to get this done in three years. And I’ll give you access to x amount of additional money on top of the $35 million a year, because I know you’re going to have to go separate WESF which used all the B Plant utilities: power, water, all that stuff. Franklin: Oh, so you’d have to get separate utilities out to it. 1:23:26 Heineman: Right, because WESF still needed to be functional. He said, so I’ll give you this amount of money or access to that much money if you need it to do that separation. But I’d like you to try to get done in three years. In three years, let’s see if we can’t have WESF separated, and nobody working at B Plant at all. And we said—and he handed out these cards. And so we said, ah, hell, sure, it’s free, right? Get out of jail free. So we took that challenge on and over the next—it took us about six months to do the detail planning. We put together various task teams and at the end of the six months, we had a plan. We had to hire a few more people that we didn’t have at B Plant that we needed. We had a lot of piping work to do, because we had to flush the entire system, as you said. The residual cesium and strontium was pretty high radiation levels and we needed to clean the inside of the canyon out. So we had to hire a few additional staff, and mostly craftsman. Over the next three years—the original challenge was out the gate in ’98. And we did that. We did that. We got it done, and we put a padlock on the front door. We found jobs for all but two of the 150 people that worked there. Franklin: Wow. Heineman: So we didn’t have a big layoff, and the $35 million went to like $500,000. The cleanup was completed for about $100 million less than the long-range plan for environmental cleanup of B Plant. So we saved that $100 million in addition to making the $35 million a year go away. Marvelous opportunity. It was really terrific. Had a great relationship with the DOE folks here and with the DOE folks at headquarters. So we did that and B Plant has a padlock on it today and WESF keeps operating and doing its thing and everything’s cool. Franklin: Oh, that’s great. You should be really proud. 1:26:09 Heineman: Yup. Yeah! We were. It was a great team. We had people that did some stellar things, that came up with some incredible solutions to what seemed to be intractable problems. We had—the team got along so well, we really had a good time. Franklin: Wow. So after B Canyon shut down, you switched to your last job on site, right? Heineman: Right. Franklin: Which was— Heineman: Wasn’t supposed to be my last job, but it was. Franklin: Okay. [LAUGHTER] The beginning of decommissioning the PFP, right? I’m wondering if you could talk about, why’d you come over to PFP? 1:26:51 Heineman: Well, we were about three months from putting the padlock on B Plant, and the rest of it was just sort of, kind of the last few things. And we’d found jobs for almost everybody in. So I felt like I was pretty well done. PFP had been shut down by the government. It was in its cleanup mission, which was really critical. As I said earlier, there were a lot of different kinds of materials, some of them not very stable left at PFP when they said shut down, because we didn’t have time to do anything, we just had to stop. So it was a fairly fluid situation in terms of trying to keep everything safe. But they had made some errors and had three what are called criticality violations over about a two-week period where employees had done things that were prohibited by criticality preventions standards. The government stepped in and said, stop. You can’t do anything. You can’t move anything. They even had to get special permission from the government to move bags of used laundry. It was a terrible situation. And they had been in that mode for about nine months, and had tried twice to upgrade their operations, prove to DOE that they could do it better than they did it before DOE shut them down, and failed. And so I start thinking, well, what’s my next challenge going to be? And I thought, well, I don’t know what I’m going to do next. But I went to my boss, who was by then the president of Babcock and Wilcox, B&W Hanford Company. And suggested to him that since we didn’t really know what I should do next, the guy that had finished up putting a padlock on PUREX was available. So I suggested that he come over and do the final three months at B Plant and that I go over to PFP and help the plant director there with upgrading all the operations and procedures and things and trying to convince DOE to give us another chance to restart the cleanup operations. And so I went over there in June of ’98 and thought I would be there six to nine months, until we could get it restarted. And by then I would find something else fun to do. And I retired from there in 2012. [LAUGHTER] Franklin: 14 years later. Heineman: I never got out. That’s right. That’s right. Franklin: So what happened? What turned what you thought would be a six-, nine-month job and took the rest of your career out there? Was it something about the job that made you want to stay, or was it the job so big that you felt like you couldn’t walk away from it? Heineman: I think it was both. The Plutonium Finishing Plant is easily, easily the most interesting place that I’ve ever worked at Hanford. Franklin: Why is that? 1:30:50 Heineman: The variety of processes, the degree of control that’s needed over the process, the procedures, the people, to be able to do work safely and avoid a really serious problem. The history of the facility, the nature of the commitment of the people who worked there. There was nobody that worked at the Plutonium Finishing Plant that couldn’t, based on seniority, have transferred out and gone to work someplace else. And there were a lot of people that transferred over to the PFP, didn’t like it because of all those controls, and turned around and left. But the people who stayed were people who were really committed and really good at what they did, and very willing to accept controls because they understood the safety implications and why it was necessary. The whole place is just the most fascinating production plant I could ever imagine. So that was certainly part of it. The people, the quality of the people and their commitment was part of it. Part of it was, frankly, the personal challenge, because there was not one day that things ran steady in trying to clean up that Plutonium Finishing Plant. Not one single day, from the time I went to work until I went home at night, went the way it was supposed to. Dynamic, exciting, energizing, making a contribution. I just never, never felt a desire to go do something else, and frankly as I looked around at the cleanup activities in other areas, nothing compared in complexity and importance to PFP. Franklin: What were some of the milestones that were accomplished while you were at—sorry, was your job managing the decontamination—or what was your specific job at— Heineman: Until— Franklin: At PFP. 1:33:40 Heineman: Until CH2M Hill took over the contract fairly recently at that time, I think I spent three-and-a-half years with CH2M Hill. But up until the time that they took over the contract, I was variously the deputy director for PFP or the senior project manager for cleanup. I had a variety of titles, depending on the organizational structure. But I was typically the number two guy at PFP, and responsible for, I would call it, the strategy of how to go about cleaning it up as quickly as possible for the least amount of money in a safe way. The director, then, was responsible for all the crews that made that happen, once the plan was laid out. So he managed all of the folks that worked in the plant; I managed the people that strategized and designed the cleanup processes. As far as major milestones, I think those are, as I look back now, they seem fairly obvious; they weren’t obvious at all at the time. But there were, let me just say, 15 completely unique kinds of plutonium compounds left in the plant. Some of them liquids, some of them powders, some of them metal. All different kinds with different qualities and characteristics. One by one, we took each of those types of plutonium from whatever condition they were in at the time we shut it down, to the point that they were a stable material that could be containerized and stored without risk of a chemical reaction or causing other kinds of problems, like fires, et cetera. So, there were like 15 mini-milestones as we completed—because every one of those 15 needed a different process to convert it from this unstable form it was in, into something that we could put it in a can and be confident it was safe for the long-term. We could talk about some of those kinds of processes, but each one of those processes had to be designed, had to be proven in the laboratory with small quantities, had to be constructed, operated, and then we’d claim victory on that particular product. So there were 15 little mini-milestones. 1:37:15 But the completion of the plutonium stabilization mission, to me, was huge. Because it gave us material that we could store safely, that we could ship across country. Because we couldn’t—if we’re going to clean up and shut down PFP, we couldn’t have all this plutonium in there. So we had to ship it someplace. It had to be safe to ship. So getting all of that stabilized and put into the vaults, waiting to be shipped across the country, either to Rocky Flats in Colorado, or mostly to the Savannah River Site in South Carolina—huge. Huge, from a safety standpoint, a money standpoint, manpower, the type of mission. Because that was very technical, very research-intensive. We needed plutonium chemists. We had all kinds of capabilities that we would never again need at PFP once that was done. So that was a really key point. The next key milestone was easily when the last of the plutonium was shipped offsite. When we shipped the last safe, secured transport vehicle—they’re high-security shipments to move plutonium—when we loaded and watched the last of these shipment vehicles leave PFP for Savannah River, knowing we now had no more discrete plutonium anywhere in the plant—we had residual contamination in the pipes, the ventilation ductwork and stuff we were going to have to go clean up—but the product was now gone. That was another major milestone. Franklin: You kind of closed out the whole—I mean—it was the last shipment. Heineman: That was the end of the production mission, yep. Franklin: Yeah, that was the actual end of the production mission. Wow. That’s really something. With the 15 different processes, did it get easier as time went on? I imagine the first couple would be, you know, you’d be doing something new here. Did it get easier? Heineman: They were all completely unique. Franklin: Really? Okay. Tom Hungate: Sorry—oh, I’ve just got to change the battery. Franklin: Oh, okay. Hungate: Yeah. Heineman: We’ll take a break. [VIDEO CUTS] Hungate: Sorry, you can go whenever. Heineman: I think we were talking about those 15 types of plutonium? Franklin: Yes. Yes, we were. Heineman: And each one of those was so entirely different from another that I wouldn’t say it got easier or harder. Each one started out as a material that we would need the scientists for characterize for us: what’s the safety risk, what are the bad things that could happen, what causes that to happen, what do we need to do to it so that it’s safe and stable and can go in a can? And every one of them was different. So, for example, one of the largest quantities we had to deal with was—I think we had 4,000 or 4,500 liters of relatively rich plutonium nitrate solution, which was the product of the PUREX plant. Franklin: Yes. 1:40:54 Heineman: Late in the PUREX process, we installed an oxide conversion line where—we didn’t want to ship that liquid by truck across the Site anymore because of the safety dangers—so we converted that liquid into powder before we took it over to the Plutonium Finishing Plant. But prior to that being installed, there was all this plutonium nitrate liquid that had been sent over to PFP. And PFP actually generated a fair amount of plutonium nitrate liquid in the plutonium reclamation facility. When you had product that didn’t meet specification, we had to burn it or dissolve it in the PRF and dissolve it in nitric acid. And then that would be the head end of the PFP processes to create metal or powder. So we had 4,000 or 4,500 liters of plutonium nitrate solution. Well, you can’t ship it. It’s not safe. The containers had to be vented because they create pressure, they generate hydrogen, because of the acid inside. So you have hydrogen being generated inside these enclosed containers. Franklin: Hydrogen’s very explosive. 1:42:31 Heineman: Absolutely. And it’s just a bad situation, unless it’s for a short-term. So we had to design processes that would take that plutonium nitrate liquid and turn it into a stable powder, plutonium oxide. We couldn’t use the massive plutonium production processes. There wasn’t near enough material to be able to do that. So we had to build a new process. Franklin: Well, I mean, it was also to clean those processes up in the first place, so why would you want to run a crew— Heineman: Yeah, we had crews in there doing clean-out of all the gloveboxes and everything at the same time that we were trying to stabilize all these types of plutonium. Franklin: So you basically had to scale-down the refinement process and create—like, create a scaled-down version for each type of plutonium. Heineman: Yes. Yes. Franklin: Wow. Heineman: Yes. Franklin: And do all this in the PFP. Heineman: At the same time crews were cleaning out the rest of it. Franklin: Wow. 1:43:37 Heineman: So, it led to an amazing series of projected plans and milestones and then accomplishments when we got each one done. We just started filling the vaults up with all this stabilized material getting ready to ship it. Franklin: It’s easier to see now why that cleanup mission took so long. Heineman: Oh, my goodness. Franklin: I mean, I’d never known about that specific aspect of it. And that seems—very important work, but also very time-consuming, too. Heineman: And I neither remember, nor do I know if I can talk about, how much plutonium, in terms of stabilized kilogram product we produced. But we probably did get to talk about that in some of the interviews and articles that were generated during that process, probably have some of that data in it. But let me just say, it was an enormous amount of plutonium. I would guess that there wasn’t that much plutonium in one place anywhere in the United States. Franklin: Wow. Heineman: We had to get it all stabilized and packaged and shipped out of here if we were going to clean up the plant. Franklin: Wow. That’s really fascinating. I’m definitely making a note to look to see if I can find out that number. So, after these 15 processes—after this 15 different types of plutonium were done, when did that finish, by the way? When did the last shipment go out? Do you remember? It’s okay if you don’t. I was just curious. Heineman: I don’t, actually. Franklin: That’s fine. 1:45:35 Heineman: You’d think that would be burned in my memory, but it was just another step in the process, as I say. It’s easier looking back to pick out what some of those key milestones were than to remember. I remember we had the public and politicians out. We did speeches, we did all kinds of things. So it’s out there in— Franklin: Oh, sure, sure. Heineman: Yeah. And the folks in CH and MSA communications should be able to very simply—from their archives, should be able to very simply pull out some of the briefings and things we gave to the press on quantities and dates and all that kind of—I mean, it’s all out there. I just don’t— Franklin: Oh, no, sure, I understand. Heineman: My mind’s too full. Franklin: No, I understand. And we work for MSA, so it’d be easy for me to get ahold of that. Okay. So what else happened in that time you were out there? 1:46:46 Heineman: Since you work for MSA, one of the best sources for that kind of data that’s still out at the plant is the business manager at PFP. Franklin: Okay. Heineman: Her name is Julie Widney. She and I managed the two groups that did all the planning and we created almost all of the presentations and briefings and things. So she still has all that in her files. If you said, what were the major types, how much plutonium was in them, when did they get done? She’d just send you a little summary of that. Franklin: Oh, that’s great. I actually made a new contact at CHPRC when we had our initial problems with the interview. I found Tanya Reyes— Heineman: Oh, did you? Franklin: --in Pop Fone. And we had a really interesting conversation about what they’re doing at—because they’re doing that mini-documentary about— Heineman: I have no idea what they were doing. I thought it was you guys. Franklin: I know! But it was actually really great, because it opened up a new source of information, and she’s talked to people out at Site. So it was very interesting to hear about what they were doing— Heineman: Did you explain to her, by the way, what happened? Franklin: Yeah, because she was confused, because she was confused because she didn’t know about us. So she thought she was scheduling you for something and then you didn’t show up to that; you thought it was us. So she was also very confused. But it made sense how the confusion happened. As soon as I got to talking to her, I was like, everything makes sense now. You got caught in the crossfire of two different worlds, two different projects. Heineman: Well, I just didn’t understand it was two different things. Franklin: Yeah, it was just really funny. It was a very good conversation, though. Okay, so anyway. So, you do the 15 different types, and then was there any other major milestones out at PFP besides those, the last shipment and the cleanup of these 15 types? 1:48:48 Heineman: Well, sort of like finishing the cleanup of all the material was a major milestone that was supported by a milestone for each of the 15. So the cleanup of the facility itself, which obviously was completed for the Plutonium Reclamation Facility and for the Americium Facility, what they call the McCluskey Room. The cleanup was completed for each of those and there’s a milestone associated with when they said this is now ready for demolition. But the main plant, the 234-5 Building, has a whole series of sub-milestones associated with cleaning out various geographical portions of the plant. There were three different laboratories inside the main PFP facility. There were three different primary production process areas. There were a lot of storage and support areas that needed to be cleaned out. You had—I don’t even remember the number anymore. I thought I would never forget, but—gloveboxes. There were x number of gloveboxes, hundreds and hundreds of gloveboxes. Franklin: Mm-hmm. Stacked on top of each other—or not— Heineman: Yeah, sometimes they were some-four high. But mostly the production ones were long. And the material would move from liquid at one end, and then go through a whole series of things, all the way down the line until you had plutonium oxide powder or plutonium metal at the other end. So you had all those gloveboxes that all had to be cleaned out inside, through the gloves. Then they had to be isolated from the work area somehow, and cut up, and separated from ventilation and piping and everything, and all the instrumentation, and then removed. So all of those things, like cleaning out the analytical laboratory was a milestone. And when it was done, there were no gloveboxes. It was virtually clean. Franklin: I just realized, we’ve been talking about cleanup so long, I—how does one—I understand removing these things and putting them in, like, ERDF, like solid waste. But how does one clean up, like, contaminated ductwork? Is there a special chemical process that one uses to neutralize the radiation, or how does—what exactly does “clean up” mean? Heineman: So, let’s talk about a piece of ventilation ducting. Franklin: Okay. Heineman: There were a few areas in the ventilation ducting just like the drain lines and sewer lines in your house that have a tendency to collect material as it goes through. Franklin: Sure. 1:52:31 Heineman: And in the case of ventilation ductwork, it’s going through as an airflow. And at certain points in the way the ductwork is designed, it would collect material. It’s generally distributed in a fine layer on the inside of the entire duct. But there were some areas that had enough plutonium that it was of a criticality concern, which means you could have an uncontrolled reaction if you added water or you consolidated it into a particular form or configuration. So we had to go into those—and you find that by using instrumentation that measures the radiation being emitted through the wall of the ductwork. We would have to go in and remove those concentrations of plutonium and that was all almost by hand. You would penetrate the duct under tight radiological control so that you didn’t lose plutonium into the environment or your workspace. And you would go inside, and with various tools and instruments, remove those deposits of plutonium, package them, and prepare them for disposal. The bulk of the ductwork simply had this fine deposit of plutonium, which might have a lot of plutonium, but it’s over 250 feet of ductwork. When you break it down into removable sections that will fit in the disposal boxes, it’s a small enough amount of plutonium that you don’t need to do anything except cut the pieces of pipe out so they’ll fit in these boxes. And then ship those boxes, when it was operating, down to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant out of Carlsbad, New Mexico. Which is where the majority of the waste from PFP has to go because the law says over a very small amount transuranics—of which plutonium is one—transuranic material has to go to WIPP. It cannot go into ERDF or any of the onsite burial grounds. So it has to be very dilute in order for us to send it over for onsite burial in the ERDF facility. So, all of that ductwork would be measured, cleaned out if it was needed, then they would separate it into sections using giant plastic sleeves, and then cutting inside the sleeve. Franklin: Oh, wow. Heineman: And then tying off the ends and putting it in a box. Then you’d go back and do the next section. Franklin: And the workers, of course, would be wearing full radiological— 1:56:02 Heineman: Completely outfitted in protective clothing, often two layers. Respirators, hoods, everything. Franklin: Wow. That sounds really challenging to perform even basic labor in that kind of suit, in those suits and in that environment. Heineman: As I mentioned earlier, there’s a reason I never left PFP. And it’s because it’s such fascinating work. And the people that do it, they’re like nobody else at Hanford. They are so inventive and so capable of operating in such a highly controlled environment that I just have nothing but respect for those folks. They’re just amazing people. It is just a struggle, everyday, to make progress when you have to do the work under those controls. But the downside is somebody has an accident and gets contaminated or, god forbid, an uptake, inhaled or whatever, you just can’t afford that. Just can’t afford it. So, a simple thing like removing 50 feet of ductwork turns into one to three months’ worth or work and a bunch of burial boxes. And when you take that and you start thinking about what you have to do to clean out and cut up a glovebox that might be 50 feet long and eight feet high, or 15 feet high, because it’s a double-layer box—when you start thinking about expanding the challenge to something like that, where you’re actually cutting sections out of this box, always having to keep it contained, and using that machinery inside that plastic containment, it’s just incredibly challenging. Franklin: Because they’re stainless steel, right? Heineman: Yes. Franklin: Yeah, we have one in our collection, which was never used, but it’s eight feet tall, it weighs about 10,000 pounds, had to come in with a really big forklift. Heineman: I think that one originated at FMEF and went to PFP and we never ended up using it. So we sent it down as kind of a demonstrator. Franklin: Yeah. And it’s great. It’s one of the best things in the collection. But now, thinking, all right, how would you be inside a facility and cut that thing up when it’s hot, radiologically hot—you need heavy equipment to move that thing. People can’t— Heineman: Oh, yeah, absolutely. Franklin: It’s not like ductwork, which is very— Heineman: Oh, no. Well, even the ductwork is super-thick stainless steel. So even the ductwork needed machinery, hoists, and lifts and all kinds of stuff, just to handle a five-foot piece that would fit—actually those boxes are only four feet long, so—wow. Franklin: Yeah, wow. That’s amazing. That’s such an intense job. Yeah, I can see why you would stay so long. So, you ended up retiring in 2012. Heineman: September of 2012. Franklin: September of 2012. Heineman: Yeah. Franklin: And what—was it just time to go, or--? Heineman: It was. Franklin: Yeah? Heineman: Yeah, I’d been at it long enough. Franklin: 39 years, right? Heineman: I was a month short, I guess, of 40. Franklin: Wow. Heineman: Yeah, I went in September and I think October was my anniversary date. Franklin: Yeah, that’s what I have here. Wow. That’s really—that’s quite a career out there. Heineman: I loved every day of it. Franklin: Yeah, I bet. It sounds really fascinating. 2:00:22 Heineman: And who would ever have the opportunity to do such a wide variety of things as they let me do over that period of time? I mean, it’s just, even today, it boggles my mind that they would give me that opportunity, you know? It was really fun. Franklin: Yeah, you really moved around and managed some really like amazing projects. So I just have one kind of final reflective close-out question, and that’s, what would you like future generations to know about working at Hanford and/or living in Richland during the Cold War? Heineman: During the Cold War? Franklin: Yeah. 2:01:05 Heineman: Well, the Cold War was ending as I went to work. It was that post-Cold War environment that I came into, which was a huge transition for all the people that were here. So the perspective that I have on the Cold War and the attitudes and that sort of thing are what were held by the people that I was working with when I came to work. As I said, there were very few young people; it was mostly people that start work here after the war or afterwards. Even if they’d been recently hired, it was because they were re-hired, not starting. And I guess I would say those folks were beyond proud of the contribution that they had made. I think they were distressed that the government was beginning to make decisions not to use their talents and these amazing facilities to continue doing what they’d been built for. I think they were afraid of what was to come. Partly on a personal level: what’s that going to mean to me as far as my job and my welfare and the welfare of my family? But partly, it was just a complete unknown regarding this Hanford Site and everything it had always stood for, and it was never going to be the same again. What it was going to look like was never clear. What cleanup meant was never clear. It evolved over decades. The first ten years after we shut everything down, I’m not sure we even understood the scope of everything we were going to have to do to clean up the Site. But those folks were very proud, and concerned, and I think a little fearful of what the future might bring. If that’s what you were asking. Franklin: Yeah, I mean, it’s just, you know, that’s a very understandable and very human reaction to these very large events and the role that Hanford plays in them, and how Hanford’s fortunes are tied to politics and to international events. Yeah, I’m guessing—I want to ask you kind of a follow-up that’s not on my sheet but kind of directed towards your experience, and that’s, so you started kind of at the draw-down of the Cold War, although there’s that Reagan kind of blip. But then you spent a large, majority of your—at least half of your work in the cleanup area. I wonder how you felt about—what are your thoughts on cleaning up all the waste generated because of this Cold War mission and where—just your thoughts about that. I don’t want to put anything into your mouth. 2:04:29 Heineman: Well, it gave me a great career, so, from that perspective, I’ll never think badly about the Site and the opportunities that it provided to me. But in hindsight, using information that the government and the Army would never have had access to, I think nobody would ever make the kind of investment in manufacturing if they understood even 10% of what the cost of cleanup would be. And it’s not just monetary, either. It’s in terms of human beings and the environment. I think it’s a real dilemma now. The advantage they had is they had no idea. And if they did, cleanup defined in the context of 1950 or 1960 would be very different than cleanup in 2000 or 2020. And in fact, cleanup as defined—cleanup of the Hanford Site and the end of that cleanup is incredibly different, incredibly more complex, incredibly more costly than we ever envisioned in the first 20 years of the cleanup mission. We had no idea where society was going to go in its values, where science was going to go and its ability to detect and predict and all those—just amazing. And I think it’s pretty hard to judge people in 1940s or even late ‘30s by today’s standards. So I’m hesitant to do that. But if we were facing an equivalent question today, we would never have built Hanford. Never. Franklin: Interesting. Maybe because we knew—we have a greater understanding now of the long-term costs and risks. Heineman: Yes. Franklin: With building that—with producing that kind of material. Heineman: But we wouldn’t have had to do it in a couple of years. We wouldn’t have had to do it with technology that was being upscaled from a lab to a 570-square-mile production complex. So it couldn’t ever happen again. But we would never do it again. I know that. Franklin: Interesting. Well, Bob, thank you so much. That was a really thoughtful—what’s the word I’m looking for?—reflection. And thank you so much for coming in and interviewing with us. Heineman: Sure, it’s fun. Franklin: I had a great time. Heineman: It’s fun to go back and think about it again and kind of put a little different perspective on how I think about things, too, so I appreciate the opportunity. Franklin: Well, great, thank you so much. I think this interview’s going to be very interesting to a lot of folks, so I appreciate it. Heineman: Cool. I hope it’s helpful. Franklin: Well, great. All right. Heineman: All right, thanks. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 02:08:13 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 10303kbps Hanford Sites Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview 300 Area, PFP, PUREX, 100 Area, 200 Area Years in Tri-Cities Area Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site 1951-2018 Years on Hanford Site Years on the Hanford Site, if any. 1972-2012 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Bob Heineman Description An account of the resource Interview with Bob Heineman for the Hanford Oral History Project. Bob talks about his parents work at Hanford, his education in Police Science, and his work on Hanford Patrol. View the interview on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmQWfstxiTY">YouTube</a> Subject The topic of the resource Hanford Site (Wash.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/06/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford Oral History Project operated under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to the US Department of Energy collection. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fc40b7cd52a575f12136f38f9048fa0d0.JPG 8c02ef557a6bded83eda3aef11bfed56 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource James L. Acord, sculptor Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear Science and Fine Art Description An account of the resource James Leroy Acord (1944–2011) was an artist recognized for his work with radioactive materials. His artistic practice involved creating sculptures and events that engaged with the history of nuclear engineering and addressed questions surrounding the long-term storage of nuclear waste. The James L. Acord archival collection chronicles the life, career, and legacy of Acord, who was the only private individual to be licensed for the artistic use of radioactive materials. Acord’s work is characterized by his efforts to combine nuclear science with contemporary sculpture. His nuclear license number was tattooed on his neck. For 15 years, Acord resided in Richland, Washington, a community established for the Hanford Nuclear Reservation. While there, he developed a proposal to construct a "Nuclear Stonehenge" on a contaminated section of the Hanford site, which would have incorporated twelve uranium breeder-blanket assemblies. He also created the sculpture, "Monstrance for a Grey Horse," which is located at Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas. Acord lectured at art and nuclear industry events in both the United States and the United Kingdom. He also organized forums that convened artists, activists, and nuclear industry experts. From 1998 to 1999, he held an Artist in Residence position at Imperial College London. He died in Seattle on January 9, 2011, at the age of 66. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford History Project (HHP) operates under a sub-contract from Hanford Mission Integration Services (HMIS), who are a primary contract for the US Deparment of Energy's curatorial services for the Hanford Site. HHP proudly manages the Department of Energy's Hanford Collection, an artifact and archival collection that documents the Manhattan Project and Cold War history of the Hanford Site (1943-1990). Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Sculpture Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bronze Fossil Man Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear Science and Fine Art Description An account of the resource A photograph of James L. Acord's "Bronze Fossil Man" sculpture. The artwork depicts a human-like form, appearing skeletal or fossilized, rendered in bronze. The sculpture's design incorporates elements suggestive of ancient remains. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Acord, James Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .jpg, bronze Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford History Project (HHP) operates under a sub-contract from Hanford Mission Integration Services (HMIS), who are a primary contract for the US Deparment of Energy's curatorial services for the Hanford Site. HHP proudly manages the Department of Energy's Hanford Collection, an artifact and archival collection that documents the Manhattan Project and Cold War history of the Hanford Site (1943-1990). Art bronze drawing Hanford Jim Acord Manhattan Project nuclear nuclear art Richland sculpture sketch https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F0ebf9c41945da532f5f965e31059525c.jpg 503c8ae074432e9d03563ddc5d2593ce Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource James L. Acord, sculptor Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear Science and Fine Art Description An account of the resource James Leroy Acord (1944–2011) was an artist recognized for his work with radioactive materials. His artistic practice involved creating sculptures and events that engaged with the history of nuclear engineering and addressed questions surrounding the long-term storage of nuclear waste. The James L. Acord archival collection chronicles the life, career, and legacy of Acord, who was the only private individual to be licensed for the artistic use of radioactive materials. Acord’s work is characterized by his efforts to combine nuclear science with contemporary sculpture. His nuclear license number was tattooed on his neck. For 15 years, Acord resided in Richland, Washington, a community established for the Hanford Nuclear Reservation. While there, he developed a proposal to construct a "Nuclear Stonehenge" on a contaminated section of the Hanford site, which would have incorporated twelve uranium breeder-blanket assemblies. He also created the sculpture, "Monstrance for a Grey Horse," which is located at Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas. Acord lectured at art and nuclear industry events in both the United States and the United Kingdom. He also organized forums that convened artists, activists, and nuclear industry experts. From 1998 to 1999, he held an Artist in Residence position at Imperial College London. He died in Seattle on January 9, 2011, at the age of 66. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford History Project (HHP) operates under a sub-contract from Hanford Mission Integration Services (HMIS), who are a primary contract for the US Deparment of Energy's curatorial services for the Hanford Site. HHP proudly manages the Department of Energy's Hanford Collection, an artifact and archival collection that documents the Manhattan Project and Cold War history of the Hanford Site (1943-1990). Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Granite sculpture, newspaper, sketch, blueprint Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monstrance for a Grey Horse Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear Science and Fine Art Description An account of the resource A close-up photograph of James L. Acord's sculpture, "Monstrance for a Grey Horse." The sculpture features the carved skull of a horse, crafted from granite, resting atop a large rectangular pedestal. The work combines natural forms with monumental presentation, reflecting Acord's engagement with themes of nuclear materials and their cultural implications. Currently installed on the campus of Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas, United States. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Acord, James Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. stone Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .jpg Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford History Project (HHP) operates under a sub-contract from Hanford Mission Integration Services (HMIS), who are a primary contract for the US Deparment of Energy's curatorial services for the Hanford Site. HHP proudly manages the Department of Energy's Hanford Collection, an artifact and archival collection that documents the Manhattan Project and Cold War history of the Hanford Site (1943-1990). Art atomic art blueprint drawing granite Hanford Jim Acord Manhattan Project newspaper clippings nuclear nuclear art Richland sculpture sketch Stone https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fca05bf1f3db168818585e8d5d6f3b125.pdf 4422811fc7a8682984fdd846a840a712 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F9aee170e7623762bb38eb8c416d257c9.pdf c7fdba7dbd688f81fe9b80d2a300ef02 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F5280545983440df6ab14fe84cfaea541.pdf f6fcd3f15af2146d76454c7dcf1eca23 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource James L. Acord, sculptor Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear Science and Fine Art Description An account of the resource James Leroy Acord (1944–2011) was an artist recognized for his work with radioactive materials. His artistic practice involved creating sculptures and events that engaged with the history of nuclear engineering and addressed questions surrounding the long-term storage of nuclear waste. The James L. Acord archival collection chronicles the life, career, and legacy of Acord, who was the only private individual to be licensed for the artistic use of radioactive materials. Acord’s work is characterized by his efforts to combine nuclear science with contemporary sculpture. His nuclear license number was tattooed on his neck. For 15 years, Acord resided in Richland, Washington, a community established for the Hanford Nuclear Reservation. While there, he developed a proposal to construct a "Nuclear Stonehenge" on a contaminated section of the Hanford site, which would have incorporated twelve uranium breeder-blanket assemblies. He also created the sculpture, "Monstrance for a Grey Horse," which is located at Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas. Acord lectured at art and nuclear industry events in both the United States and the United Kingdom. He also organized forums that convened artists, activists, and nuclear industry experts. From 1998 to 1999, he held an Artist in Residence position at Imperial College London. He died in Seattle on January 9, 2011, at the age of 66. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford History Project (HHP) operates under a sub-contract from Hanford Mission Integration Services (HMIS), who are a primary contract for the US Deparment of Energy's curatorial services for the Hanford Site. HHP proudly manages the Department of Energy's Hanford Collection, an artifact and archival collection that documents the Manhattan Project and Cold War history of the Hanford Site (1943-1990). Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data document Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Radioactive Material License WN-I0407-1 Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear Science and Fine Art Description An account of the resource Jim Acord's radioactive material license documents dated September 4, 1992 and May 5, 1993 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part, or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource State of Washington Radioactive Materials Licensing Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .pdf Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford History Project (HHP) operates under a sub-contract from Hanford Mission Integration Services (HMIS), who are a primary contract for the US Deparment of Energy's curatorial services for the Hanford Site. HHP proudly manages the Department of Energy's Hanford Collection, an artifact and archival collection that documents the Manhattan Project and Cold War history of the Hanford Site (1943-1990). Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. State of Washington. Radioactive Materials license. The Seal of the State of Washington 1889 Page 1 of 2 Pages. Pursuant to the Nuclear Energy and Radiation Control Act, RCW 70.98, and the Radiation Control Regulations, Chapters 246-220 through 246-255 WAC, and in reliance on statements and representations heretofore made by the licensee designated below, a license is hereby issued authorizing such licensee to transfer, receive, possess and use the radioactive material(s) designated below; and to use such radioactive materials for the purpose(s) and at thee place(s) designated below. This license is subject to all applicable rules and regulations promulgated by the State of Washington Department of Health. 1 1. Licenesee: Name JAMES L. ACORD 2. Address: P. O. Box 159 Richland, Washington 99352 3. Licensee Number: WN-I0407-1 4. Expiration Date: September 30, 1997 5. Reference number(s): 92-07-37; 92-08-12; 92-08-40; 92-09-04 6. Radioaciive Material (element and mass number) A. Uranium (Depleted in Uranium 235) 7. Chemical and/or Physical Form A. Uranium oxide, as sintered ceramic pellets, in breeder-blanket assemblies, manufactured by Siemens Brennelementwerk, a branch of Siemenes AG Interatom (Model/serial numbers YM 20N 001 c through YM 20N 012C) 8. Maximum quality licensee may possess at any one time A. No single source to exceed 42 millicuries (1554 megabecquerels), 12 sources total. CONDITIONS 9. Authorized use. A. For storage only. 10. Radioactive materials shall be stored at Siemens Power Corporation, 2101 Horn Rapids Road, Richland, Washington. 11. The licensee shall comply with the provisions of WAC 246-220 "General Provisions“; WAC 246-221 "Radiation Protection Standards“; WAC 246-222 "Radiation Protection - Worker Rights“; and WAC 246-235 "Specific Licenses“. 12. The Radiation Safety Officer for this program shall be James L. Acord. 13. Radioactive material shall be stored under the supervision of James L. Acord and/or Siemens Power Corporation, operating under their Washington State Radioactive Materials license, WI-1062-1. DOH 322-014 (Rev. 1/91) State of Washington Radioactive Materials License The Seal of the State of Washington 1889 Page 2 of 2 Pages License Number: WN-10407-1 14. The transport of licensed material by the licensee, or the delivery of licensed material to a carrier for transport, shall be in accordance with WAC 246-232-090 "Transportation." 15. The licensee's emergency procedures shall conform to procedures outlined in the Washington State Radiation Emergency Handbook revised November 1991, or subsequent revisions. 16. Contamination and dose rate surveys shall be done of each breeder/blanket assembly, upon receipt, and quarterly thereafter. Records of these surveys shall be kept by the Radiation Safety Officer and made available for inspection by the department upon request. 17. The Department shall be informed: 1) prior to removal of the breeder/blanket assemblies from Siemens Power Corporation, and 2) prior to any work on the assemblies including, machine work, processing, refabrication, or modification of the assemblies. 18. A physical inventory shall be done every 6 months to account for the 12 breeder assemblies. The records of these inventories shall be maintained for inspection by the department. 19. Except as specifically provided by this license, the licensee shall store radioactive material described in Items 6, 7, and 8 of this license in accordance with statements, representations and procedures contained in the documents listed below. The department's "Rules and Regulations for Radiation Protection" shall govern the licensee’s statements in applications or letters, unless the statements are more restrictive than the regulations. A. Application and attachments dated July 7, 1992. B. Letter and attachments dated August 6, 1992; letter dated August 26, 1992 with attached letter dated February 25, 1992; and letter and attachments dated August 31, 1992, including another letter dated August 31, 1992, RE: Initial application. Date September 4, 1992 FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH By (signed) Debra McBaugh Radioactive Materials Licensing DOH 322-0134 (Rev. 12/90) State of Washington Radioactive Materials License The Seal of the State of Washington 1889 Page 1 of 1 Pages License Number: WN-I0407-1 Amendment No. 1 JAMES L. ACORD Post Office Box 159 Richland, Washington 99352 Attention: James L. Acord Radiation Safety Officer In accordance with letter and attachments dated April 20, 1993, Radioactive Materials License Number WN-I0407-1 is amended as follows: License Condition 19.C is added: 19 . C. Letter and attachments dated April 20, 1993, RE: revised radiological survey form and storage diagram. Date May 5, 1993 (93-05-05) FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH By (signed) Pamela J. Walsh. (for) Bebra McBaugh Radioactive Materials Licensing DOH 322·013A (Rev. 12/90) Art drawing Hanford Jim Acord Manhattan Project nuclear nuclear art radioactive material license Richland sculpture sketch https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F8f1cf26f3c5f06f680c0d15669ceaa3a.tif fa371377dd95ce6115be09057423143c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource James L. Acord, sculptor Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear Science and Fine Art Description An account of the resource James Leroy Acord (1944–2011) was an artist recognized for his work with radioactive materials. His artistic practice involved creating sculptures and events that engaged with the history of nuclear engineering and addressed questions surrounding the long-term storage of nuclear waste. The James L. Acord archival collection chronicles the life, career, and legacy of Acord, who was the only private individual to be licensed for the artistic use of radioactive materials. Acord’s work is characterized by his efforts to combine nuclear science with contemporary sculpture. His nuclear license number was tattooed on his neck. For 15 years, Acord resided in Richland, Washington, a community established for the Hanford Nuclear Reservation. While there, he developed a proposal to construct a "Nuclear Stonehenge" on a contaminated section of the Hanford site, which would have incorporated twelve uranium breeder-blanket assemblies. He also created the sculpture, "Monstrance for a Grey Horse," which is located at Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas. Acord lectured at art and nuclear industry events in both the United States and the United Kingdom. He also organized forums that convened artists, activists, and nuclear industry experts. From 1998 to 1999, he held an Artist in Residence position at Imperial College London. He died in Seattle on January 9, 2011, at the age of 66. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford History Project (HHP) operates under a sub-contract from Hanford Mission Integration Services (HMIS), who are a primary contract for the US Deparment of Energy's curatorial services for the Hanford Site. HHP proudly manages the Department of Energy's Hanford Collection, an artifact and archival collection that documents the Manhattan Project and Cold War history of the Hanford Site (1943-1990). Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Certificate, hand written calligraphy Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 11"x14" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The American Nuclear Society Special Award fo Nuclear Public Communication Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear Science and Fine Art Description An account of the resource An award presented to Jim Acord on June 21, 1994 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 21, 1994 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part, or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Americn Nuclear Society Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .pdf Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford History Project (HHP) operates under a sub-contract from Hanford Mission Integration Services (HMIS), who are a primary contract for the US Deparment of Energy's curatorial services for the Hanford Site. HHP proudly manages the Department of Energy's Hanford Collection, an artifact and archival collection that documents the Manhattan Project and Cold War history of the Hanford Site (1943-1990). Scripto Transcription A written representation of a document. The American Nuclear Society Presents its Special Award for Nuclear Public Communication to James L. Acord For his selfless dedication, uncommon style and wit. He continuously presents the beauty and logic of nuclear science not only to colleagues, but also to other nontech- nical and adversarial audiences hitherto unreached by messages from the technical community. By order of the Board of Directors (signed) Edward D. Fuller, President (signed) James G. Toscas, Executive Director June 21, 1994 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F75077950ffdba09be55bbcbd71b7cdc4.pdf c4168e8025ba0dce1bf65fec154027cd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource James L. Acord, sculptor Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear Science and Fine Art Description An account of the resource James Leroy Acord (1944–2011) was an artist recognized for his work with radioactive materials. His artistic practice involved creating sculptures and events that engaged with the history of nuclear engineering and addressed questions surrounding the long-term storage of nuclear waste. The James L. Acord archival collection chronicles the life, career, and legacy of Acord, who was the only private individual to be licensed for the artistic use of radioactive materials. Acord’s work is characterized by his efforts to combine nuclear science with contemporary sculpture. His nuclear license number was tattooed on his neck. For 15 years, Acord resided in Richland, Washington, a community established for the Hanford Nuclear Reservation. While there, he developed a proposal to construct a "Nuclear Stonehenge" on a contaminated section of the Hanford site, which would have incorporated twelve uranium breeder-blanket assemblies. He also created the sculpture, "Monstrance for a Grey Horse," which is located at Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas. Acord lectured at art and nuclear industry events in both the United States and the United Kingdom. He also organized forums that convened artists, activists, and nuclear industry experts. From 1998 to 1999, he held an Artist in Residence position at Imperial College London. He died in Seattle on January 9, 2011, at the age of 66. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford History Project (HHP) operates under a sub-contract from Hanford Mission Integration Services (HMIS), who are a primary contract for the US Deparment of Energy's curatorial services for the Hanford Site. HHP proudly manages the Department of Energy's Hanford Collection, an artifact and archival collection that documents the Manhattan Project and Cold War history of the Hanford Site (1943-1990). Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CHRONICALS - Nuclear Material into Art Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear Science and Fine Art Description An account of the resource Also known as - "THE Book" - A compilation of documents related to sculptor James L. Acord's nuclear materials into art projects. It details his extensive efforts to acquire depleted uranium breeder-blanket assemblies from Siemens AG and secure the necessary radioactive materials licenses from U.S. and Washington State authorities. The compilation includes correspondence regarding shipping requirements and licensing, as well as technical descriptions of the nuclear materials. Furthermore, it outlines general guidelines for radiation emergencies and features a sketch of his proposed sculpture intended to house these materials. This collection illuminates the complex interplay between art, nuclear technology, and regulatory processes in Acord's work. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part, or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Acord, James Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 1993 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford History Project (HHP) operates under a sub-contract from Hanford Mission Integration Services (HMIS), who are a primary contract for the US Deparment of Energy's curatorial services for the Hanford Site. HHP proudly manages the Department of Energy's Hanford Collection, an artifact and archival collection that documents the Manhattan Project and Cold War history of the Hanford Site (1943-1990). https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F8cf2b9e1badda74d1d1cda46f29b26eb.pdf 0844443469c9fc211aaed5a01101944a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource James L. Acord, sculptor Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear Science and Fine Art Description An account of the resource James Leroy Acord (1944–2011) was an artist recognized for his work with radioactive materials. His artistic practice involved creating sculptures and events that engaged with the history of nuclear engineering and addressed questions surrounding the long-term storage of nuclear waste. The James L. Acord archival collection chronicles the life, career, and legacy of Acord, who was the only private individual to be licensed for the artistic use of radioactive materials. Acord’s work is characterized by his efforts to combine nuclear science with contemporary sculpture. His nuclear license number was tattooed on his neck. For 15 years, Acord resided in Richland, Washington, a community established for the Hanford Nuclear Reservation. While there, he developed a proposal to construct a "Nuclear Stonehenge" on a contaminated section of the Hanford site, which would have incorporated twelve uranium breeder-blanket assemblies. He also created the sculpture, "Monstrance for a Grey Horse," which is located at Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas. Acord lectured at art and nuclear industry events in both the United States and the United Kingdom. He also organized forums that convened artists, activists, and nuclear industry experts. From 1998 to 1999, he held an Artist in Residence position at Imperial College London. He died in Seattle on January 9, 2011, at the age of 66. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford History Project (HHP) operates under a sub-contract from Hanford Mission Integration Services (HMIS), who are a primary contract for the US Deparment of Energy's curatorial services for the Hanford Site. HHP proudly manages the Department of Energy's Hanford Collection, an artifact and archival collection that documents the Manhattan Project and Cold War history of the Hanford Site (1943-1990). Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CIVILIZATION, a 911 show in 4 parts Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear Science and Fine Art Description An account of the resource This project was designed as an evolving installation and event that explores the creation of art, its societal influence, and the reciprocal effects on the artist and the artwork itself. Key to the installation were two sculptures then in progress: "Monstrance for a Grey Horse," described as a multi-ton granite carving intended to contain nuclear waste, and "Home Reactor," a piece fashioned from ceramic, glass, and water. These sculptures were to augment the new avenues for artistic development they fostered. A significant emphasis was placed on collaboration with a variety of artists, disciplines, and technologies. The proposed Belltown Coliseum site was to be delineated into a "nuclear-free zone" for the audience and a "restricted zone" for exhibits and performances. This restricted area, set back from the viewing space, would house the core installation and performance elements. The two primary sculptures were intended to flank the stage, complemented by "flat-art" on the east and west walls. The south wall, positioned behind the performance stage, was designated for a multi-projector slide show, video monitors, computer-generated images, sound equipment for prepared tapes and live performance, as well as additional radiation monitoring equipment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Acord, James Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 1989 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part, or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .pdf Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford History Project (HHP) operates under a sub-contract from Hanford Mission Integration Services (HMIS), who are a primary contract for the US Deparment of Energy's curatorial services for the Hanford Site. HHP proudly manages the Department of Energy's Hanford Collection, an artifact and archival collection that documents the Manhattan Project and Cold War history of the Hanford Site (1943-1990). Art atomic art drawing Hanford James Acord Jim Acord Manhattan Project nuclear nuclear art nuclear materials performance art Richland sculpture sketch